From contract theory to the social contract theory從契約論到社會契約論

Fromcontracttheorytothesocialcontracttheory(I)SocialcontracttheoryisintheWestsincethe16thcenturyandtheworldareveryinfluentialinanationaldoctrine,theriseofitscontractwiththeWesternculturaltraditions,withtheWest,socialchange,particularlywiththeriseofcapitalismduringthegrowingeconomycontractscloselyrelated.Asubstantialincreaseinthephenomenonisnotonlyavailableforacontracttobuildanewsocialrelationsandsocialorganizationtheoryofborrowedresources,butalsoforpeoplegenerallyagreewiththecontracttoexplainthevariousrelationships-includingthecountry-hascreatedasociallyacceptablecondition.Scienceoftheemergenceanddevelopmentofhumanistthought,sothattherightofGod,thechurchauthorityandtraditionareanumberofchallenges,theReformationmovementandtheemergenceofautocracyinmoderntimescallforanewtheoryoftheState.Theleasewiththesecularnatureofitsimpliedequality,freedom,utilityandrationalprinciplesisentirelypossibleasanewmodelwasusedtobuildthestateandsociety.Hobbes,Lockeisthegeneralcontracttheoryasaprototypeandmetaphor,detailedandcreativetodemonstratetheoccurrenceofthestateanditslegitimateauthority.GeneralContractTheoryandthesocialcontracttheoryinthepremise,models,andinprinciplearethesame.Astheexperienceoftheenvironmentandtheirowndifferences,Hobbes,Locke,theideaoftwoseparateabsolutismwitha(centralized)andliberalism(separationofpowers)thetendencyoftheirnaturalstatedescriptionofthesocialcontractthepartiesdistribution(identified)isalsoquitedifferent.Thistheoryofthestateisnottheeternalself-evidentprinciple,itsrationaleisthatitislinkedtospecificeconomicwayoflife,isaproductofsocialneeds.Fromabroadertheoreticallevel,thehomeandcountry,saidthatcountriessuchasthesocialcontracttheoryisasystematic,theory-basedmetaphor.Wecanandshouldre-understandtheChinesetraditionof‘homecountrysaying,’rationality,wecanuselocalresourcestocreateanewtheoryofthestate.Ofcourse,theover-relianceofcountriesbasedonanykindofmetaphortheory,wouldlimitpeople’screativity,imaginationandtheory.

1workingdayfetchingwatersuddenlyremembered:Whattheemperorpolefetchingwater?Hisconclusionis:withgoldpole!-Privatejoke

1,theproblemanditssignificance

Conceptofnaturallawschoolofthecountry,especiallyinthesocialcontractidea,isanimportanttheoryofthestateofhumandevelopment,andisalsothetheoryofthestateanimportantgenre.TheconceptofstateinmodernWesterncountriesfortheorganizationandlegalstructure,functionanalysisofanextremelyimportantground-breakingrole.Today,thenaturallawschoolonthestateofnatureaswellasthecountry’ssocialcontracttheory,describestheschoolexperiencedalotofcriticism,manyscholarshavebeenabandoned〔1〕.Evenso,thekindofstateisasocialcontractontheideastillaliveinthewritingsofmanyWesternthinkers〔2〕.Moreimportantly,thisconcepthasbeenintegratedintotheactivitiesofWesternpoliticalandlegalpractice,andbecomeakindoffaith,whichbyvirtueofthetheoryofbeliefisdifficulttowhetherthecardwillbeabletomakepeople’srejectionofthem.

However,thereisaproblemstillneedtobeanswered,andthisishowthisconceptofstateformation,butalsohowtobecomeasocialpracticediscourse.SomeWesternscholarsattributedtothenaturallawschoolofsomeofthegreatthinkersofpersonalvision,attributedtotheirownpersonalinfluence.However,fromtheacceptanceofthetheorypointofview,anideahasbeenabletobeaccepted,andtherelationshipbetweentheauthormaynotbesolarge,butwiththereader’sknowledgestructures.Topushthisviewandthesocialcontracttheory,wecansaythesocialcontracttheoryisacceptedmoretodowiththeneedsofanera,andbeforethepeopleofthisera,seethe.Thus,toomuchemphasisontheroleoftheindividualthinker,moreorlessincompatiblewiththebasicideasofMarxism.Thisarticleisfullyawareofthetheoryoccurredintheeconomicandpoliticalimportanceofthebackground,whiletryingtosearchforfromtheperspectiveofsociologyofknowledgeasatheoryofthestateofthesocialcontracttheoryofwhytheoccurrenceandacceptancemaybe(andthereforeisnotboundtoadescriptionofthehistoryandtruerepresentation,butaquestofexplanation),andthusbyextension,thesearchforideologicaltraditions,knowledgeofthesocialstructureofatheoryoftheoccurrenceandacceptanceofbothcontributingandconstrainingeffects.Inotherwords,thisarticlehasnointentionofdiscussingnationaldoctrineitself,butinthesocialcontracttheory,forexample,withthesociologyofknowledgeperspectivetoexplorehowatheorycangenerate,andwhatcanbeacceptabletothecommunity.

Ichosethispropositionisbasedonthefollowingnumberofacademicthinkingso.

Firstofall,althoughmanyWesternscholarshaveusedthesocialcontractpointofviewtoprovetherationalityandlegitimacyofthecountry,butweknowthatthisisnottheonlycountryinhumanhistorytookplaceonthe.InChina,thecountry’slegitimacyandthelegalityofalonghistoricalperiodisthroughthefamilyasamodeltobeproven,thestateisconsideredtheexpansionofthefamily.AlthoughmanyChinesescholarshaveattributedtothehomeandcountry,saidthecharacteristicsofthetraditionalChinesetheoryofthestate,butitreallyisduetothehistoryofWesternpoliticaltheoryofthelessknown,ormadeforthecriticismofChineseculture,fiction.CarefullyreadthewritingsofsomeWesternscholarscanbefoundinalargenumberofWesternscholars-includingthisarticlewilladdressthesocialcontracttheorists-haveafamilyargumentoverthecountryasamodeltheoccurrenceandthereasonablenessoftheexerciseofstatepower〔3〕.Thisshowsthatthesocialcontracttheoryandthehomeandcountrythatisjustproofofthesoundnessofthenationaloccurrenceandonepatternordiscourse,inthissense,thetwodonothavetheabsoluteandfromthecontextoftheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofhierarchical.Inaddition,thehistoryofWesternthought,thesocialcontractmodelisnottheonlymodel.Aristotle’stheoryofthenationalnaturaloccurrence,Plato’snationalsocialdivisionoflabor,andlatermedievaltheocraticsociety,thetheoryofnaturallawinthesocialcontracttheory,thedominantnationaltookplacepriortohaveagreatimpact.Althoughsomeoftheargumentsaboutthesocialcontracthasalwaysexisted,buthadlittleimpactatmostonlyZhuzhongstatetheories.So,whythesocialcontracttheoryofthestatefromobscurityinthe17,18century,havebecomepopular,replacingtheprevioustheoryofthestateandbecomeacornerstoneofmodernWesterntheoryofthestate?WhyChinahasalwaysbeenhomeandcountry,regardlessofthedominanttheoryofthestate?Theseissuesareworthyofstudy.

Secondly,inrecentyears,duetoeconomicandsocialchange,someChinesescholarshavestartedtore-focusandemphasizedthesocialcontractrepresentedthenationallegaldoctrine〔4〕.Tounderstandandexplorethepotentialofthisschoolofthoughtandmeaning,forournationalregime,andthelegalsystemisverynecessary.However,theproblemisthatwecanexplaintheextenttowhichtheleasetosaythestateandsociety,thisexplanationfortheestablishmentofsocialorderandtheformationcanproducewhatkindofimpact.

Inthisarticle,Itriedtodebateovertheriseofsuchnationaldoctrine,iswiththeWest,socialchange,acontractwithWesternculturaltraditions,particularlywiththeriseofcapitalismincreasinglycommonduringtheeconomicdevelopmentofthecontracthaveacertainlink.Thegreatincreaseincontract,contracttobecomethephenomenonofpeople’sdailylifeinoneofthemostcommonandbasicphenomenon,whichnotonlybecometobuildanewsocialrelationsandsocialorganizationofatheoryofresourcesavailableforborrowing,butalsopeople’sthinkingtookanewturnthe‘format’,tobewidelyacceptedexplanationcontractualrelationships-includingthecountry-hascreatedasociallyacceptablecondition.Therefore,Itendtothinkthatthenationalsocialcontracttheory,mainlytojustifytheorderofadiscourse,ratherthantheestablishmentofthisordermeans.Ofcourse,thisdoesnotcompletelyseparatethetwo,theyinfluenceeachother.

Sothismeansthat,asatheoreticalresource,theideaoffreedomofcontractisnot,noristheconceptofmodernsocialcontract,thesolesourceofthecountry.Manyotherideasandsocialrealityofthechangesareoncontractasamodelofthemodernhistoryofthetheoryofthestateofthegenerationandrecognitioncannotbeunderestimatedorevenisnosubstituteforasignificantimpact〔5〕.Inotherwords,justhavingtheideaoffreedomofcontractdoesnotnecessarilyleadtosocialcontracttheoryofthestateofmodernproduction.However,despitethis,wemustadmitthattheideaoffreedomofcontractfortheproductionofthesocialcontracttheoryprovidesafundamentalorbasicpattern.

Mygeneralthesisisorganizedasfollows.First,Iwilldealwiththatinthesocialcontractweretherebefore,forvariousreasons,thesocialrequirementsofanewtypeofstatetookplacetosupportthestatepowerdoctrinetojustifyandrationalize.Then,inanalyzingthetheoryshouldbethepremiseoftraditionalresources,Iwouldbeasimpleanalysisoftheprincipleoffreedomofcontract,andthedevelopmentofWesternfreedomofcontracttomakeasummaryintroduction.Thenexttwosections,IwillHobbesandLocke’ssocialcontracttheory,forexample,analysisofthesocialcontracttheoryandcontracttheoryintheordinarymodeandaprerequisiteforconsistency,asanindicationofoccurrenceofnaturallawschoolofthecountryandcontracttheorytheprincipleoffreedominthetheoreticalconsistency.Finally,Iwillalsohaveexaminedthemeaningandinspirationtomakesometheoreticalanalysisandsummary.

Second,thesocialcontractontheoccurrenceofbackground

Naturallawschoolofthesocialcontracttheoryoftheoccurrenceofthetimesdemand.Inmoderntimesbefore,althoughthereareanumberofthinkerstodiscussthe‘national’issuesarisingfrom〔6〕,butthetheoryofthestateisrelativelyspeakingnotasmodernsocietysoimportant.ThisismainlybecausewhentheWestdoesnotformaunifiednation-state,apartfromsomeforceoutsideoftheestablishmentoftheempire,mostof‘state’arerelativelysmallcity-state.IntheMiddleAges,theRomanPope’sauthoritysupreme,Scholasticismdemonstratedthesecularregimemustobeythechurchauthority.Sincetheregimeshouldbesubordinatedtodivinepower,relativelyspeakingtheoryofthestatewillnothavethatkindofsignificanceinmoderntimes.Atthesametime,duetothestrengthoftradition,andmanyinitiallyseemedtobe‘illegal’andirrationalthingsareoftenduetothepassageoftimecanbegaineditslegitimacyandthelegitimacy〔7〕.Themedievalformofpoliticalorganizationthatgeographicaldistributionisextremelywide,atthetimecontinuedalongtime,whichcaneasilybecomea‘natural’,ofcourse,thingswillnotbeindoubt.

Fromthe16thcentury,theWestintomodernsociety(alsoknownas‘earlymodernsociety’),thetraditionaltheoryofthestatecannotadapttoanewhistoricalneeds.Inthiscase,thepossiblenewnationalorganizationanditsraisond’etrearerequiredtohaveanewtheoryofthestatetoprovidejustifiedgrounds.

ManyscholarshavepointedoutthatduringthisperiodemergedintheWesthaveasignificantimpactonfuturegenerationsofthethreechangesin〔8〕.Thefirstistheemergenceofscientifichumanistideasanddevelopment.Acontinuousseriesofextremelygreatscientistwasborn,suchasCopernicus(1473-1543),Kepler(1571-1630),Galileo(1564-1642)andNewton(1642-1727).Discoveryofthesegreatscientists-suchastheheliocentrictheory,withregardtothethreelawsofplanetarymotion,andonsomeofthebasiclawsofphysicalmovementandthelaw-nottheirintentiontochallengethereligioustheocracy〔9〕,buttheirresearchresultsinfactrejectedreligioustheocracysomebasicassumptionsorbeliefs,threateningtheChurch’sauthorityanddivineright,andthusendangertheChristiandoctrinesetforthinthesocialorderisreasonable.Therefore,evenifsomeclaimtheReformationthinkersandpoliticiansatthattimecondemnedtheCopernicanheliocentric〔10〕.

Isnotonlyatheology,astheotherpillarofthetraditionalsocialorder,andbecauseofthedevelopmentofsciencehasbeenchallenged.Forexample,thedifferentweightsofobjectsfromtheairlandingspeedisdifferent,ithasbeensinceAristotle’sdoctrineofnodoubt,butGalileowasquestionable,anditcarriedoutanexperimentalfalsification.Thisshowsthatthetraditionisnolongertheorder.

Thisscientifichumanismisreflectednotonlyinthenaturalsciences,butalsoreflectedinthesocialthoughtandculturalstudies.FromMachiavelli’s‘ThePrince’began,scholarsandthinkerstryingtogetridofreligiousvisionandthevisiontoseetheworldemployingadvocatesrespectforthefacts,butalsotheincreasingsecularizationofsociety.Forexample,Hobbesin‘Leviathan’inthefirsttenchaptersofthepeopleistotallyusedintheanalysisthelawsofmotion.Spinozainthe‘ethics’thatisusedtostudythegeometryofthereasoningofphilosophy,structuralsystem.Inhim,Godisequaltothenatural,equivalententities,andtheirconclusionsareactuallythereisnoGod,theentityisdeterminedbythelawofnature〔11〕.Althoughtodaywearetheviewsofthoseclosetoabsurdargumentsorstatementsareveryridiculousway,but,asRussellsaid,theimportantissuehereisnotthatscientistshaveputforwardandbelievethatwhatspecifically,butratherhowandwhytheybelieve〔12〕.Inotherwords,itisimportantnottheconclusion,buttheworldoutlookandmethodology,aswellasworldoutlookandmethodologyofthisimplicitsocialchangefactors.

Isnotonlythescientifichumanismofreligioustheocracychallengeswithinthechurchitselfalsopapaltheocracyandchallenges.Thisisthesecondwasfar-reachingsocialphenomenon-theReformationmovement.Whilethisisashorthistoryofsports,thereisasignificantimpactonfuturegenerations.Europeatthattime,thereligiousspiritisstillverystrongandwidespreadbeliefinGodandthechurch,salvationliesinthepersonalGodandthechurchbody.However,MartinLuther(1483-1546)inGermany,Calvin(1509-1564)intheUK,FranceandScotlandhaveproposedanddemonstratedthepersonalfreedomofbelief.TheyhatethePope,eachsetuptheirownreligiousorganizations,conductedareformofreligion〔13〕.Thisisbecauseofreligion,thoughoriginally,buttheobjectiveofunderminingtheauthorityoftraditionaltheologytoestablishtheindividualfreedomofthoughtandfreedomofeconomicactivityhasplayedasignificantrole.MarxsaidthatLuther,thereforeunderminestheauthorityoffaith,buttorestoretheauthorityoffaith〔14〕.Thus,contemporaryWesternMarxistthinkers,well-knownscholarFrommsaidthatLuther’sdoctrineofpoliticalfreedominmodernsocietyandthespiritoffreedom,aswellasthedevelopmentofasecularsource〔15〕;whileWebberbelievesthatCalvin’sProtestantEthiccontributedtothemodernspiritofcapitalism,beganaprocessofmodernrational〔16〕.

Thethirdmostimportantsocialphenomenonistoemphasizenationalsovereignty.Thisisanewhistoricalperiodoftheemergenceofasocio-politicalphenomenon.‘Medievalsociety,theeffectivenessofeconomicandpoliticalorganizationisalmostentirelyconfinedtotheirnativelands.Thisistheinevitableconsequenceofunderdevelopmentmeansoftransport.Vastterritorycannotbemanagedunlessafederalsystem,allowingthevariouslocalentitieshaveextensiveindependence.Tradewasalsomainlylocal,andeveninsomeplacesoftradeislimitedtocertaingoodsshippedthroughthefixedlinemonopolyoftheportandthemarket‘〔17〕.Thislocaleconomicandpoliticalorganizationsclearlycannotmeettherequirementsofbusinesspeopleisnotconducivetocapitalistdevelopmentneeds.Thus,ontheonehandpoliticalpowertoopposetheChurch’sinterventionintheotherhand,inordertoavoidthewarandthedevelopmentofthecapitalisteconomy,establishaunifiedmarket,tradersandthepublicsectorsrequiretheestablishmentofastrong,unifiedsecularstate.‘Tothe16thcentury,allhaveasenseoftheRoyalGovernmenttoimplementadevelopmentofnationalresources,encouragedomesticandforeigntradeandtostrengthennationalpolicy’〔18〕.Changeinpolicynecessaryrequirementforformsoforganizationandoperationofthepowerofcertainchanges,suchchangesareboundtocallforajustifiedreason.

Thus,asearlyasthelate15thandearly16thcenturies,Machiavelliadvocatedthereunificationofthecountry,andevenadvocatetheuseofforce,theestablishmentofacentralizedmonarchy,〔19〕.Boudin(1530-1596)amorecomprehensiveexpositionoftheimportanceofnationalsovereignty,heconsideredthatsovereigntyisinastateofabsolutecommandwithinthepermanentpoweristhemostobvioussignofthecountry,thereisnosovereignstatewillnotbecomestate.Withtheeternalnatureofnationalsovereignty,whichessentiallybelongtothestateandnotpartoftheGovernment.TheGovernmentcanchange,replacement,butthestateremainsunchanged.Unlimitednatureofnationalsovereignty,thatis,withintheframeworkofthecountry,absolutecontroloftheircountry’ssovereigntyandnationalsubjects.Withthesupremacyofnationalsovereignty,sovereigntyisnotboundbythelaw,onthecontrary,itisasourceoflaw〔20〕.Otherthinkers(eg,Grotius)isalsobelievedthattheso-calledsovereignty,thatisthepoweroftheactisnotanothersortofpowerconstraints,willnotbeanyotherhumanfreewillconsideredinvalid.FollowedbyHobbesandothershavealltalkedaboutthesupremacyofnationalsovereigntyandnon-transferable〔21〕.

Notonlyisthetheorythat,fromapracticalpointofview,theWesternEuropeannationshaveemergedatthattimemodernautocracy.Tothe16century,absolutemonarchyisalreadyverycommoninmedievalinstitutions,institutionalcollapseeverywhere〔22〕.

ThecollapseoftheMiddleAgesreflectedtheinstitutionalandsocialdevelopmentneedsandtheorganizationofstatepowerchangetheinevitable,butsuchachange,atleastinitiallydidnotspontaneouslygainlegitimacy,thatis,getpeople’ssubconscious,habitualrecognitionandidentity,becauseitwiththetraditionaltheoryandpracticearecontrary.Theestablishmentofthenewpoliticalorder,requirealegitimacythatrequiresastrongargument,needtodevelopanewtheoreticaldiscourseandpracticaldiscourseinteraction.Onecannotsimplyadvocatethesupremacyofnationalsovereignty,oradvocatestore-constructthepoliticalorder,butmustbeforthemajorityofpeopleinaneasyandacceptable,andmoreconvenientwaytodemonstratewhyitisthesupremacyofnationalsovereignty,itwillhowtobuild,anditsWhatisthebasis.However,thedeclineofreligiousauthority,peopleraisedquestionsandchallengesthetraditionalenvironment,thetraditionaltheologicalthinkerscannotbeusedtomakeaneffectiveargument,theycannotjustclaim,orsimplycannotclaimtotraditionitis.Therefore,thisargumentmustbea‘rational’,wemustresorttocommonsense,theyalsomustrelyonimaginationandcreativityofpeople’sexisting〔23〕.Humanisticandscientificdevelopment,scientificdiscoveryandscientificprinciplestothedevelopmentofsecularcommercialandculturaldevelopmentofthisnewargumentprovidesamoreeffectivetoolsandfavorablesocialconditions.

Aslongaswelookbackfromthe16thcenturytothe18thcenturyhistory,youcansee,thistimeintheEuropeancommunitywithaseriesofthinkers,theyfacethetraditionalstatetherealityofthelossofthelegitimacyoftheoreticaldiscoursetosecularrationalityguidance,theuseofdifferentideasresourcestocarryoutanewsocialdesignandthelegitimacyoftheargument,andtrythesedesignstoreshapesocietyandthestate〔24〕.Thetheoryofsocialcontracttheoryofthestate,fromHobbes’s‘Leviathan’,Locke’s‘TwoTreatisesofGovernment’toRousseau’s‘theoryoftheoriginandbasisofhumaninequality’and‘socialcontract’arethebackgroundofthetimessumofthemap.

Shouldbenotedthatthinkersofthisperiodmadebythetheoryofvisiononthecountry,itscontentisvaried.Intoday’sperspective,someutopiansocialism,andsomeareinlinewiththebourgeoisidealoftheRepublic;Someadvocatedanabsolutemonarchy,andsomeadvocateademocraticsystemofpowerconstraints,andsomeadvocatesofpopularsovereignty;someofthehistoryofanideasimplyspray,whileothersseemtohaveenteredthemodernhistoryofWesternsocietysincethepracticecontinuestoworktotoday’ssystem.However,ifwearenotaccustomedtousing‘utopiansocialistthinkers’and‘riseofcapitalismduringthebourgeoisthinkers’suchastagstoclassifythesethinkers,ifwearenotfromtheresultsofthesubsequentdevelopmenttobeevaluatedonthemwhileheistryingtoputalltheideologicaldiscoursethatgreathistoricalbackground,thenitcanbesaidthatatthetimetheseideashaveutopianinnature.Wecanalsofindallofthesethinkershaveputforwardavarietyofnewnationaldoctrine,arereasonableforthestateexistsfortheexerciseofstatepower,thescopeandextentofsomesortofargument.Atthesametime,theyactuallyhaveexpressedtheideaofsuchapotential,namely:theStateisnotGod’screation;theStateshouldfollowtheideal,people’sknowledgetodesignandcreate;countriescanbefundamentallychanged,whichformthemostradical,radicalreconstructionofthatrevolution;reasonistoconstructastateprinciple.Therefore,fromthispointofview,inthenumeroustheories,wecanfindatrendinlawandpoliticalscience,namely,tore-buildthenationaldoctrine,re-designingtheidealcountrytore-statetheexistenceanddevelopmentofjustifiedreasons.

Anykindofdoctrinecannotfallfromtheskycome.AsMarxandEngelsputit,isindeedthepeoplethemselvestocreatetheirownhistory,buttheyarenotintheirownchosenarbitrarilyundertheconditionsofcreation,butinaverydetermineddownthepremiseandsuccessionundertheconditionsofthisthecreationoftheseconditionsandprerequisites,includingeconomic,politicalandideologicaltraditions〔25〕.Doctrineofcreationisalsothoughtthesame.Eveninthesameorsimilarsocio-politicaleconomicenvironment,duetodifferentscholarsofeconomicandpoliticallife,culturaltraditions,andeventhespecificdifferencesinthesituationofeducation,theuseofthetheoryofresourcesavailabletothemmustbedifferent.Itisbasedonavarietyofresources,didtheybuildadifferenttheoryofthestate.

Inthiscontext,theEuropeancommunityandthegrowingprevalenceandlong-standingcontractualpracticesandideasforsomecametobeknownasthenaturallawschoolofthesocialcontractthinkersprovidesvaluable,practicalandeasyforpeopletoaccepttheideologicalandtheoreticalresources,usedtoconstructamoderntheoryofthestate.

Third,thespiritofcontractandcontract

Inthestudyofnationaldoctrineofnaturallawschool,weneedfirstofWesternsocietyonthehistoryofcontractinwhichtheideaembodiedinpracticeandanalysis,andthendiscussthecontractanditspotentialimplicationsishowthetheoreticalmodelsandtheoreticalpoints,asaffectedbythenaturallawschoolonthecountry’ssocialcontracttheoryofideology.

Leasetransactionisawidespreadsocialphenomenon,sotheideaonthecontractsareinavarietyofculturesexistedsinceancienttimes.However,thistraditionintheWestseemtobeextremelystrong.InlaterbecametheWesternculture‘spirit’oftheJewishculture,JewishBible,isconsideredacontractwithGod,theLord,butthereasonwhytheJewishsuffering,atraditionalinterpretationofJewishcultureisbecausetheJewsagainstthecontract.ThismindsetisthroughthespreadofChristianityintotheEuropeancontinent,andespeciallyinRome,followedbytheadoptionofRomanlawideasinherentinthecontracthavebeenstrengthened,orconversely,enhancedthinkingandRomanlawinthecontractsenseofEuropeancontract〔26〕.

JuristsisgenerallybelievedthattheearliestRomangeneralandcomprehensivereflectionoftheprincipleoffreedomofcontract,andlaterWesternlegalsystemhasabroadandfar-reachingimpact.13thcenturyEuropeanrevivalofRomantimes,cametobeknownasthecivillawcountries,theprinciplesofRomanlawhasbeengenerallyagreedon.IncontinentalEurope,fromthe12thcenturyglassLunyauniversityresearchandteaching‘CorpusIuris’sincethe13thcenturyinItaly,France,Spainandothercountrieshaveestablishedthe14thcenturyGermanuniversities,laweducationintheseschoolshasbeenahighpriority.GlassLunyatheonlyuniversitytocreateadepartmentthatiswhenthelaw,otheruniversitiesalsohavelawandlegaleducationatuniversities,firstofallaretaughtinRomanlaw,followedbytheteachingcanonlaw.Asfortheteachingofnationallawisnotonlyasecondaryposition,butthelatestart〔27〕.Atthesametime,countrieshaverecognizedjuristofRomanlawPostglossatorescomment.‘InthespiritofRomanlawandnotesundertheinfluenceoflawschool’s,anewclassofjuristsXiouDengonthestageofhistory,civillawbegantotakeshapeasoneofthesymbols’〔28〕.

IntheRomanlawrevivalandnotesthepopularcontext,theEuropeancommonlaw(JusCommune)formed.TheRomanjuristsoftheconcepts,principles,institutionsandspiritualapplicationofcountry-specificsocialrealityatthattimetoexploretheproblemstheyface