劍10 test4可復制粘貼

LISTENINGSECTION1Questions1-10Questions1-6Completethenotesbelow.WriteONEWORDONLYforeachanswer.THORNDYKE'SBUILDERSExampleCustomerheardaboutThorndyke’sfromafriendName:Edith1Address:Flat4,2ParkFlats(Behindthe3)Phonenumber:875934Besttimetocontactcustomer:duringthe4Wheretopark:oppositeentrancenexttothe5Needsfullquoteshowingallthejobsandthe6Questions7-10Completethetablebelow.WriteONEWORDONLYforeachanswer.AreaWorktobedoneNotesKitchenReplacethe7InthedoorFixtomorrowPaintwallabovethe8Strippaintandplasterapproximatelyone9inadvanceGardenOne10needsreplacing(endofgarden)SECTION2Questions11-20Questions11-15Choosethecorrectletter,A,BorC.MANHAMPORTWhydidaportoriginallydevelopatManham?AItwassafefromenemyattack.BItwasconvenientforrivertransport.CIthadagoodpositionontheseacoast.WhatcausedManham’ssuddenexpansionduringtheIndustrialRevolution?AtheimprovementinminingtechniquesBtheincreaseindemandformetalsCthediscoveryoftinintheareaWhydidrockshavetobesentawayfromManhamtobeprocessed?AshortageoffuelBpoortransportsystemsClackofskillsamonglocalpeopleWhathappenedwhentheportdeclinedinthetwentiethcentury?ATheworkerswentaway.BTraditionalskillswerelost.CBuildingswereusedfornewpurposes.WhatdidtheManhamTrusthopetodo?AdiscoverthelocationoftheoriginalportBprovidejobsfortheunemployedCrebuildtheportcomplexQuestions16-20Completethetablebelow.WriteNOMORETHANTWOWORDSforeachanswer.TouristattractionsinManhamPlaceFeaturesandactivitiesAdviceCoppermineSpeciallyadaptedminers’16takevisitorsintothemountainThemineis17andenclosed-unsuitableforchildrenandanimalsVillageschoolClassroomsandaspecialexhibitionof18A19isrecommended‘TheGeorge’(oldsailingship)Theship,swheel(waslostbuthasnowbeenrestored)Childrenshouldn,tusethe20Questions21-30Questions21and22ChooseTWOletters,A-E.WhichTWOskillsdidLauraimproveasaresultofherworkplacement?AcommunicationBdesignCITDmarketingEorganizationQuestions23and24ChooseTWOletters,A-E.WhichTWOimmediatebenefitsdidthecompanygetfromLaura’sworkplacement?AupdatesforitssoftwareBcostsavingsCanimprovedimageDnewclientsEagrowthinsalesQuestions25-30WhatsourceofinformationshouldTimuseateachofthefollowingstagesoftheworkplacement?ChooseSIXanswersfromtheboxandwritethecorrectletter,A-G,nexttoquestions25-30SourcesofinformationAcompanymanagerBcompany’spersonneldepartmentCpersonaltutorDpsychologydepartmentEmentorFuniversitycareersofficerGinternetStagesoftheworkplacementprocedure25obtainingbooklet26discussingoptions27gettingupdates28respondingtoinvitationforinterview29informingaboutoutcomeofinterview30requestingareferenceQuestions31-40Questions31-33Choosethecorrectletter,A,BorC.Nanotechnology:technologyonasmallscaleThespeakersaysthatoneproblemwithnanotechnologyisthatAitcouldthreatenourwayoflife.Bitcouldbeusedtospyonpeople.Citismisunderstoodbythepublic.Accordingtothespeaker,somescientistsbelievethatnano-particlesAshouldberestrictedtosecureenvironments.Bshouldbeusedwithmorecaution.Cshouldonlybedevelopedforessentialproducts.Inthespeaker’sopinion,researchintonanotechnologyAhasyettowinpopularsupport.Bcouldbeseenasunethical.Coughttobecontinued.Questions34-40Completethenotesbelow.WriteONEWORDONLYforeachanswer.UsesofNanotechnologyTransportNanotechnologycouldallowthedevelopmentofstronger34.Planeswouldbemuchlighterinweight.35travelwillbemadeavailabletothemasses.TechnologyComputerswillbeevensmaller,faster,andwillhaveagreater3637energywillbecomemoreaffordable.TheEnvironmentNano-robotscouldrebuildtheozonelayer.Pollutantssuchas38couldberemovedfromwatermoreeasily.Therewillbeno39frommanufacturing.HealthandMedicineNewmethodsoffoodproductioncoulderadicatefamine.Analysisofmedical40willbespeededup.Lifeexpectancycouldbeincreased.READINGREADINGPASSAGE1Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions1-13,whicharebasedonReadingPassage1below.ThemegafiresofCaliforniaDrought,housingexpansion,andoversupplyoftindermakefor

bigger,hotterfiresinthewesternUnitedStatesWildfiresarebecominganincreasingmenaceinthewesternUnitedStates,withSouthernCaliforniabeingthehardesthitarea.There’sareasonfiresquadsbattlingmorefrequentblazesinSouthernCaliforniaarehavingsuchdifficultycontainingtheflames,despitebetterpreparednessthaneveranddecadesofexperiencefightingfiresfannedbythe‘SantaAnaWinds’.Thewildfiresthemselves,expertssay,aregenerallyhotter,faster,andspreadmoreerraticallythaninthepast.Megafires,alsocalled‘siegefires’,aretheincreasinglyfrequentblazesthatburn500,000acresormore-10timesthesizeoftheaverageforestfireof20yearsago.SomerecentwildfiresareamongthebiggesteverinCaliforniaintermsofacreageburned,accordingtostatefiguresandnewsreports.Oneexplanationforthetrendtomoresuperhotfiresisthattheregion,whichusuallyhasdrysummers,hashadsignificantlybelownormalprecipitationinmanyrecentyears.Anotherreason,expertssay,isrelatedtothecentury-longpolicyoftheUSForestServicetostopwildfiresasquicklyaspossible.Theunintentionalconsequencehasbeentohaltthenaturaleradicationofunderbrush,nowtheprimaryfuelformegafires.Threeotherfactorscontributetothetrend,theyadd.Firstisclimatechange,markedbya1-degreeFahrenheitriseinaverageyearlytemperatureacrossthewesternstates.Secondisfireseasonsthatonaverageare78dayslongerthantheywere20yearsago.Thirdisincreasedconstructionofhomesinwoodedareas.‘Weareincreasinglybuildingourhomesinfire-proneecosystems,’saysDominikKulakowski,adjunctprofessorofbiologyatClarkUniversityGraduateSchoolofGeographyinWorcester,Massachusetts.‘DoingthatinmanyoftheforestsofthewesternUSislikebuildinghomesonthesideofanactivevolcano.’InCalifornia,wherepopulationgrowthhasaveragedmorethan600,000ayearforatleastadecade,moreresidentialhousingisbeingbuilt.‘Whatoncewasopenspaceisnowresidentialhomesprovidingfueltomakefiresburnwithgreaterintensity,’saysTerryMcHaleoftheCaliforniaDepartmentofForestryfirefighters’union.‘Withsomuchdryness,somanycommunitiestocatchfire,somanyfrontstofight,itbecomesanalmostincrediblejob.’Thatsaid,manyexpertsgiveCaliforniahighmarksformakingprogressonpreparednessinrecentyears,aftersomeofthelargestfiresinstatehistoryscorchedthousandsofacres,burnedthousandsofhomes,andkillednumerouspeople.Stunginthepastbycriticismofbunglingthatallowedfirestospreadwhentheymighthavebeencontained,personnelaremeetingthepeculiarchallengesofneighborhood-andcanyonhoppingfiresbetterthanpreviously,observerssay.Statepromisestoprovidemoreup-to-dateengines,planes,andhelicopterstofightfireshavebeenfulfilled.Firefighters’unionsthatinthepastcomplainedofdilapidatedequipment,oldfireengines,andinsufficientblueprintsforfiresafetyarenowpraisingthestate’scommitment,notingthatfundingforfirefightinghasincreased,despitehugecutsinmanyotherprograms.‘Wearepleasedthatthecurrentstateadministrationhasbeenveryproactiveinitssupportofus,and[has]comethroughwithbudgetarysupportoftheinfrastructureneedswehavelongsought,’saysMr.McHaleofthefirelighters’union.Besidesprovidingmoneytoupgradethefireenginesthatmusttraversethemammothstateandwindalongserpentinecanyonroads,thestatehasinvestedinbettercommand-and-controlfacilitiesaswellasinthestrategiestorunthem.‘Inthefiresiegesofearlieryears,wefoundthatotherjurisdictionsandstateswerewillingtooffermutual-aidhelp,butwewerenotabletocommunicateadequatelywiththem,’saysKimZagaris,chiefofthestate’sOfficeofEmergencyServicesFireandRescueBranch.Afteracommissionexaminedandrevampedcommunicationsprocedures,thestatewideresponse‘hasbecomefarmoreprofessionalandresponsive,’hesays.Thereisasenseamongbothgovernmentofficialsandresidentsthatthespeed,dedication,andcoordinationoffirefightersfromseveralstatesandjurisdictionsareresultingingreaterefficiencythaninpast‘siegefire’situations.Inrecentyears,theSouthernCaliforniaregionhasimprovedbuildingcodes,evacuationprocedures,andprocurementofnewtechnology.‘Iamextraordinarilyimpressedbytheimprovementswehavewitnessed,’saysRandyJacobs,aSouthernCalifornia-basedlawyerwhohashadtoevacuatebothhishomeandbusinesstoescapewildfires.‘Notwithstandingallthedamagethatwillcontinuetobecausedbywildfires,wewillnolongersufferthelossoflifeenduredinthepastbecauseofthefirepreventionandfirefightingmeasuresthathavebeenputinplace,’hesays.Questions1-6Completethenotesbelow.ChooseONEWORDAND/ORANUMBERfromthepassageforeachanswer.Wildfires?Characteristicsofwildfiresandwildfireconditionstodaycomparedtothepast:occurrence:morefrequenttemperatur:hotterspeed:fastermovement:1moreunpredictablysizeoffires:2greateronaveragethantwodecadesagoReasonswildfirescausemoredamagetodaycomparedtothepast:rainfall:3averagemorebrushtoactas4increaseinyearlytemperatureextendedfire5morebuilding6invulnerableplacesQuestions7-13DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage1?Inboxes7-13onyouranswersheet,writeTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationFALSEifthestatementcontradictstheinformationNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonthisTheamountofopenspaceinCaliforniahasdiminishedoverthelasttenyears.ManyexpertsbelieveCaliforniahasmadelittleprogressinreadyingitselftofightfires.Personnelinthepasthavebeencriticizedformishandlingfirecontainment.Californiahasreplacedarangeoffirefightingtools.Morefirefightershavebeenhiredtoimprovefire-fightingcapacity.Citizensandgovernmentgroupsdisapproveoftheeffortsofdifferentstatesandagenciesworkingtogether.RandyJacobsbelievesthatlossoflifefromfireswillcontinueatthesamelevels,despitechangesmade.READINGPASSAGE2Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions14-26,whicharebasedonReadingPassage2below.SecondnatureYourpersonalityisn’tnecessarilysetinstone.Withalittle

experimentation,peoplecanreshapetheirtemperamentsandinject

passion,optimism,joyandcourageintotheirlivesAPsychologistshavelongheldthataperson’scharactercannotundergoatransformationinanymeaningfulwayandthatthekeytraitsofpersonalityaredeterminedataveryyoungage.However,researchershavebegunlookingmorecloselyatwayswecanchange.Positivepsychologistshaveidentified24qualitiesweadmire,suchasloyaltyandkindness,andarestudyingthemtofindoutwhytheycomesonaturallytosomepeople.Whatthey’rediscoveringisthatmanyofthesequalitiesamounttohabitualbehaviourthatdeterminesthewaywerespondtotheworld.Thegoodnewsisthatallthiscanbelearned.Somequalitiesarelesschallengingtodevelopthanothers,optimismbeingoneofthem.However,developingqualitiesrequiresmasteringarangeofskillswhicharediverseandsometimessurprising.Forexample,tobringmorejoyandpassionintoyourlife,youmustbeopentoexperiencingnegativeemotions.Cultivatingsuchqualitieswillhelpyourealiseyourfullpotential.B‘Theevidenceisgoodthatmostpersonalitytraitscanbealtered,’saysChristopherPeterson,professorofpsychologyattheUniversityofMichigan,whociteshimselfasanexample.Inherentlyintroverted,herealisedearlyonthatasanacademic,hisreticencewouldprovedisastrousinthelecturehall.Sohelearnedtobemoreoutgoingandtoentertainhisclasses.‘Nowmyextrovertedbehaviourisspontaneous,’hesays.CDavidFajgenbaumhadtomakeasimilartransition.Hewaspreparingforuniversity,whenhehadanaccidentthatputanendtohissportscareer.Oncampus,hequicklyfoundthatbeyondordinarycounselling,theuniversityhadnoservicesforstudentswhowereundergoingphysicalrehabilitationandsufferingfromdepressionlikehim.Hethereforelaunchedasupportgrouptohelpothersinsimilarsituations.Hetookactiondespitehisownpain-atypicalresponseofanoptimist.DSuzanneSegerstrom,professorofpsychologyattheUniversityofKentucky,believesthatthekeytoincreasingoptimismisthroughcultivatingoptimisticbehaviour,ratherthanpositivethinking.Sherecommendsyoutrainyourselftopayattentiontogoodfortunebywritingdownthreepositivethingsthatcomeabouteachday.Thiswillhelpyouconvinceyourselfthatfavourableoutcomesactuallyhappenallthetime,makingiteasiertobegintakingaction.EYoucanrecogniseapersonwhoispassionateaboutapursuitbythewaytheyaresostronglyinvolvedinit.TanyaStreeter’spassionisfreediving-thesportofplungingdeepintothewaterwithouttanksorotherbreathingequipment.Beginningin1998,shesetnineworldrecordsandcanholdherbreathforsixminutes.Thephysicalstaminarequiredforthissportisintensebutthepsychologicaldemandsareevenmoreoverwhelming.Streeterlearnedtountangleherfearsfromherjudgmentofwhatherbodyandmindcoulddo.‘Inmycareerasacompetitivefreediver,therewasalimittowhatIcoulddo-butitwasn’tanywherenearwhatIthoughtitwas,’shesays.FFindingapursuitthatexcitesyoucanimproveanyone’slife.Thesecretaboutconsumingpassions,though,accordingtopsychologistPaulSilviaoftheUniversityofNorthCarolina,isthat‘theyrequirediscipline,hardworkandability,whichiswhytheyaresorewarding.’PsychologistToddKashdanhasthisadviceforthosepeopletakingupanewpassion:‘Asanewcomer,youalsohavetotolerateandlaughatyourownignorance.Youmustbewillingtoacceptthenegativefeelingsthatcomeyourway,’hesays.GIn2004,physician-scientistMauroZappaterrabeganhisPhDresearchatHarvardMedicalSchool.Unfortunatelyhewasmiserableashisresearchwasn’tcompatiblewithhiscuriosityabouthealing.HefinallytookabreakandduringeightmonthsinSantaFe,ZappaterralearnedaboutalternativehealingtechniquesnottaughtatHarvard.Whenhegotback,heswitchedlabstostudyhowcerebrospinalfluidnourishesthedevelopingnervoussystem.Healsovowedtolookforthejoyineverything,includingfailure,asthiscouldhelphimlearnabouthisresearchandhimself.Onethingthatcanholdjoybackisaperson’sconcentrationonavoidingfailureratherthantheirlookingforwardtodoingsomethingwell.‘Focusingonbeingsafemightgetinthewayofyourreachingyourgoals,’explainsKashdan.Forexample,areyouhopingtogetthroughabusinesslunchwithoutembarrassingyourself,orareyouthinkingabouthowfascinatingtheconversationmightbe?HUsually,wethinkofcourageinphysicaltermsbutordinarylifedemandssomethingelse.FormarketingexecutiveKennethPedeleose,itmeantspeakingoutagainstsomethinghethoughtwasethicallywrong.ThenewmanagerwasintimidatingstaffsoPedeleosecarefullyrecordedeachinstanceofbullyingandeventuallytooktheevidencetoaseniordirector,knowinghisownjobsecuritywouldbethreatened.Eventuallythemanagerwastheonetogo.AccordingtoCynthiaPury,apsychologistatClemsonUniversity,Pedeleose’sstoryprovesthepointthatcourageisnotmotivatedbyfearlessness,butbymoralobligation.Puryalsobelievesthatpeoplecanacquirecourage.Manyofherstudentssaidthatfacedwithariskysituation,theyfirsttriedtocalmthemselvesdown,thenlookedforawaytomitigatethedanger,justasPedeleosedidbydocumentinghisallegations.Overthelongterm,pickingupanewcharactertraitmayhelpyoumovetowardbeingthepersonyouwanttobe.Andintheshortterm,theeffortitselfcouldbesurprisinglyrewarding,akindofinternaladventure.Questions14-18Completethesummarybelow.ChooseNOMORETHANTWOWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes14-18onyouranswersheet.Psychologistshavetraditionallybelievedthatapersonalitywasimpossibleandthatbya15,aperson’scharactertendstobefixed.Thisisnottrueaccordingtopositivepsychologists,whosaythatourpersonalqualitiescanbeseenashabitualbehavior.Oneoftheeasiestqualitiestoacquireis16.However,regardlessofthequality,itisnecessarytolearnawinvarietyofdifferent17inorderforanewqualitytodevelop;forexample,apersonmustunderstandandfeelsome18inordertoincreasetheirhappiness.Questions19-22Lookatthefollowingstatements(Questions19-22)andthelistofpeoplebelow.Matcheachstatementwiththecorrectperson,A-G.Writethecorrectletter,A-G,inboxes19-22onyouranswersheet.Peoplemustacceptthattheydonotknowmuchwhenfirsttryingsomethingnew.Itisimportantforpeopletoactivelynoticewhengoodthingshappen.Couragecanbelearnedonceitsoriginsinasenseofresponsibilityareunderstood.Itispossibletoovercomeshynesswhenfacedwiththeneedtospeakinpublic.ListofPeopleAChristopherPetersonBDavidFajgenbaumCSuzanneSegerstromDTanyaStreeterEToddKashdanFKennethPedeleoseGCynthiaPuryQuestions23-26ReadingPassage2haseightsections,A-H.Whichsectioncontainsthefollowinginformation?Writethecorrectletter,A-H,inboxes23-26onyouranswersheet.amentionofhowrationalthinkingenabledsomeonetoachievephysicalgoalsanaccountofhowsomeoneovercameasadexperienceadescriptionofhowsomeonedecidedtorethinktheiracademiccareerpathanexampleofhowsomeoneriskedhiscareeroutofasenseofdutyREADINGPASSAGE3Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions27-40,whicharebasedonReadingPassage3below.WhenevolutionrunsbackwardsEvolutionisn’tsupposedtorunbackwards-yetanincreasingnumberofexamplesshowthatitdoesandthatitcansometimesrepresentthefutureofaspeciesThedescriptionofanyanimalasan‘evolutionarythrowback’iscontroversial.Forthebetterpartofacentury,mostbiologistshavebeenreluctanttousethosewords,mindfulofaprincipleofevolutionthatsays‘evolutioncannotrunbackwards’.Butasmoreandmoreexamplescometolightandmoderngeneticsentersthescene,thatprincipleishavingtoberewritten.Notonlyareevolutionarythrowbackspossible,theysometimesplayanimportantroleintheforwardmarchofevolution.Thetechnicaltermforanevolutionarythrowbackisan‘atavism’,fromtheLatinatavus,meaningforefather.ThewordhasuglyconnotationsthankslargelytoCesareLombroso,a19th-centuryItalianmedicwhoarguedthatcriminalswerebornnotmadeandcouldbeidentifiedbycertainphysicalfeaturesthatwerethrowbackstoaprimitive,sub-humanstate.WhileLombrosowasmeasuringcriminals,aBelgianpalaeontologistcalledLouisDollowasstudyingfossilrecordsandcomingtotheoppositeconclusion.In1890heproposedthatevolutionwasirreversible:that‘anorganismisunabletoreturn,evenpartially,toapreviousstagealreadyrealisedintheranksofitsancestors’.Early20th-centurybiologistscametoasimilarconclusion,thoughtheyqualifieditintermsofprobability,statingthatthereisnoreasonwhyevolutioncannotrunbackwards-itisjustveryunlikely.Andsotheideaofirreversibilityinevolutionstuckandcametobeknownas‘Dollo’slaw’.IfDollo’slawisright,atavismsshouldoccuronlyveryrarely,ifatall.Yetalmostsincetheideatookroot,exceptionshavebeencroppingup.In1919,forexample,ahumpbackwhalewithapairofleg-likeappendagesoverametrelong,completewithafullsetoflimbbones,wascaughtoffVancouverIslandinCanada.ExplorerRoyChapmanAndrewsarguedatthetimethatthewhalemustbeathrowbacktoaland-livingancestor.‘Icanseenootherexplanation,’hewrotein1921.Sincethen,somanyotherexampleshavebeendiscoveredthatitnolongermakessensetosaythatevolutionisasgoodasirreversible.Andthisposesapuzzle:howcancharacteristicsthatdisappearedmillionsofyearsagosuddenlyreappear?In1994,RudolfRaffandcolleaguesatIndianaUniversityintheUSAdecidedtousegeneticstoputanumberontheprobabilityofevolutiongoingintoreverse.Theyreasonedthatwhilesomeevolutionarychangesinvolvethelossofgenesandarethereforeirreversible,othersmaybetheresultofgenesbeingswitchedoff.Ifthesesilentgenesaresomehowswitchedbackon,theyargued,long-losttraitscouldreappear.Raff’steamwentontocalculatethelikelihoodofithappening.Silentgenesaccumulaterandommutations,theyreasoned,eventuallyrenderingthemuseless.Sohowlongcanagenesurviveinaspeciesifitisnolongerused?Theteamcalculatedthatthereisagoodchanceofsilentgenessurvivingforupto6millionyearsinatleastafewindividualsinapopulation,andthatsomemightsurviveaslongas10millionyears.Inotherwords,throwbacksarepossible,butonlytotherelativelyrecentevolutionarypast.Asapossibleexample,theteampointedtothemolesalamandersofMexicoandCalifornia.Likemostamphibiansthesebeginlifeinajuvenile‘tadpole’state,thenmetamorphoseintotheadultform-exceptforonespecies,theaxolotl,whichfamouslylivesitsentirelifeasajuvenile.Thesimplestexplanationforthisisthattheaxolotllineagealonelosttheabilitytometamorphose,whileothersretainedit.Fromadetailedanalysisofthesalamanders’familytree,however,itisclearthattheotherlineagesevolvedfromanancestorthatitselfhadlosttheabilitytometamorphose.Inotherwords,metamorphosisinmolesalamandersisanatavism.ThesalamanderexamplefitswithRaff’s10-million-yeartimeframe.Morerecently,however,exampleshavebeenreportedthatbreakthetimelimit,suggestingthatsilentgenesmaynotbethewholestory.Inapaperpublishedlastyear,biologistGunterWagnerofYaleUniversityreportedsomeworkontheevolutionaryhistoryofagroupofSouthAmericanlizardscalledBachia.Manyofthesehaveminusculelimbs;somelookmorelikesnakesthanlizardsandafewhavecompletelylostthetoesontheirhindlimbs.Otherspecies,however,sportuptofourtoesontheirhindlegs.Thesimplestexplanationisthatthetoedlineagesneverlosttheirtoes,butWagnerbegstodiffer.AccordingtohisanalysisoftheBachiafamilytree,thetoedspeciesre-evolvedtoesfromtoelessancestorsand,whatismore,digitlossandgainhasoccurredonmorethanoneoccasionovertensofmillionsofyears.Sowhat’sgoingon?Onepossibilityisthatthesetraitsarelostandthensimplyreappear,inmuchthesamewaythatsimilarstructurescanindependentlyariseinunrelatedspecies,suchasthedorsalfinsofsharksandkillerwhales.Anothermoreintriguingpossibilityisthatthegeneticinformationneededtomaketoessomehowsurvivedfortensorperhapshundredsofmillionsofyearsinthelizardsandwasreactivated.Theseatavistictraitsprovidedanadvantageandspreadthroughthepopulation,effectivelyreversingevolution.Butifsilentgenesdegradewithin6to10millionyears,howcanlong-losttraitsbereactivatedoverlongertimescales?Theanswermaylieinthewomb.Earlyembryosof-manyspeciesdevelopancestralfeatures.Snakeembryos,forexample,sprouthindlimbbuds.Laterindevelopmentthesefeaturesdisappearthankstodevelopmentalprogramsthatsay‘losetheleg’.Ifforanyreasonthisdoesnothappen,theancestralfeaturemaynotdisappear,leadingtoanatavism.Questions27-31Choosethecorrectletter,A,B,CorD.Writethecorrectletterinboxes27-31onyouranswersheet.WhendiscussingthetheorydevelopedbyLouisDollo,thewritersaysthatAitwasimmediatelyreferredtoasDollo’slaw.Bitsupportedthepossibilityofevolutionarythrowbacks.Citwasmodifiedbybiologistsintheearlytwentiethcentury.Ditwasbasedonmanyyearsofresearch.ThehumpbackwhalecaughtoffVancouverIslandismentionedbecauseofAtheexceptionalsizeofitsbody.BthewayitexemplifiesDollo’slaw.Ctheamountoflocalcontroversyitcaused.Dthereasongivenforitsunusualfeatures.Whatissaidabout‘silentgenes’?ATheirnumbersvaryaccordingtospecies.BRaffdisagreedwiththeuseoftheterm.CTheycouldleadtothere-emergenceofcertaincharacteristics.DTheycanhaveanunlimitedlifespan.ThewritermentionsthemolesalamanderbecauseAitexemplifieswhathappensinthedevelopmentofmostamphibians.BitsuggeststhatRaff’stheoryiscorrect.Cithaslostandregainedmorethanoneability.Ditsancestorshavebecomethesubjectofextensiveresearch.WhichofthefollowingdoesWagnerclaim?AMembersoftheBachializardfamilyhavelostandregainedcertainfeaturesseveraltimes.BEvidenceshowsthattheevolutionoftheBachializardisduetotheenvironment.CHisresearchintoSouthAmericanlizardssupportsRaff’sassertions.DHisfindingswillapplytootherspeciesofSouthAmericanlizards.Questions32-36Completeeachsentencewiththecorrectending,A-G,below.Writethecorrectletter,A-G,inboxes32-36onyouranswersheet.ForalongtimebiologistsrejectedOpposingviewsonevolutionarythrowbacksarerepresentedbyExamplesofevolutionarythrowbackshaveledtoThesharkandkillerwhalearementionedtoexemplifyOneexplanationforthefindingsofWagner’sresearchisAthequest