乳仔豬和種豬場腸道微生態(tài)平衡和免疫調(diào)控研究進(jìn)展

ResearchadvancesinrelationtoimmuneIfunctionandmicrobialbalanceinthegastrointestinaltractofyoungpigs仔豬消化道免疫功能和菌群平衡研究進(jìn)展ProfessorJohnPluskeMurdochUNIVERSITYInvitedpresentationatthe2012SummitontheVerticalIntegrationandValue-ChainBuildupofLivestockandAquacultureProductionToday'spresentation主要內(nèi)容,OverviewoftheAustralianswineindustry澳大利亞養(yǎng)豬業(yè)概況?Thegastrointestinaltract-whatisguthealth?消化道-什么是腸道健康,Guthealth-thesucklingpig消化道健康哺乳仔豬,Guthealth-theweanlingpig消化道健康-斷奶仔豬?Take-homemessages結(jié)論TheAustralianpigindustry:abriefoverviewThenumberofregisteredproducersinAustraliahasdecreasedovertime澳大利亞注冊生產(chǎn)企業(yè)（者）的數(shù)量減少AustralianPigAnnual,2009-2010s&.atMMg3c-,aDa1鴕R:檔?27§2D,aOCw.aKi『恤酥Theaveragenumberofsowsperherdhasincreasedovertime每群母豬的平均數(shù)量增加W帶繆術(shù)芥方3職蘋對爹妒歩逮妒妒帶爹莆成材Year胃

From2ODSsowreumbenonrymila&^eHerdsizerangesfrom5sowsto40,000sowsAustralianPigAnnual,2009-2010母豬每群數(shù)量由5頭上升到40,000頭ThetotalnumberofsowsinAustraliahasdecreasedsince2008從2008年至今澳大利亞母豬總量在減少AustralianPigAnnual,2009-2010TMOaSows5001c=====#FromZDOSedwnumbersonlyavailable2009BrEedin。Sows:Z4禮!X）。Thenumberofslaughteringshasreducedbetween2006and20112006-2011年屠宰量減少MonthlyAustralianPtgSlaughteringsAustralianPigAnnual,2009-2010Breedingherdperformance,2008-2009繁殖豬群的生產(chǎn)性能ParameterUnitsAverageofallsystemsPigsweaned/sow/yearNumberofpigs21.1Numberbornalive,giltsNumberperlitter10.2Numberbornalive,giltsandsowsNumberperlitter10.7Stillbirths,%perlitter%ofpigletsborn7.7Sowmortalityrate,%%oftheherd12.0Sowturnoverrate%oftheherd655Farrowingrate,gilts%ofgiltsbred83.7Farrowingrate,giltsandsows%ofgiltsandsowsbred81.3Pre-weaningmortality,%%ofpigletsbornalive13.9PigsweanedperlitterNumberperlitter9.2WeaningageDays22.7LitterspersowperyearNumberoflitters2.3Summary:Australianpigindustry小結(jié)-澳大利亞養(yǎng)豬業(yè)Verysmalllevelofproductionbyworldstandards(=0.4%ofworldproduction),70-80%ofprocessedporkconsumedisimported^e.g.^Denmark,USAfCanada依據(jù)全球標(biāo)準(zhǔn)養(yǎng)豬業(yè)仍處于較低生產(chǎn)水平，7480%豬肉消費依靠進(jìn)口(比如從丹麥、美國和加拿大)oRapidconsolidationofAustraliansownumbersintorelativelyfewbreedingherdsoflargersiae,母豬數(shù)量集中于相對較少的大規(guī)模繁殖豬群。?Fewerfarrow-to-finishfamilyownedunits家族式自繁自養(yǎng)模的單位減少<>,Moremulti-sitecontractoperations更多的多站點合同操作°,Increaseinthenumberandsizeofverticalintegrationenterprises一體化垂直管理企業(yè)數(shù)量和規(guī)模增加。Majorpartofpigproductionnationallyfoundinareasofhigherpopulationofeastandsouth-eastofAustralia,全國主要的養(yǎng)豬生產(chǎn)基地建在人口較多的澳大利亞東部和東南部地區(qū)?RegionsofhighestpopulationdensityA口密度最大的區(qū)域Australianindustryischaracterizedbyrelativelyhighhealthstatus,澳大利亞養(yǎng)豬業(yè)的特點是健康狀況相對較高,NoPRRS,noFMDfnoTGEDiversityofhusbandry/housingsystems飼養(yǎng)體系多樣性IntensivehousingsystemsStraw-basedsystemsDifferentoutdooraccommodationCurrentandfuturechallengesforthe澳大利亞養(yǎng)豬業(yè)目前和將來面臨的問題?Environment環(huán)境?Welfare動物福利?Consumers消費者?Profitability盈利能力PorkCRCCRCFORHEGHINTEGRTTYAUSTRALIANPORKProgram1-Confinement-freeSowandPigletManagement?Reducingthetimesowsspendinasowstallafterweaningandinpregnancy(grouphousiu容)減少斷奶間隔?Extensionoftheweaningagetoaccommodateoestrusinlactation延長斷奶日齡以適應(yīng)哺乳期發(fā)情?Program2-HerdHealthManagement豬群健康管理.Reducingtheuseofantibiotics(prophylactic,therapeutic)inpigproduction減少抗生素的使用?Program3-HealthyPorkConsumption健康的豬肉消費?Increasingthefunctionality,con^stencyandreliabilityofAustralianproducedporkft>rconsumer增加功能性、質(zhì)量穩(wěn)定可靠豬肉產(chǎn)品的供給?Program4-Carbon-ConsciousNutrientInputsandOutputs注重環(huán)保營養(yǎng)品的投入和產(chǎn)出?ReducingthecarbonfbotprintofpigfMoductioninAustralia降低養(yǎng)豬業(yè)的碳排放量“DeliveryoftheseoutcomeswilldifferentiateAustralianporkasahighintegritymeatthatiswelfare-optimal,premiumquality,safe,nutritiousandinhighdanand,whichcanbeproducedwhileconservingenergyandwaterresources,minimisinggreenhousegasemissionandmaintainingefficiencyandcostofproductionatalevelthatpromotesinvestment,growthandsustainabilityoftheindustry”這將把漠洲豬肉與其他國家的產(chǎn)品做出區(qū)隔，具備動物福利，優(yōu)質(zhì)，安全，營養(yǎng)要求高的高誠信肉類，同時節(jié)約能源和水資源，盡量減少溫室氣體排放并確保生產(chǎn)效率和成本，促進(jìn)投資的増長和行業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展.GastrointestinaltractandguthealthWhatisguthealth?腸道健康?Difficulttodefine難以定義.Generalisedconditionofhomeostasis/homeorhesisofthegastrointestinaltract,inallphasesofgrowth動物生長全期消化道內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)定狀態(tài).€Guthealth，-viewedasanoutcome(positive,negative,thestatusquo)ofinteractionsbetween,腸道健康可?1為以下多種相互作用的結(jié)果.Nutrition(feedcomposition,presenceorabsenceofantibioticfeedadditives,particlesize,etc.),營養(yǎng)方面，包括日糧組成、抗生素添加與否、顆粒大小等.Immune6

activity7

(innate^acquired),免疫激活(天然免疫，荻得免疫).Microbiota(density,location,diversity,etc.)微生態(tài)區(qū)系(密度、分布、多樣性等)(Williamsetal.,1997)Levelofimmunesystemactivationaffectsperformance6-27kgLW免疫系統(tǒng)激活水平對生產(chǎn)性能的影響ItemImmunesystemactivationDietarylysine,%ofthediet0.600.901.201.50Dailygain,___gramsU^High400556644663—357

49551。5°4DailyfeedLowintake,"grams

High896102510521002889954889911Low445544613662Gainfeed,g---perkgC^Hiqh395522581

565>Whatcontributestoahighlyfunctionalgut?影響腸道發(fā)揮強大功能的因素FEEDcomponentsSchematicpresentationofthegastrointestinaldefencebarriersystemandeffectorsites(afterWang,1995)消化道生物屏障系統(tǒng)和效應(yīng)位點示意圖LuminalfactorsEpithelialfactorsSubmucosalfactorsEpithelialbarrierfunctionPhospholipidlayerMucuslayerTightjunctionAA-cellEnterocyTeMacrophageLymphocyteLeukocyteLymphtubeStabilityUnstableStable(Sporetal.,2011；

Nat.Rev.Microbiol.9：279-290)Lifetimestabilityofthegastrointestinaltractmicrobiota消化道微生物區(qū)系穩(wěn)定性EarlylifeAdult----->AgingGutmicrobialdysbiosisassociatedwithdisease一humanexamples與疾病相關(guān)的菌群失衡-以人為例HuhtyccfrtrqlfWMitPositive/negativeeffectsofbacteria細(xì)菌的正負(fù)效果OUStomachSmallIntestineCecumLargeIntestine<---PROXIMALGTIT—><—DISTALGUT―>PrimarilyGrampositivefacultativeanaerobic:bacteriaNEGATIVEEFFECTSCompetewithhostforenergyandproteinProductionofgrowthdepressingmetabolitesPOSITIVEEFFECTSCompetitiveexclusionofpathogensPrimarilyanaerobicbacteriaPOSITIVEEFFECTSProduceenergyfromundigestedfeedCompetitiveexclusionofpathogensNEGATIVEEFFECTSProductionofgrowth。depressingmetabolites(Gaskinsetal.,2002)Microbiotacompositionisessentialforimmunehomeostasisandbalance徜生物區(qū)系組成對免疫系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定和平衡非常重要PsthobiontsProbioPathogenmmatsonRegulationImmunologicaldysequilibriumInflamnnationRegulation(ReproducedwithkindpermissionfromProfessorD.Kelly)'*imunologkalequilibrium、.CommensalsColonizationbygutbacteriadrivedevelopmentofimmunesystem腸道細(xì)菌的定植促進(jìn)免疫系統(tǒng)發(fā)育?Littledevelopmentofmucosalimmunesystemingerm-freeneonatalpiglets無菌初生仔豬粘膜免疫系統(tǒng)兒乎沒有發(fā)育?Nodevelopmentofintraepitheliallymphocytes腸上皮內(nèi)淋巴細(xì)胞沒有發(fā)育?LaminapropriaTcellsdonotappearinsignificantnumbers固有層T細(xì)胞數(shù)量不顯著?NoincreaseinCD4+andCD8+lymphocytesinthelaminapropria固有層CD4、CD8、淋巴細(xì)胞數(shù)量沒有增加?Peyer'spatchesremainsmall普氏體很小ImprintingofthegutimmunesystembythecommensalbacteriaMicrobiota共生菌群影響腸道免疫系統(tǒng)Germ-free*Experiinentswithgerm-fieerevealmanydifferentsystemsareshapedbytheIgAA

..microbiotasmallintestine?StiniulalionofinmiunesystemrequiiesIgAPeyerpschighdosesofbacteriapatchE??LivebacteriaarebetterstimulusforCD44J<為詞四fitZuiiimiimesystemthandeadintestine験.1■尊*曲尊-*-■：HypoplasticMiicewithnormsiIgutmicrobiota(ReproducedwithkindpermissionfromProfessorD.Kelly)與腸上皮細(xì)胞和樹狀細(xì)胞的相互作用Q1O1QATreguJatorycells(Tregs)ceHscriticalinimmunehomeostasis.Importanttherapeutsctargetsinautoimmunity(ReproducedwithkindpermissionfromProfessorD.Kelly)QlQlQlQlQlQlQlQlQlQlQlQ□Csubksel1ADendriticcells(DCs)keyinitiatorsandregulatorsfT}oftheadaptive-cy頃3immuneresponseTh1Th2TMTAEpithelialcells(ECs)FirstlineofcontactwithbacteriaBacteriainteractwithepithelialcellsanddendriticcellsintheintestineDevelopmentofthemucosalimmunesystemintheyoungpig仔豬粘膜免疫系統(tǒng)的發(fā)育Supplementary“protection”Stageofimmunologicalmaturity(fromStokes,2006)Birth4weeks6-8weeksSummary小結(jié)?Gutbacteriadrivedevelopmentoftheimmunesystemimmediatelyfrombirth腸道細(xì)菌從動物出生就促進(jìn)免疫系統(tǒng)的發(fā)育。?Developmentneedstobecontrolled,butprecisemechanismsforachievingthisareunknown這種作用是受控制的，但其精確機制尚不明確。?Homeostasisislessenergy-costlythanactiveinflammatoryresponsesthatoccurintheabsenceofregulationandcontrol與機休調(diào)控缺失時出現(xiàn)的主動炎癥反應(yīng)相比，微生態(tài)平衡需要的能量消耗更少。Guthealth.thesucklingpigColostrum-thevitalsecretion初乳-至關(guān)重要的分泌物Newbornpigisimmunologicallynaive新生仔豬獲得天然免疫SwineareaGroupIIImammal,soepitheliochorialplacentationpreventsimmunoglobulintransfer所utero豬是III組哺乳動物，在子宮內(nèi)上皮絨毛形成胎盤可阻止免疫球蛋白轉(zhuǎn)移Maternalsupplyerfpassiveimmunitymustoccurafterbirth,出生后母體會提供被動免疫?Non-specifictransfer(pinocytosis)insmallintestineintobloodwppl?小腸中經(jīng)非特異性傳遞進(jìn)入血液供應(yīng)?雋劉果臬transferIgGacrossmucosadisappearsinfirst24-36hoflifeffi,最初的24-36小時，傳遞IgGilii粘膜的能?HigherconcentrationsofIgA(inparticular)providemucosalprotection高濃度的IgA提供粘膜保護(hù)Passiveimmunityalsoprovidesdefensefactorsviamolecules,被動免疫還可通過分子提供防御因子?LadtoferHn.cytokines&chemGkir必annateimmunity)Nsozvme汛鐵蕾白、細(xì)胞因子和趨化因子(天然免疫)、溶菌酶Pigimmunoglobulins(Igs)豬免疫球蛋白?Afamilyofproteinsthatareimportantforgrowth,developmentofimmunity,andsurvival對動物生長、免疫發(fā)育、生存起重要作用的一系列蛋白質(zhì),Threemajorlgclasses：三類主要免疫球蛋白?IgG：?Quantitativelymostimportantinpigserumandcolostrum,hastwosubclasses(lgG1andIgG/anaprovidesforsystemicimmunity'在豬血清和初乳中含量較高，具有兩個亞型，供給系統(tǒng)免疫?IgM：?Theseantibodiesplaymajorroleindefenceagainstviruses這些抗體在防御病毒方面起重要作用?IgA：?Provideslocalimmunityatmucosalsurfacesfegflungs,gastrointestinaltract在希膜表面展峪局部雖疫[Bourne(1973),Proc.Nutr.Soc.32：205]IgMIgAIgGIgMIgATransferofIgsfromserumtocolostrumandmilkinthesow母豬免疫球蛋白由血清向初乳及乳中轉(zhuǎn)移Serum:ColostrumtransferSerum:Milktransfer[Bourne(1973),Proc.Nutr.Soc.32：205]wII-Colostrum15600lgderivedfromscrum(%)Milklgformedinmammarygland(%)Pigletsneedtoconsumecolostrumasquicklyaspossible仔豬需盡早采食初乳?LeDividichetaL(2005),?Colostrumintakeexplains0.86-0.88ofvariationinpigletweightgainbetweenbirthand24hafterbirth出生24小時內(nèi)，仔豬體重0.86-0.88的變異由初乳攝取量導(dǎo)致?Pigletsneed160-170gcolostrumperkgbodyweightforsurvival仔豬要攝取16。-170g/kg體重初乳以滿足生存需要?SynthesisofIgGbypigletpositivelyrelatedtoamountofmaternalIgGabsorbed(Rookeeta^2003)仔豬IgG的合成與母體IgG吸收量呈正相關(guān)?Pigletsthatsucklaterafterbirthhavelowerserumy-globulinconcentrations出生后沒及時哺乳的仔豬血清y球蛋白濃度較低?Pigletssurvivingto2idofagehavehigherserumy-globulinconcentration21日齡的仔豬血清y球蛋白濃度較高Changesincompositionoflipidflactoseandproteinincolostrumfrombirthoffirstpigletto36h仔豬出生36小時內(nèi)，初乳中脂肪、乳糖和蛋白質(zhì)組成的變化[LeDividichetal.(2005),J.Agric.Sci.143：469]MoreIgGat7daysofagemeansmoreIgGat28daysofage7日齡時IgG水平高意味著28日齡時其水平也較高PlasmaIgGat7days(mg/ml)[Rookeetal.(2002),Livest.Prod.Sci.78：13](Emm)sx-a崙IEeesee:RoleofenvironmentinmicrobiotaandimmunityinthegutRoleofenvironmentinmicrobiotaandimmunityinthegut環(huán)境在腸道微生物區(qū)系和免疫中的作用,Earlymicrobialcolonizationofthegutreducestheincidenceofinfectiousinflammatoryandautoimmunediseases(Frank2007)腸道微生物盡早定植可以降低感染性炎性和自身免疫病的發(fā)生?Studiesshowthatchildhoodhygieneisasignificantriskfactorfordevelopmentofinflammatoryboweldisease(Pendersetat,2OO6)f研究表明幼兒早期衛(wèi)生保健有導(dǎo)致炎性腸病的風(fēng)險一^Hygienehypothesis^,andthepotentialimportanceofmicrobialcolonizationduringearlylife衛(wèi)蟲傷設(shè)理論，動物生長車期微生物定植的潛在重要性?Theextenttowhichearly-lifeenvironmentimpactsonmicrobialdiversityandsubsequentimmuneprocesseshasnotbeencomprehensivelyinvestigatedinpigs生長早期環(huán)境對微生物多樣性和免疫過程的影響程度在豬上尚未深入研究OutdoorSowrearedIndoorSowrearedIndoorIsolator+AntibioticsOtherPepftos^reptococcacemGkysirtd/ac&aeWe^ffQneffaceaeLachnospjraceaeRiJiTwhococcaoeaeLeuiwiosfoom皿aeStrepto&acwacMeLactobacitiaoes^BacillaleBErysipelolrictiiGjammaproeeobaclsriaBelaprovedbackedaEpsiksnproteobacteriaAlphapraceobacteria□Bacteroidetes□□□Prewo^eJtaceaeBact&roidaceaeFcfpftjTOnrorw曲Actinot>3deria(Mulderetal.,BMCBiology2009,7:79)mucosa-associateddiversity生長早期環(huán)境改變與粘膜相關(guān)微生物多樣性?TJ100%75%50%25%0%Phylogeneticdistributionofbacteriafromilealandfecalsamplesindifferenthousingenvironments不同養(yǎng)殖環(huán)境下回腸及排泄物中細(xì)菌系統(tǒng)發(fā)育分布(Mulderetal.,BMCBiology2009,7:79)FirmicutegOtherActinobaciBribPro?DbecleriaBaDtercidetes□IN■OUT□IR□INS□OUTSLactobacilliinilealandfecalsamplesfrompigletsandsowsindifferentenvironments不同環(huán)境下仔豬、母豬回腸及排泄物中乳酸桿菌情況?EDifferentiallyexpressedgenesintheileumofanimalshousedindifferentenvironments不同養(yǎng)殖環(huán)境下回腸表達(dá)基因差異SpecificallyassociatedIRvsOUTINvsOUT□Upregulaleclgems□Dawnragulaledgeneswithinflammatorygenes,e.g.Type-1IfN(Mulderetal.,BMCBiology2009,7:79)Guthealth-the\AAaanlinnnin<<J.......-一Theweaningprocess斷奶過程?Weaningimposesmultipleandsimultaneousstressorsonyoungpigs.斷奶會同時對仔豬帶來多種應(yīng)激?Nutritional,營養(yǎng)因素?Dietshighinindigestiblecarbohydrates,lowerinlipid,changedaminoacidprofile日糧中不可消化碳水化合物含量高，脂肪含量低，氨基酸組成變化?Changesindietformandpresentation日糧形態(tài)、組成變化?Psychological,心理因素?Mixingandmovingpigs,separationfromthesow合并群，與母豬分開?Environmental,環(huán)境因素?Temperature/feederandwaterlocations^?.度，料槽、飲水器位置?''Growthcheck。生長檢查?Aimafterweaningistoreducethenegativeimpactweaninghasonproduction,diseaseincidencefmorbidityandmortalityB的是降低斷奶對生產(chǎn)性能、發(fā)病率和死亡率帶來的負(fù)面影響Feedintakeafterweaningandgutbarrierfunction斷奶后飼料釆食和腸道屏障的功能?Periodoftemporarystarvationafterweaningcompromisesgutbarrierfunction,斷奶后暫時性饑餓過程破壞腸道屏障作用?Lowfeedintake^低釆食量?Increasesnumbersoflymphocytesandinfiltratedcellsinepithelium上皮中淋巴細(xì)胞和浸潤細(xì)胞數(shù)量增加,Causesatransientinflammatoryresponse導(dǎo)致瞬間炎癥反應(yīng),Decreasesepithelialtissueresistance(more"leaky"intestines)降低上皮組織抵抗力--—^6/丿/?VillusheightrfOCryptdepth峪

△CellproliferationL_?■■.Acutephase(Adaptivephase~?I*TrFT'''!rrlJj151015Dayspost-weaningDayspost-weaning(fromBurrinandStoll,2003;InWeaningthePig:ConceptsandConsequences)Therearetwophasesofchangeinthesmallintestineafterweaning斷奶后在小腸中發(fā)生兩個階段變化150湛aeoeCD，5000150OO,1sucMM.Edolug」①CLDietandsmallintestinalstructure5daysafterweaningPigsfedcows'wholemilkadlibitumPigsfedconventionalstarterdietadlibitum(Pluske,1993)Foodintakeandaveragevillousheightinmilk-fedpigs哺乳仔豬釆食量和平均絨毛高度1(pim)700-1600-500-400-300-200_____________________________0200400600Drymatterintake(gday-1)r=0.82P<0.001(Pluskeetal.,1997,Livest.Prod.Sci51:215-236)Villousheightdeterminesemptybodyweightgainafterweaning斷奶后腸絨毛高度決定凈增重=6oo1o400-o200r2=49%0-200T__________________Averagevillousheight(pm)Averagevillousheight(pm)FedstarterdietafterweaningEmptybodygain(g/day)Emptybodygain(g/day)<60Fedmilkafterweaning(Pluskeetal.,1996)300400500600700200300400500ADFIday0-34,g/d0050100150200250300350400ADFIday0-8,g/d0050100150200250300350400ADFIday0-8,g/dFoodintakeduringwk1afterweaningdeterminesapproximately40%offoodintakeandgainbetween8-23KG(Bruininxetal.,2004)100y=1.097x+343.72Theimportanceofearlyfoodintake：thepracticalperspective早期釆食的重要性-實踐應(yīng)用pa4CO6>ep00<Inflammatoryandimmunologicalconsequencesoflowfeedintakeafterweaning斷奶后低釆食量導(dǎo)致炎癥和免疫學(xué)上的后果?IncreasedT-cellnumbers(cellsof'innate'immunesystem)inintestinesofpigsassociatedwithnutrientdeprivation由于營養(yǎng)不良引起豬腸道T細(xì)胞數(shù)量增加?T-cellexpansioniscorrelatedto,T細(xì)胞的增加與以下方面有關(guān)?Poorerepithelialintegrity較差的上皮細(xì)胞完整性?Localinflammation(up-regulationofcytokinegeneexpressioninsmallintestine,e.gIL-邛，IL-6,TNF-a)局部炎癥?Compromisednon-immunologicaldefencemechanisms(mucinetc.)缺乏抵抗力的非免疫性防御機制0T-lymphocytenumbersincreaseinvilliofstarvedpiglets饑餓狀態(tài)下仔豬腸絨毛中T淋巴細(xì)胞數(shù)量增加No.ofcells141210(Ganessunkeretal.,1999)8BaselinePigsfedfor7dafterbirth6bOralfedFedbyintravenouscatheter□Jejunum□Ileumaa42aaFunctionsofpro-inflammatorycytokines促炎細(xì)胞因子的功能■IHematopoiesisT-cellproliferation(Grimble,1998)IgswitchingChemotaxisSummary:theimportanceofarapidtransitiontofeedintakeafterweaning小結(jié)-斷奶后釆食快速過渡的重要性?Preventionofdamagetotheintestinalstructure(e.g.rPiuskeetal,2996；vanBeers,1996)

防止損害腸道結(jié)構(gòu),Increasedmaintenancerequirementsinweekaafterweaning(eg.,Schramaetal.,2997)

增加斷奶后一周的維持需要?PreventionofaHleakygut"(eg*SpreeuwebergetaL,2001；Verdonketal.f2001)防止腸漏癥的發(fā)生?PreventionofadecreaseindigestivecapacityMakkink,1993)防止消化力降低,Reductionofpost-weaningdiarrhoea?(MadecetaL,1998；CarstensenetaL,2005)減少斷奶后腹瀉SolutionstoimprovingguthealthafterweaningI—*w_________上八xxu■攻晉觀磯后購追謎康旳惜她IllTheJournEilofNutritionNutritionandOisMseSpecificfeedingredientsandmucosalfunction:spray-driedplasmaproducts特定飼料原料和粘膜功能-噴霧干燥血漿產(chǎn)品DietaryPlasmaProteinSupplementsPreventtheReleaseofMucosafProinflammatoryMediatorsinIntestinalInflammationinRats1,2Anna凹.-丘照叫&1.|燈心Mia'fi/JovkrPnEo/Louhkusscll,"JoyCampbctL/EricWtaver.*Jfj*CrtnishawLandMiquelMureto14E>rpan:r7?c.nrofMiysiflioEjy,Fjh：uIevPharrrui；rmtdNuEHlhia^iidf<K>d、盤日/Rfwarrh[nwi=u-tv厲止*UnnenilyofBjir?.<iru,BarcdonaSpaio；J-umprS.A.t

C,r^iinllrri0H4flSp：itn：^APCInc,1A5002k：BrtdhFro(ianrl-kdlihandBiD￡(igLcaEi,Anktny,JATIXIJ]Effectsoffeedingplasmaandimmunoglobulinsonmucosalimmunity飼喂血漿和免疫球蛋白對粘膜免疫系統(tǒng)的影響Ratsfeddietssupplementedwith(i)spray-driedporcineplasma(SDP；

8%ofdiet),(ii)Igconcentrate(IQ1.5%ofdiet),or(iii)Controldiet(milkproteins)?Diets(i)and(ii)bathhadsimilarIgGcontents(10g/kgofdiet)?Intestinalinflammationinducedbyi.p.administrationofS.aureusenterotoxinB(SEB)ondays32and35afterbirthAuthorsmeasuredexpressionof;-Pro-inflammatorycytokines(IFNy,TNFa#IL-6)andinflammatorymediators(LTB。andinducibleoxidenitricsynthase(iNOS))-Anti-inflammatorycytokines0L-io,TGFp)Theyalsoexpressedaratioofpro-inflammatory:anti-inflammatorycytokinesRatskilled6hoursafterseconddoseofenterotoxinRatioofpro-:anti-inflammatorycytokinesisalteredusingplasmaorIgconcentrate飼喂血漿和免疫球蛋白可改變“促炎癥因子/抗炎癥性細(xì)胞因子”比例?EnterotoxinBincreasedtheratioofpro-:anti-inflammatorycytokinesinA:jejunum,B:Peyer'spatches,andC:serum腸毒素B提高空腸、派尹爾氏淋巴結(jié)、血清中促炎癥因子/抗炎細(xì)胞因子的比例。?Feedingeitherspray-driedplasmaorIgconcentratepreventedtheincreaseinthisratio飼喂噴霧干燥血漿或免疫球蛋白可防止這一比率升高。(Perez-Bosqueetal.,

2010；

JournalofNutrition140:25-30)B43■bbliIL-6AL-HD■nNFa/IL-10ncctntrol■呂E目OSEB-SDP?SEB4CoCorrtr&rflSErgiDaysofdietarytreatmentSpray-driedporcineplasmareducesinflammationinthesmallintestineofpigsafterweaning噴霧干燥血漿減少斷奶仔豬小腸內(nèi)的炎癥反應(yīng)Spray-driedporcineplasmareducesinflammationandimmunesystemactivationafterweaning噴霧干燥血漿降低斷奶仔豬炎癥反應(yīng)和免疫系統(tǒng)的激活(Jiangetal.,

2000；

J.Nutr.130:21-26)D^ysofdietarytreatmentM=iwEscherichiacoOandpost-weaningcolibacillosis(diarrhoea)大腸桿菌和斷奶后大腸桿菌病(腹瀉)Most￡.co/rassociatedwithpost-weaningcolibadI(0515areenterotoxin-producing,P-haemolyticstrains,eg,O13%O141與斷奶后腹瀉相關(guān)的大腸桿菌是產(chǎn)生內(nèi)毒素的片溶血性菌株Diseaseofsmallintestine,populationsinlargeintestine小腸疾病，大腸菌群Insmallintestine,virulentE.coliattachtoreceptors(egfF4)andcausehypersecretorydiarrhoeaviaenterotoxins^e.g.fSTaf5Tb小腸中，有毒的大腸桿菌與受體結(jié)合,通過內(nèi)毒素導(dǎo)致腹瀉Cancausedeath,morbidity引起動物發(fā)病，甚至死亡Associationsbetweendietproteinlevelanddigestivedisturbances0糧蛋白水平與消化紊亂間的關(guān)系?Proteinlevelsinstarteddietsvary,uptomaximumof250g/kg開口料中蛋白水平最高到250g/kg。?

Proteinthatisnotdigestedinthestomachorsmallintestinegoesintothelargeintestine蛋白質(zhì)在胃和小腸中不被消化，而是進(jìn)入大腸。?Thebacteriaproduceby-products,suchasammonia,thatmaycausescoursafterweaning細(xì)菌產(chǎn)生的代謝產(chǎn)物（如氨）導(dǎo)致動物斷奶后腹瀉。?Higherlevelsofcrudeproteinwereassociatedwithmorediarrhoea粗蛋白水平越高越容易引起腹瀉。Feedinglowproteindietstoreducescoursafterweaninq斷奶后飼喂低蛋白日糧可減少腹瀉,Intheory：feedinglowproteindiets(<180gofproteinperkgofweanerdiet)shouldreducescours斷奶后飼喂低蛋白(每kg日糧中蛋白質(zhì)少于180g)日糧可以減少腹瀉。*However-difficulttomakea'balanced'dietatthisamountofprotein,unlessyouaddexpensivesyntheticaminoacids,但是此蛋白水平下很難實現(xiàn)平衡日糧，除非添加昂貴的合成萼基酸。-Commercialmanufactureofvalineandisoleucine^氨酸、異亮氨酸的工業(yè)化生產(chǎn)?Previousstudies-lowproteindietsreducescoursbutalsoreducegrowthafterweaning,whentheyarenotfaormultedproperly過去研究表明，當(dāng)配比不適當(dāng)時，低蛋白日糧可減少腹瀉也會降低斷奶后生長效率。Aimsofthestudies研究目的?Canareductionindietaryproteinpreventscoursafterweaning?斷奶后降低日糧蛋白水平能否預(yù)防腹瀉？?Howlongdoweneedtofeedalowproteindietfor?低蛋白日糧要飼喂多久？?Willalowproteindietreducegrowthafterweaning?低蛋白日糧在斷奶后會降低生長效率嗎？Experimentaldesign試驗設(shè)計TreatmentsHP14(n=24)LP14(n=24)LP7(n=24)Phase-IIProteinlevel256g/kg175g/kg175g/kg212g/kgFeedingduration14d14d7dUpto28d?AlldietscontainedLys,Met,ThrandTryp?LPdietssupplementedwithisoleucineandvaline?NOantimicrobialcompoundsuseinthediets■Animals?Pigsweanedat21-23d(about6kg)21-23天的斷奶仔豬(大約6公斤)?HalfofthepigspertreatmentwereinfectedwithE.colifandotherhalftreatedwithbroth一組感染大腸桿菌，另一組做對照O149;K91;K88Total19mlover3d(109CFU/ml)三天共19ml(109

CFU/ml)EnterotoxigenicEcollinfectionreducesproteinutilization感染可產(chǎn)生腸毒素的大腸桿菌降低蛋白利用率HP,NonLP?NonHP,infectedLP,infectedinfectedinfectedI■TotaldietaryNintake,gApparentilealdigestibility,%IlealNflow,gperd1.DIETeffectonNintake(P<0.001)2.INFECTIONeffectonAID(P<0.05)3.DIETandINFECTIONeffectsonilealNflow(P<0.05)(Heoetal.,2010;Anim.FeedSci.Tech.,160:148-159)FecalammoniaN,mg/kgLowproteindietsreduceproductionofammoniaingut低蛋白日糧減少腸道中氨的產(chǎn)生口HP14口LP7口LP14600-Treatments(Heoetal.,2009)Areductionincrudeproteinsupplyinthececumreducesmeasuresofproteinfermentation盲腸中粗蛋白水平的降低可減少蛋白質(zhì)發(fā)酵水平Crudeproteincontent,gperkgdietItem255199P-valueNH3-N,mg/L150101<0.001Amines,mMPutrescine0.881■U.540.002Cadaverine0.580.580.969VFA,mMIsobutyricacid21Isovalericacid0.300.140.005TotalVFA85620.036(afterHtooetal.,2007)Lowproteindietsincreasethedrymattercontentofthefaeces低蛋白日糧可增加糞便中干物質(zhì)成分口HP14口LP7口LP14d7Non-infectedd7Infectedd14Non-infectedd14InfectedTreatments(Heoetal.,2009；

J.Anim.Sci.,87：2833-2843)40000321Mcosamwuobi6o-140-120-100-8o-60-40-20-Lowproteindietsreducepost-weaningdiarrhea低蛋白日糧降低斷奶后腹瀉口HP14口LP7口LP14d4-7Noninfectedd4-7Infectedd8-9Noninfectedd8-9InfectedTreatmentsd10-12Noninfectedd10-12Infected(Heoetal.,2009；

J.Anim.Sci.,87：2833-2843)XCDPU-￡oll」」eQReducingcrudeprotein(CP)inthedietreducesloosefaecesandreducesurine降低日糧中粗蛋白可減少稀便和尿液(afterLeBellegoandNoblet,2002)9Item22.420.418.416.9%changeBW,kgStart11.712.011.812.0Final26.026.827.226.8Consistencyoffeces(%oftotalnumberofdaysintheexperiment)Soft14.7Liquid2.0Urineproduction,gperday757643625481-35%Feedingbalancedlowproteindietsdoesnotdecreaseproduction飼喂平衡低蛋白日糧不會降低生產(chǎn)性能□ADGOADFIAG:F.r.------------------------------(Infection：P<0.001)Treatments(Heoetal.,2009；

J.Anim.Sci.,87：2833-2843)HP14LP7LP14HP14LP7LP14Non-infectedInfectedFeedingalow-proteindietforonly5daysreducesdiarrhea飼喂5天低蛋白日糧可減少腹瀉2008；

Arch.Anim.Nutr.,62：343-358)(Heoetal.,■R-HPLP5—M—LP7—4--LP1450o4ECUCLIBESPigsfeddifferentcerealsvaryindiarrheaafterweaning斷奶后飼喂不同谷物對腹瀉的影響P<0.01CornBarleyRolledOatsRicePigschallengedwithoraldoseof2x109CFU/pig；6pigsweanedat21dofage/treatment；Diarrheascore0=normalfeces;4=severe(Buckinghametal.,2006)口服劑量為每只豬2x109CFU/pig；21日齡斷奶；腹瀉指數(shù)0代表正常糞便。Also:reducedremovalofpigsfromnurseryforbarleyvscorn:3.6vs7.1%(P<0.05)(Perez-Mendozaetal.,2006)?cadaverine?putrescine?tryptamine?histamine]Amines,mM(Bolduanetal.,1988)8r6.75765-645.752345678CFinfeed,%Serumurea,mM3——I---1——I——I---1——5.5Ahigherindigestiblefibrecontentreducesbacterialnitrogenmetabolism不可消化纖維含量較高可降低細(xì)菌氮代謝[Biogenicamines:Feedprocessinginfluencessurvivalofpathogenicbac