母題專題06 閱讀理解（環(huán)保類）

專題06閱讀理解（環(huán)保類）【母題來源一】【2019·北京卷，D】環(huán)保類Bytheendofthecentury，ifnotsooner，theworld'soceanswillbebluerandgreenerthankstoawarmingclimate，accordingtoanewstudy.Attheheartofthephenomenonlietinymarinemicroorganisms(海洋微生物)calledphytoplankton.Becauseofthewaylightreflectsofftheorganisms，thesephytoplanktoncreatecolourfulpatternsattheoceansurface.Oceancolourvariesfromgreentoblue，dependingonthetypeandconcentrationofphytoplankton.Climatechangewillfuelthegrowthofphytoplanktoninsomeareas，whilereducingitinotherspots，leadingtochangesintheocean'sappearance.Phytoplanktonliveattheoceansurface，wheretheypullcarbondioxide(二氧化碳)intotheoceanwhilegivingoffoxygen.Whentheseorganismsdie，theyburycarboninthedeepocean，animportantprocessthathelpstoregulatetheglobalclimate.Butphytoplanktonarevulnerabletotheocean'swarmingtrend.Warmingchangeskeycharacteristicsoftheoceanandcanaffectphytoplanktongrowth，sincetheyneednotonlysunlightandcarbondioxidetogrow，butalsonutrients.StephanieDutkiewicz，ascientistinMIT'sCenterforGlobalChangeScience，builtaclimatemodelthatprojectschangestotheoceansthroughoutthecentury.Inaworldthatwarmsupby3℃，itfoundthatmultiplechangestothecolouroftheoceanswouldoccur.Themodelprojectsthatcurrentlyblueareaswithlittlephytoplanktoncouldbecomeevenbluer.Butinsomewaters，suchasthoseoftheArctic，awarmingwillmakeconditionsriperforphytoplankton，andtheseareaswillturngreener.“Notonlyarethequantitiesofphytoplanktonintheoceanchanging.”shesaid，“butthetypeofphytoplanktonischanging.”42.Whatarethefirsttwoparagraphsmainlyabout?A.Thevariouspatternsattheoceansurface.B.Thecauseofthechangesinoceancolour.C.Thewaylightreflectsoffmarineorganisms.D.Theeffortstofuelthegrowthofphytoplankton.43.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“vulnerable”inParagraph3probablymean?A.Sensitive. B.Beneficial C.Significant D.Unnoticeable44.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A.Phytoplanktonplayadecliningroleinthemarineecosystem.B.Dutkiewicz'smodelaimstoprojectphytoplanktonchangesC.PhytoplanktonhavebeenusedtocontrolglobalclimateD.Oceanswithmorephytoplanktonmayappeargreener.45.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage？A.ToassesstheconsequencesofoceancolourchangesB.ToanalysethecompositionoftheoceanfoodchainC.ToexplaintheeffectsofclimatechangeonoceansD.Tointroduceanewmethodtostudyphytoplankton【語篇解讀】本文為說明文。一項(xiàng)最新研究表明，由于氣候變暖，世界海洋將會(huì)變得更藍(lán)、更綠。這一現(xiàn)象是因?yàn)橐环N叫做浮游植物的微小海洋微生物，因?yàn)楣饩€反射的作用，它們?cè)诤Ｑ蟊砻嫘纬闪宋孱伭膱D案。但是浮游植物很容易受到海洋變暖趨勢(shì)的影響。氣候變暖會(huì)改變海洋的主要特征，并影響浮游植物的生長(zhǎng)。42.B【解析】段落大意題。第一段“Bytheendofthecentury.Ifnotsooner,theworld'soceanswillbebluerandgreenerthankstoawarmingclimate,accordingtoanewstudy.”可知，到本世紀(jì)末，一項(xiàng)新的研究表明，由于氣候變暖，如果不盡快的話，世界上的海洋將會(huì)變得更藍(lán)、更綠。結(jié)合第二段“Attheheartphenomenonlietinymarinemicroorganismscalledphytoplankton.Becaustofthewaylightreflectsofftheorganisms,thesephytoplanktonscreatecolourfulpatternsattheoceansurface.Oceancolourvariesfromgreentoblue,dependingonthetypeandconcentration”可知，這種現(xiàn)象的核心是一種叫做浮游植物的微小海洋微生物，在光線的作用下在海洋表面形成了五顏六色的圖案。海洋的顏色從綠色到藍(lán)色不等，這取決于海洋的類型和浮游植物濃度。由此可推斷出這兩段主要敘述了海洋生物是海洋顏色變化的原因。分析選項(xiàng)可知B符合題意，故選B。43.A【解析】詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)劃線詞后的“Warmingchangeskeycharacteristicsoftheoceanandcanaffectphytoplanktongrowth,sincetheyneednotonlysunshineandcarbondioxidetogrow,butalsonutrients.”可知，氣候變暖會(huì)改變海洋的主要特征，并會(huì)影響浮游植物的生長(zhǎng)。由此可判斷“Butphytoplanktonarevulnerabletotheocean’swamningtrend”可知，浮游植物很容易受到海洋變暖趨勢(shì)的影響?？芍狝項(xiàng)正確。44.D【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段“Themodelprojectsthatcurrentlyblueareaswithlittlephytoplanktoncouldbecomeevenbluer.Butinsomewaters,suchasthoseoftheArctic,awarmingwillmakeconditionsriperforphytoplankton,andtheseareaswillturngreener”,可知Dutkiewicz的模型預(yù)測(cè)，目前只有少量浮游植物的藍(lán)色區(qū)域可能會(huì)變得更藍(lán)。但是在一些水域，比如北極，氣候變暖會(huì)使浮游植物的生長(zhǎng)條件更加成熟，而這些水域會(huì)變得更綠了”。由此可推斷，浮游植物的生長(zhǎng)條件更加成熟，浮游動(dòng)植物就更多了，這些水域會(huì)變得更綠了。分析選項(xiàng)可知D項(xiàng)符合題意。45.C【解析】目的意圖題。第一段提出文章的主旨“Bytheendofthecentury.Ifnotsooner,theworld'soceanswillbebluerandgreenerthankstoawarmingclimate,accordingtoanewstudy.”可知到本世紀(jì)末。一項(xiàng)新的研究表明，由于氣候變暖，如果不盡快的話，世界上的海洋將會(huì)變得更藍(lán)、更綠。再結(jié)合第三段“Butphytoplanktonarevulnerabletotheocean’swarningtrendWarmingchangeskeycharacteristicsoftheoceanandcanaffectphytoplanktongrowth,…”可知，“浮游植物很容易受到海洋警告趨勢(shì)的影響，變暖改變了海洋的關(guān)鍵特征，并能影響浮游植物的生長(zhǎng)”。可知本文主要解釋氣候變化對(duì)海洋的影響。故選C。【母題來源二】【2019·天津卷，C】環(huán)保類Howdoesanecosystem（生態(tài)系統(tǒng)）work？Whatmakesthepopulationsofdifferentspeciesthewaytheyare？Whyaretheresomanyfliesandsofewwolves？Tofindananswer，scientistshavebuiltmathematicalmodelsoffoodwebs，notingwhoeatswhomandhowmucheachoneeats.Withsuchmodels，scientistshavefoundoutsomekeyprinciplesoperatinginfoodwebs.Mostfoodwebs，forinstance，consistofmanyweaklinksratherthanafewstrongones.Whenapredator（掠食動(dòng)物）alwayseatshugenumbersofasingleprey（獵物），thetwospeciesarestronglylinked；whenapredatorlivesonvariousspecies，theyareweaklylinked.Foodwebsmaybedominatedbymanyweaklinksbecausethatarrangementismorestableoverthelongterm.Ifapredatorcaneatseveralspecies，itcansurvivetheextinction（滅絕）ofoneofthem.Andifapredatorcanmoveontoanotherspeciesthatiseasiertofindwhenapreyspeciesbecomesrare，theswitchallowstheoriginalpreytorecover.Theweaklinksmaythuskeepspeciesfromdrivingoneanothertoextinction.Mathematicalmodelshavealsorevealedthatfoodwebsmaybeunstable，wheresmallchangesoftoppredatorscanleadtobigeffectsthroughoutentireecosystems.Inthe1960s，scientistsproposedthatpredatorsatthetopofafoodwebhadasurprisingamountofcontroloverthesizeofpopulationsofotherspecies---includingspeciestheydidnotdirectlyattack.Andunplannedhumanactivitieshaveprovedtheideaoftop-downcontrolbytoppredatorstobetrue.Intheocean，wefishedfortoppredatorssuchascodonanindustrialscale，whileonland，wekilledofflargepredatorssuchaswolves.Theseactionshavegreatlyaffectedtheecologicalbalance.Scientistshavebuiltanearly-warningsystembasedonmathematicalmodels.Ideally，thesystemwouldtelluswhentoadapthumanactivitiesthatarepushinganecosystemtowardabreakdownorwouldevenallowustopullanecosystembackfromtheborderline.Preventioniskey，scientistssaysbecauseonceecosystemspasstheirtippingpoint（臨界點(diǎn)），itisremarkablydifficultforthemtoreturn.46.Whathavescientistsdiscoveredwiththehelpofmathematicalmodelsoffoodwebs？A.Thelivinghabitsofspeciesinfoodwebs.B.Therulesgoverningfoodwebsoftheecosystems.C.Theapproachestostudyingthespeciesintheecosystems.D.Thedifferencesbetweenweakandstronglinksinfoodwebs.47.Astronglinkisfoundbetweentwospecieswhenapredator______A.hasawidefoodchoice B.caneasilyfindnewpreyC.stickstoonepreyspecies D.canquicklymovetoanotherplace48.Whatwillhappenifthepopulationsoftoppredatorsinafoodwebgreatlydecline？A.Thepreyspeciestheydirectlyattackwilldieout.B.Thespeciestheyindirectlyattackwillturnintotoppredators.C.Thelivingenvironmentofotherspecieswillremainunchanged.D.Thepopulationsofotherspecieswillexperienceunexpectedchanges.49.WhatconclusioncanbedrawnfromtheexamplesinParagraph4？A.Uncontrolledhumanactivitiesgreatlyupsetecosystems.B.Rapideconomicdevelopmentthreatensanimalhabitats.C.Speciesofcommercialvaluedominateotherspecies.D.Industrialactivitieshelpkeepfoodwebsstable.50.Howdoesanearly-warningsystemhelpusmaintaintheecologicalbalance？A.Bygettingillegalpracticesundercontrol.B.Bystoppingusfromkillinglargepredators.C.Bybringingthebroken-downecosystemsbacktonormal.D.Bysignalingtheurgentneedfortakingpreventiveaction.【語篇解讀】這是一篇說明文。本文介紹了借助食物網(wǎng)的數(shù)學(xué)模型，科學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些在食物網(wǎng)運(yùn)營(yíng)的關(guān)鍵原則?？茖W(xué)家們說；因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)越過了它的臨界點(diǎn)，它們很難再回來。該系統(tǒng)將告訴我們何時(shí)適應(yīng)人類活動(dòng)，這些活動(dòng)正將生態(tài)系統(tǒng)推向崩潰，或者甚至允許我們將生態(tài)系統(tǒng)從邊緣拉回來，預(yù)防是關(guān)鍵。46.B【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段的Withsuchmodels,scientistshavefoundoutsomekeyprinciplesoperatinginfoodwebs.可知，借助食物網(wǎng)的數(shù)學(xué)模型，科學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)了食物網(wǎng)中的一些關(guān)鍵原則。故選B。47.C【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段的Whenapredator(掠食動(dòng)物)alwayseatshugenumbersofasingleprey(獵物)，thetwospeciesarestronglylinked可知，當(dāng)捕食者總是吃大量的單一獵物，這兩個(gè)物種是緊密相連的。故選C。48.D【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段的Inthe1960s,scientistsproposedthatpredatorsatthetopofafoodwebhad,asurprisingamountofcontroloverthesizeofpopulationsofotherspeciestheydidnotdirectlyattack可知，處于食物網(wǎng)頂端的食肉動(dòng)物對(duì)它們沒有直接攻擊的其他物種的種群數(shù)量有著驚人的控制，由此可推斷出，如果食物鏈頂級(jí)食肉動(dòng)物的數(shù)量大大下降，其他物種的種群將經(jīng)歷意想不到的變化。故選D。49.A【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段的Ideallythesystemwouldtelluswhentoadapthumanactivitiesthatarepushinganecosystemtowardabreakdownorwouldevenallowustopullanecosystembackfromtheborderline可知，人類過度的活動(dòng)會(huì)將生態(tài)系統(tǒng)推向崩潰，由此可推斷出，不受控制的人類活動(dòng)極大地破壞了生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。故選A。50.D【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段的Scientistshavebuiltanearly-warningsystembasedonmathematicalmodels.Ideallythesystemwouldtelluswhentoadapthumanactivitiesthatarepushinganecosystemtowardabreakdownorwouldevenallowustopullanecosystembackfromtheborderline.可知，早期變暖系統(tǒng)發(fā)出緊急需要采取預(yù)防行動(dòng)的信號(hào)幫助我們維持生態(tài)平衡。故選D?！灸割}來源三】【2019·浙江卷，C】、Californiahaslosthalfitsbigtreessincethe1930s,accordingtoastudytobepublishedTuesdayandclimatechangeseemstobeamajorfactor(因素).Thenumberoftreeslargerthantwofeetacrosshasdeclinedby50percentonmorethan46,000squaremilesofCaliforniaforests,thenewstudyfinds.Noareawassparedorunaffected,fromthefoggynortherncoasttotheSierraNevadaMountainstotheSanGabrielsaboveLosAngeles.IntheSierrahighcountry,thenumberofbigtreeshasfallenbymorethan55percent;inpartsofsouthernCaliforniathedeclinewasnearly75percent.Manyfactorscontributedtothedecline,saidPatrickMclntyre,anecologistwhowastheleadauthorofthestudy.Woodcutterstargetedbigtrees.Housingdevelopmentpushedintothewoods.AggressivewildfirecontrolhasleftCaliforniaforestscrowdedwithsmalltreesthatcompetewithbigtreesforresources(資源).ButincomparingastudyofCaliforniaforestsdoneinthe1920sand1930swithanotheronebetween2001and2010,Mclntyreandhiscolleaguesdocumentedawidespreaddeathofbigtreesthatwasevidenteveninwildlandsprotectedfromwoodcuttingordevelopment.Thelossofbigtreeswasgreatestinareaswheretreeshadsufferedthegreatestwatershortage.Theresearchersfiguredoutwaterstresswithacomputermodelthatcalculatedhowmuchwatertreesweregettingincomparisonwithhowmuchtheyneeded,takingintoaccountsuchthingsasrainfall,airtemperature,dampnessofsoil,andthetimingofsnowmelt(融雪).Sincethe1930s,Mclntyresaid,thebiggestfactorsdrivingupwaterstressinthestatehavebeenrisingtemperatures,whichcausetreestolosemorewatertotheair,andearliersnowmelt,whichreducesthewatersupplyavailabletotreesduringthedryseason.27.Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout?A.Theseriousnessofbig-treelossinCalifornia.B.TheincreasingvarietyofCaliforniabigtrees.C.ThedistributionofbigtreesinCaliforniaforests.D.TheinfluenceoffarmingonbigtreesinCalifornia.28.Whichofthefollowingiswell-intentionedbutmaybebadforbigtrees?A.Ecologicalstudiesofforests. B.Banningwoodcutting.C.Limitinghousingdevelopment. D.Firecontrolmeasures.29.WhatisamajorcauseofthewatershortageaccordingtoMclntyre?A.Inadequatesnowmelt. B.Alongerdryseason.C.Awarmerclimate. D.Dampnessoftheair.30.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.California'sForests:WhereHaveAlltheBigTreesGone?B.CuttingofBigTreestoBeProhibitedinCaliforniaSoonC.WhyAretheBigTreesImportanttoCaliforniaForests?D.PatrickMclntyre:GrowMoreBigTreesinCalifornia【語篇解讀】本文為說明文，根據(jù)一項(xiàng)研究表明，自20世紀(jì)30年代以來，加州已經(jīng)失去了一半的大樹，氣候變化似乎是其主要因素。27.A主旨大意題。在第二段中，作者用具體數(shù)據(jù)說明了大樹損失在各個(gè)地區(qū)的嚴(yán)重程度，沒有任何地區(qū)幸免或不受影響，故選A。28.D【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段最后一句AggressivewildfirecontrolhasleftCaliforniaforestscrowdedwithsmalltreesthatcompetewithbigtreesforresources（資源）.可知，野火控制在控制了森林大火的同時(shí)，使得加利福尼亞的森林里擠滿了小樹，它們與大樹爭(zhēng)奪資源，這對(duì)大樹產(chǎn)生了不利的影響，故選D。29.C【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段thebiggestfactorsdrivingupwaterstressinthestatehavebeenrisingtemperatures,…,andearliersnowmelt,…可知，造成加州水資源短缺的最大因素是氣溫的上升，以及較早的融雪，故選C。30.A【解析】主旨大意題。通讀全文可知，自20世紀(jì)30年代以來，加州已經(jīng)失去了一半的大樹，文章分析了引起該現(xiàn)象的幾個(gè)主要因素。全文圍繞“加州森林的大樹都去哪兒了”話題展開，故選項(xiàng)A符合題意?！久}意圖】閱讀理解從能力的角度來講，考查學(xué)生運(yùn)用英語的能力，具體地說，就是通過閱讀有關(guān)文章提取有用信息的能力?！究荚嚪较颉?人與自然和諧發(fā)展”是時(shí)代的主題，生態(tài)環(huán)保的話題也越來越多地出現(xiàn)在新試題中。在命題方面有以下趨勢(shì)：|1.題材：強(qiáng)調(diào)人與自然和諧發(fā)展。2.選材：關(guān)注人、自然的生存現(xiàn)狀和未來發(fā)展。3.命題：形式多樣，突出整體理解，合理推斷?！镜梅忠c(diǎn)】1.應(yīng)試生態(tài)環(huán)保類題目時(shí)，在理解文章的基礎(chǔ)上，要重點(diǎn)突破歸納主旨大意技能，因?yàn)橥茢嗍且哉w理解為基礎(chǔ)的推斷能力。那么，怎樣歸納主旨大意？（1）尋找具體段落的中心思想的方法是：找出每小段的主題句。主題句通常有這樣的特點(diǎn)：①有一個(gè)話題（topic）；②有闡述控制性概念（controllingidea）偶爾也可在一段中間；③有的文章無明顯主題句，主題句隱含在段意之中。這就需要讀者進(jìn)一步加工概括了。（2）尋找整篇文章的中心思想的方法建立在尋找具體段落中心的基礎(chǔ)上的。應(yīng)觀察全文的結(jié)構(gòu)安排，理解文章濃墨重筆寫的“重心”，考慮文章組織材料及支撐性細(xì)節(jié)是服務(wù)于什么的，分析故事的發(fā)展結(jié)局都是圍繞什么中心大意來安排的。（3）典型錯(cuò)誤：①忽視文章的結(jié)構(gòu)；②混淆了中心與支撐細(xì)節(jié)或材料的區(qū)別；③忽視文章表意的傾向性；④漏掉了主要的特征詞。2.怎樣正確推理判斷推理判斷試題要求考生盡量考慮文中全部信息或事實(shí)，在通篇理解文章的基礎(chǔ)上領(lǐng)會(huì)作者的言外之意，并作出正確的推理和判斷。（1）數(shù)據(jù)推斷題解答此類題，關(guān)鍵是要善于捕捉有關(guān)數(shù)字的信息，然后在透徹理解原文的字面意義和題意的基礎(chǔ)上，運(yùn)用自己的數(shù)學(xué)知識(shí)，對(duì)其進(jìn)行分析、推算，從而得出正確的結(jié)論。（2）知識(shí)推斷題根據(jù)文章中所闡述的細(xì)節(jié)，運(yùn)用基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)進(jìn)行分析、推敲，從而得出符合文章原義的結(jié)論的一種推斷方法。（3）邏輯結(jié)論推斷題根據(jù)事實(shí)、論點(diǎn)、例證等一系列論據(jù)材料，不是根據(jù)自己的經(jīng)驗(yàn)、態(tài)度、觀點(diǎn)或愛好去理解文章的內(nèi)涵。解答這類題的前提是要首先獲得短文的主題思想或列舉的具體事實(shí)，然后按題意要求進(jìn)行推斷。（4）對(duì)作者態(tài)度、傾向的推斷題作者的傾向和感情往往隱含在文章的字里行間，或流露于修飾的詞語之中，因此，在推斷過星中，應(yīng)特別注意文中作者的措辭。【母題1】【湖南省長(zhǎng)沙市雅禮中學(xué)2019屆高三下學(xué)期模擬】Ateamofinternationalscientistsisduetosetofffortheworld’sbiggesticeberginamissionaimingtoanswerfundamentalquestionsabouttheimpactofclimatechangeinthepolarregions.Thescientists,ledbyheBritishAntarcticSurvey(BAS),aretryingtoreachanewlyrevealedecosystemthathadbeenhiddenfor120,000yearsbelowtheLarsenCiceshelf.Lastyear,partoftheLarsenCiceshelfcalved(崩解)away,formingahugeiceberg-A68--whichisfourtimesbiggerthanLondon,andrevealinglifebeneathforthefirsttime.Nowscientistssayitisaraceagainsttimetoexplorethesenewecosystemsbeforetheyaretransformedtothelight.MarinebiologistDrKatrinLinsefromtheBASisleadingthemission.“ThecalvingofA68providesuswithauniqueopportunitytostudymarinelifeasitrespondstoahugeenvironmentchange,”shesaid.“Itisimportantthatwegettherequicklybeforetheunderseaenvironmentchangesassunlightentersthewater.”ProfessorDavidVaughan,sciencedirectorattheBAs,said,“Weneedtobebold(大膽的)onthisone.LarsenCisalongwaysouthandthere’slotsofseaiceinthearea,butthisisimportantscience,sowewilltryourbesttogettheteamwheretheyneedtobe.HesaidclimatechangehadalreadyaffectedtheseaaroundAntarcticaandiswarmingsomecoastalwaters.“Futurewarmingmaymakesomehabitatswarm.Wherethesehabitatssupportuniquespeciesthatareadaptedtolovethecoldandnotthewarm,thosespeciesaregoingtoeithermoveordie.”ThereisgrowingconcernaboutthepossibleimpactofclimatechangeintheAntarctic.Earlierthismonth,areportrevealedthatmeltingicesheetsinGreenlandandAntarcticaarespeedingupthealreadyfastpaceofthesealevelrise.Theresearch,publishedbytheNationalAcademiesofScience,EngineeringandMedicine,said,“Atthecurrentrate,theworld’soceanwillbe,onaverage,atleast60cmhigherbytheendofthecentury.”However,itfoundthattheprocessisaccelerating,andmorethanthreequartersoftheaccelerationsince1993isduetomeltingicesheetsinGreenlandandAntarctica,thestudyshows.1.Whyarethescientistseagertogototheiceberg?A.Tostudyhowtheicebergwasformed.B.Tostudyanewlydiscoveredecosystem.C.Toexploreanewwaytopreventclimatechange.D.ToexplorethegeographyoftheLarsenCiceshelf.2.Whatdotheunderlinedwords“thisone”inthefourthparagraphreferto?A.TheLarsenCiceshelf.B.ClimatechangeinAntarctica.C.TheA68icebergwiththeecosystembeneathit.D.TheconditionofanimalspeciesinAntarctica.3.WhatcanwelearnabouttheA68icebergfromthetext?A.ItisasbigasLondon.B.ItispartofaniceshelfintheArctic.C.Itwilldisappearinaveryshorttime.D.IthasuncoveredanunknownecosysteminAntarctica.4.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?A.ThereisnoneedtoworryaboutclimatechangeinAntarctica.B.TheicesheetsinGreenlandandAntarcticaaremeltingatasteadyrate.C.Manycreatureslivingindeepwaterwilldieoutduetoclimatechange.D.By2100,thesealevelwillhaverisentoamuchhigherlevelthannow.【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文。南極地區(qū)的拉森C冰架崩解形成了一座巨大的冰山A68iceberg。冰山下面顯現(xiàn)的新的海洋生態(tài)系統(tǒng)為科學(xué)家提供了研究未知的海洋生物的機(jī)會(huì)。1.B【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第二段Nowscientistssayitisaraceagainsttimetoexplorethesenewecosystemsbeforetheyaretransformedtothelight.可知，科學(xué)家著急趕去世界最大的冰山是為了在其受到光照影響之前研究這座冰山下面的海洋生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。故選B。2.C【解析】詞義猜測(cè)題。由第三段ThecalvingofA68providesuswithauniqueopportunitytostudymarinelife...可知A68冰山的形成為科學(xué)家提供了研究海洋生物的獨(dú)一無二的機(jī)會(huì)，所以ProfessorDavidVaughan認(rèn)為科學(xué)家要果敢地抓住這次機(jī)會(huì)，故thisone指的是A68冰山和它下面的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。故選C。3.D【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第二段…whichisfourtimesbiggerthanLondon…可知A選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。由第四段LarsenCisalongwaysouthandthere’slotsofseaiceinthearea…可知拉森C冰架位于南極地區(qū)，B選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。由第一段toreachanewlyrevealedecosystemthathadbeenhiddenfor120,000yearsbelowtheLarsenCiceshelf.可知D選項(xiàng)正確。C選項(xiàng)在文中沒有提到。4.D【解析】推理判斷題。由最后一段…Atthecurrentrate,theworld’soceanswillbe,onaverage,atleast60cmhigherbytheendofthecentury.可推測(cè)D選項(xiàng)正確。【母題2】【四川省成都市2019屆高三第三次診斷性檢測(cè)】Climatechangeisperhapsthekeyissueofourtime.Often,however,itispresentedtousasbeingsoabstractthatitseemsimpossiblydistant.Forthoseofyoulookingforsomethingalittlemoreconcrete,anewreportsuggeststhattheeffectsofclimatechangemaysignificantlyaffectcoffee.Thereport,putoutbyTheClimateInstitute,describestheeffectsofclimatechangeonvariouscoffee-growingnationsandtheresultanteffectsontheplantsandthosewhogrowthem.CoffeeArabicaplants,whichproduce70%ofallcommercialcoffee,canbeadverselyaffectedbyevenahalf-degreechangeintypicalweatherconditions.Thissensitivitytotemperatureputstheplantatincreasedriskoftheeffectsofclimatechange.InCentralAmericatheaveragetemperaturehasrisenbyafulldegreeCelsiussince1960.InEthiopiatheaveragetemperaturehasincreasedbyl.3degrees.Thisincreaseisenoughtohavenotableeffectsontheplants.InTanzaniatheproductivityperhectareofcoffeehasfallenbyhalfsincethe1960sduetochangesintemperature.Indeed,studiesclaimthatby2050theareaoftheworldsuitableforgrowingcoffeewillbecutbyhalf.Coffeeproductionislikelytothenbepushedtohigherelevations(海拔)totakeadvantageoflowertemperatures,butthiswillnotbeenoughtomakeupforlostlowlandareas.Coffeeisthesecondmosttradedgoodsbydevelopingnations,andtheinabilityofproducernationstoexportitcouldcausedramaticchainreactionsintheireconomies.Millionsofpeoplemakealivingintheproduction,processing,transport,andsaleofcoffee;theirlivelihoodswouldstandtotakeablowasgrowingareasdecreaseandpricesrise.Asthetemperaturekeepsrising,yourcupofcoffeewillbecomemuchmoreexpensive,anditmayalsocarryanaftertastebittererthanusual,forallthoseworkersinthecoffeebeltleftwithoutthemeanstomakealivingasconditionsworsen.Notonlythat,buttheeconomiceffectswillcosttheWestmillionsinincreasedforeignaid.1.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"adversely"inParagraph3mostprobablymean?A.slightly. B.temporarily. C.harmfully. D.gradually.2.Whywillpeoplehavetogrowcoffeeinhighlandareas?A.Toadapttothechangeoftemperature.B.Toincreasethequalityoftheproducts.C.ToreducethecostofcoffeeproductionD.Togetaccesstowatersupplymoreeasily.3.Whatconclusioncanwedrawfromthelasttwoparagraphs?A.TherichwillgetricherandthepoorpoorerB.SmallchangesmayhavelargeeffectsingeneralC.Developedcountriesoughttoaidpoorcountries.D.Coffeetradewilleventuallydisappearintheworld.4.Howdoestheauthorfeelaboutthefutureofcoffeeproduction?A.Cautious. B.Worried. C.Unconcerned. D.Hopeful.【語篇解讀】這是一篇說明文。文章主要講了一份新的報(bào)告表明，氣候變化的影響可能會(huì)顯著影響咖啡。到2050年，世界上適合種植咖啡的面積將減少一半?？Х犬a(chǎn)業(yè)的變化會(huì)對(duì)社會(huì)造成很多影響。1.C【解析】詞義猜測(cè)題。下文Thissensitivitytotemperatureputstheplantatincreasedriskoftheeffectsofclimatechange.說這種對(duì)溫度的敏感性增加了植物受到氣候變化影響的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。由此推斷出，上文的意思是阿拉比卡咖啡的產(chǎn)量占所有商業(yè)咖啡的70%，在典型的天氣條件下，即使氣溫只上升了半度，也會(huì)對(duì)其產(chǎn)生不利影響。"adversely"意思是有害的，A.slightly.輕微地；B.temporarily.臨時(shí)地；C.harmfully.有害的；D.gradually.逐步地，故選C。2.A【解析】推理判斷題。答案定位在第五段Coffeeproductionislikelytothenbepushedtohigherelevationstotakeadvantageoflowertemperatures,butthiswillnotbeenoughtomakeupforlostlowlandareas.（咖啡生產(chǎn)很可能會(huì)被推到更高的海拔，以利用更低的溫度，但這將不足以彌補(bǔ)失去的低地地區(qū)。）由此推斷出，人們要在高地地區(qū)種植咖啡是為了適應(yīng)溫度的變化，故選A。3.B【解析】推理判斷題。答案定位在倒數(shù)第二段Coffeeisthesecondmosttradedgoodsbydevelopingnations,andtheinabilityofproducernationstoexportitcouldcausedramaticchainreactionsintheireconomies.(咖啡是發(fā)展中國(guó)家的第二大貿(mào)易商品，而生產(chǎn)國(guó)無法出口咖啡，可能會(huì)在其經(jīng)濟(jì)中引發(fā)巨大的連鎖反應(yīng))和最后一段Notonlythat,buttheeconomiceffectswillcosttheWestmillionsinincreasedforeignaid.（不僅如此，其經(jīng)濟(jì)影響還將使西方國(guó)家在增加對(duì)外援助方面損失數(shù)百萬美元。）由此推斷出，這些小的變化也可能產(chǎn)生大的影響，故選B。4.B【解析】推理判斷題。答案定位在第一段anewreportsuggeststhattheeffectsofclimatechangemaysignificantlyaffectcoffee.（一份新的報(bào)告表明，氣候變化的影響可能會(huì)顯著影響咖啡。）和第五段Indeed,studiesclaimthatby2050theareaoftheworldsuitableforgrowingcoffeewillbecutbyhalf.（事實(shí)上，研究表明，到2050年，世界上適合種植咖啡的面積將減少一半。）由此推斷出，作者對(duì)咖啡生產(chǎn)的未來很擔(dān)憂，故選B?！灸割}3】【安徽師范大學(xué)附屬中學(xué)2019屆高三5月考前適應(yīng)性檢測(cè)】Corals(珊瑚)areoftendescribedasunderseaforests,buttheyaredecliningfarmorequicklythantheAmazon.Thecoralreefs(礁)arelikelytobeamongthefirstecosystemstobewipedoutbyclimatechange.Atemperatureriseofjust1to2℃canleadtothedeathofthealgae(海藻)uponwhichcoralsdepend,drainingthemofcolorandmakingthestructuremorefragile.Thesebleaching(脫色)eventscanbetemporaryifwaterscool,butthemorefrequenttheyareandthelongertheylast,thegreatertheriskofdamageis.Butthat’sexactlywhatishappening.Bleachingwasfirstobservedin1983.Itwasseenonagloballevelin1998,then2010,andthenfrom2015to2017.Mostavailablescientificevidencetellsusthatunlesswedosomethingtolimitwarmingto1.5℃,wewilllose99%oftheworld’scoralreefsincomingdecades.Butthereareotherthreatsbeyondwarming.OffthePhilippineislandofPalawan,itsoldreefshavebeenbadlydamagedbydirtywaterfromthetouristholidaycenter,pollutionfromboatsandoverfishing.Theareaoughttobeashelterbecauseit’soneoftheoceanregionsmostbearabletoclimatechange.“Evenhere,wearelosingourcorals,”saidDavidObura,chairoftheGlobalSpecialistGroupintheInternationalUnionfortheConservationofNature.“Weneedtoreducestressfromoverfishing,coastaldevelopment,pollutionandtourism.”“I’magenerationofscientistswatchingthemdisappear.It’sverydepressing,”O(jiān)burasaid.“Above1.5℃,inabout50years,theywillbeatreasureofhistoricmoviesandpictures,butverylittletoseeinreallife.Childrenborntodaymaybethelastgenerationtoseecoralreefsinalltheirglory.”1.Howdoestherisingtemperatureaffectcorals?A.Bydamagingthealgae. B.Bydarkeningtheircolor.C.Bycuttingtheirfoodresources. D.Bychangingtheirstructurestemporarily.2.Whathappenedafter2015accordingtothetext?A.Bleachingfirstbecameaglobalissue.B.Theocean’stemperaturewentupsteadily.C.Welost99%oftheworld’scoralreefs.D.World-widecoralbleachinglastedlonger.3.WhatfactorthatthreatenscoralsisstressedinParagraph3?A.Illegalfishing. B.Climatechange.C.Oceanpollution. D.Globalwarming.4.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.Philippine’scoralreefsareunderthreat.B.Experts’greatconcernonglobalwarming.C.RecordourunderseaforestsbeforeitistoolateD.Thenextgenerationmayneverseethebeautyofcoralreefs【語篇解讀】這是一篇說明文。文章介紹了因?yàn)闅夂?，污染等因素的影響?dǎo)致珊瑚礁即將消失的問題。1.A【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的“Atemperatureriseofjust1to2℃canleadtothedeathofthealgae(海藻)uponwhichcoralsdepend,drainingthemofcolorandmakingthestructuremorefragile.”可知，溫度只升高1到2℃就會(huì)導(dǎo)致珊瑚依賴的藻類死亡，使它們的顏色消退，結(jié)構(gòu)更脆弱。由此可知，溫度上升是通過損害藻類而影響珊瑚的。故A選項(xiàng)正確。2.D【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的“Thesebleaching(脫色)eventscanbetemporaryifwaterscool,butthemorefrequenttheyareandthelongertheylast,thegreatertheriskofdamageis.Butthat’sexactlywhatishappening.Bleachingwasfirstobservedin1983.Itwasseenonagloballevelin1998,then2010,andthenfrom2015to2017.”可知，“脫色”事件在水冷卻的情況下可能是暫時(shí)的，但其頻率越頻繁，持續(xù)時(shí)間越長(zhǎng)，損壞的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)越大。但這正是正在發(fā)生的事情?！懊撋庇?983年首次被觀察到。在1998年、2010年、2015年到2017年在全球范圍內(nèi)出現(xiàn)“脫色”現(xiàn)象。由此可知，2015年之后，全世界范圍的珊瑚“脫色”情況持續(xù)的時(shí)間越來越長(zhǎng)，發(fā)生頻率越來越高。故D選項(xiàng)正確。3.C【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“itsoldreefshavebeenbadlydamagedbydirtywaterfromthetouristholidaycenter,pollutionfromboatsandoverfishing”可知，thePhilippine的舊珊瑚礁因旅游度假中心的污水、船只的污染和過度捕撈而受到嚴(yán)重破壞。因此，結(jié)合選項(xiàng)，只有海洋污染符合題意。故C選項(xiàng)正確。4.D【解析】主旨大意題。第一段提出：珊瑚礁可能是受氣候變化影響的第一生態(tài)系統(tǒng)之一。第二段和第三段分析了影響珊瑚礁的一些因素。第四段進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)調(diào)：大約50年后，珊瑚礁將成為歷史電影和圖片的珍寶，但在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中卻很少能看到。今天出生的孩子可能是最后一代看到珊瑚礁的人。由此可知，整篇文章主要突出了珊瑚礁瀕臨消失，導(dǎo)致我們的下一代再也見不到美麗的珊瑚礁了。故D選項(xiàng)切題?！灸割}4】【武漢第二中學(xué)2019屆高三五月全仿真模擬】Electriccarsaredirty.Infact,notonlyaretheydirty,theymightevenbedirtierthantheirgasoline-poweredcousins.PeopleinCalifornialovetotalkabout“zero-emissionsvehicles”,butpeopleinCaliforniaseemtobecluelessaboutwhereelectricitycomesfrom.Powerplantsmostlyusefiretomakeit.Asidefromthenewfolkswhohavetheirroofscoveredwithsolarcells,wegetourelectricityfromgenerators(發(fā)電機(jī)).Generatorsarefueledbysomething—usuallycoal,oil,butalsobyheatgeneratedinnuclearpowerplants.Thereareafewwindfarmsandgeothermal(地?zé)?plantsaswell,butbyfarwegetelectricitymainlybyburningsomething.Inotherwords,those“zero-emissions”carsarelikelycoal-burningcars.It’sjustbecausethecoalisburnedsomewhereelse,itlooksclean.Itisnot.It’sasiftheCal