中國文化術(shù)語翻譯

中國文化術(shù)語翻譯cmUnit1焚書坑儒 burnbooksandburyConfucianscholarsalive牛郎織女 theCowherdandtheGirlWeaverortheCowHerderandtheWeaverMaid封建禮教feudalethicalcodes善有善報，惡有惡報Goodwillberewardedwithgoodandevilrepaidwithevil.《山海經(jīng)》ClassicsofMountainsandseas精衛(wèi)填海 JingweiDeterminestofilluptheseaUnit2飲食療法diettherapyorfoodtherapy色香味 color,aromaandtaste美食家 gourmet南甜北咸東辣西酸Sweetinthesouth,saltyinthenorth,sourinthewestandspicyintheeast.中國四大菜系GrandFourCategoriesofChineseCuisine八大菜系eightmainschoolsofChineseCuisine點心DimSum鑒別診斷 differentialdiagnosis禮儀之邦 landofceremonyandpropriety良藥苦口 Goodmedicinetastesbitter.控制陰陽失調(diào)toconterbalancetheYin-yangdisequilibriumUnit3衣食住行clothing,food,shelterandtransportation曲裾curving-frontrobe直裾straight-frontrobe戰(zhàn)國時期WarringStatesPeriod男女授受不親 toavoidclosecontactofthemaleandthefemale唐裝 TangCostume盤扣 buttonholeloop玉^ jadeornamentUnit4道家四象 thefourTaoistquadrants風(fēng)水先生 ageomancer皇陵theimperialmausoleum宗廟或祠堂 theancestraltemple天壇theTempleofHeaven塔pagoda莫高窟theMogaoGrottoes天人合一unityofHeavenandman拙政園HumbleAdministrator'sGarden盧溝橋的獅子數(shù)不清 ThelionsontheLugouqiaoareuncountable.Unit5世界遺產(chǎn)名錄 ListofWorldHeritage金絲猴goldensnub-nosedmonkey人間仙境FairyLandonEarth五岳FiveSacredMountains

有眼不識泰山OnewhofailstorecognizeasomebodyhasbeencomparedtoapersonunabletoseeMt.Tai.穩(wěn)如泰山asstableasMt.Tai會當(dāng)凌絕頂，一覽眾山小OnlybyascendingMt.Taiwillyoufindhowdwarfishallmountainsunderheavenare.五岳歸來不看山，黃山歸來不看岳Ifinditnolongerworthmywhiletolookatamountainaftervisitingthefivesacredmountains.NolongerdoIfinditworthmywhiletolookatthesacredfiveafterreturningfromHuangshan.四川大熊貓自然保護區(qū) SichuanGiantPandaSanctuaries云南三江并流ThreeParallelRiversofYunnanProtectedAreas國家風(fēng)景區(qū) Nationalscenicarea桂林山水甲天下 ThesceneryinGuilinisunparalleledintheworld(ortoppedallunderheaven)陽朔山水甲桂林 ThemountainsandwatersinYangshuoareevenbetterthanthoseinGuilin.Unit6烽火臺beacontower天下第一關(guān)theWorld'sFirstPass故宮thePalaceMuseum(theForbiddenCity)秦始皇陵 Mausoleumofthe FirstQinEmperor《史記》 TheHistorical Records兵馬俑Terracottalegions釋迦牟尼 Sakyamuni（皇帝）登基ascendthethrone腐敗無能的政府 corruptandimpotentgovernment天圓地方roundHeavenandsquareEarthUnit7春節(jié)theSpringFestival元宵節(jié)theLanternFestival清明節(jié)TombSweepingDayortheClearBrightFestival端午節(jié)theDragonBoatFestival中秋節(jié)theMid-AutumnFestival重陽節(jié)theDoubleNinthFestival潑水節(jié)WaterSprinklingFestival那達(dá)慕 theNadamFair火把節(jié) theTorchFestival陰歷 thelunarcalendar陽歷 thesolarcalendar公歷 Gregoriancalendar年糕 stickycakes紅包 luckymoneyinlittleredenvelopes春聯(lián) springcouplets年畫 NewYearpictures舞獅 LionDances閏月 anintercalarymonth年飯 theNewYearfeast元宵glutinousricedumplingsstuffedwithvarioussweetfillings賽龍舟dragonboatraces粽子pyramid-shapeddumplingswithglutinousrice吉祥話auspiciousmessages秋分theautumnequinox月餅mooncake《易經(jīng)》theBookofChanges登高節(jié)HeightAscendingFestival賞菊enjoyingtheflourishingchrysanthemum中國生肖theChinesezodiac五行theFiveElements算命fortunetelling護身符talismans相手術(shù)palmistry相面facereading皇道吉日之類的 almanacs紅色等同于財富 Redissynonymouswithwealth.火化cremation避牙8toavoidepidemies七夕節(jié)theDoubleSeventhFestival禮輕情意重 Agiftmaybeinsignificant,butitcarriestremendousfriendshipUnit8絹花 silkflower漆器 lacquerwares景泰藍(lán) cloisonneenamel青銅器 bronzewares唐三彩 theTangtricolorceramics盆景 bonsai司線戊方鼎 SimuwuQuadripod陶器 earthenware新石器時代 theNeolithicAge刺繡 embroidery鐘鼎文 inscription甲骨文 tortoiseshellscript青花瓷 theblueandwhiteporcelainUnit9歲寒三友threefriendsofwinter君子四藝thefourskillsofalearnedscholartopursue掛軸hangingscroll工筆畫gongbiormeticulousbrushwork山水畫landscapepainting國粹quintessenceofChineseculture小篆theSmallSealScript隸書theOfficialScript草書 theCursiveScript行書 theRunningScript楷書 theRegularScript文房四寶 fourtreasuresofthestudy花鳥圖flowerandbirdpainting出淤泥而不染 comeoutofthemirewithoutbeingsnearedUnit10《趙氏孤兒》AnOrphanoftheZhaoFamily《15貫》FifteenStringsofCoppers《空城計》TheRuseofanEmptyCity《白蛇傳》TheStoryofaWhiteSnake《貴妃醉酒》TheDrunkenConcubine《岳母刺字》Yuefei,sMotherTattooingHisBack《打漁殺家》Fisherman'sRevenge《二進(jìn)宮》EnteringthePalacefortheSecondTime《霸王別姬》FarewellMyConcubine《群英會》GatheringofHeroes《烏盆記》TheStoryoftheBlackBasin《寶蓮燈》TheLotusLantern《智取威虎山》TakeoverofTigerMountain四大名旦 FourMajorDanRoles梵語SanskritUnit11中醫(yī)TCM(TraditionalChineseMedicine)望 observation聞 auscultationand olfaction問 interrogation切 pulsefeeling andpalpation經(jīng)絡(luò) channelsormeridian中草藥 herbalmedicine針灸 acupuncture艾灼 moxibustion拔罐 cupping推拿 massage刮痧 guasha五行相生結(jié)構(gòu)：金水木火土TheGeneratingcycleMetalproduceswater,waternourisheswood,woodfuelsfire,firemakesearth,earthyieldsmetal.五行相克結(jié)構(gòu)：金木土水火TheRegulatingCycleMetalcancutwood,woodcancontainearth,earthcanabsorbwater,watercanextinguishfire,firecanmeltmetal.Unit15九歌NineSongs木蘭辭theBalladofMulan《西廂記》TheWestChamber《詩經(jīng)》 TheBookofSongs《離騷》LamentofEncounteringSorroworSorrowafterdeparture《孔雀東南飛》 Southeastthepeacockflies《全唐詩》 ThecompleteAnthologyoftheTangDynasty初唐四杰 thefourpreeminentpoetsoftheearlyTangDynasty詩仙 theImmortalofPoems詩圣 SageofthePoems山水田園詩人pastoralpoets邊塞詩人 frontierpoets熟讀唐詩三百首，不會作詩也會吟。Ifyouhaverecited300poemsoftheTangDynasty,youwillbeabletointonatethemeventhoughyoucannotproducethem.婉約派theSoftandTunefulSchool(theDelicatelyrestrainedschool)豪放派thePowerfulandFreeSchool(theHeroicandUnrestrainedstyle)《三國演義》 RomanceoftheThreeKingdoms《水滸傳》 OutlawsoftheMarsh(Allmenarebrothers)《西游記》 JourneytotheWest(PilgrimtotheWest)《紅樓夢》ADreamofRedMansions《聊齋志異》 StrangeTalesofLiaozhai百花齊放，百家爭鳴 Letonehundredflowersblossomandonehundredschoolsofthoughtcontend.春秋時期 SpringandAutumnperiod樂府theMusicBureau詞LyricPoetry2013年12月全國英語四級必考翻譯（四級改革后關(guān)于傳統(tǒng)文化）對龍圖騰的崇拜在中國大約已綿延了八千多年。中國龍是古人將魚、蛇、馬、牛等動物與云霧、雷電等自然天象集合而成的一種神物。中國龍的形成與中華民族的多元融合過程同步。在中國人的心目中，龍具有振奮騰飛、開拓變化的寓意和團結(jié)凝聚的精神。ChineseDragontotemworshipinChinahasbeenaroundforthelast8,000years.TheancientsinChinaconsideredthedragon(orloong)afetishthatcombinesanimalsincludingthefish,snake,horseandoxwithcloud,thunder,lightningandothernaturalcelestialphenomena.TheChinesedragonwasformedinaccordancewiththemulticulturalfusionprocessoftheChinesenation.TotheChinese,thedragonsignifiesinnovationandcohesion.秧歌舞是中國漢族的一種民間傳統(tǒng)舞蹈，通常在北方省份表演。秧歌舞者通常穿上明亮多彩的表演服裝，他們的表演動作有力迅速。在農(nóng)歷春節(jié)、元宵節(jié)等節(jié)日期間，人們一旦聽到鑼鼓聲，不管外面天氣有多冷，他們都會蜂擁到街上看秧歌舞表演。近年來，中國東北某些城市的老年人自發(fā)組織了秧歌隊，隊員常年通過跳秧歌舞來保持健康，同時他們也樂在其中。YangkoisoneofthetraditionfolkdancesofHaninChina.Itisusuallyperformedinnorthernprovinces.Thedancersusuallywearcolorfulandlightcostumes,andtheperformanceispowerfulandrapid.DuringsomefestivalssuchasSpringFestival,LanternFestival,ifpeoplehearthesoundofdrumandgong,nomatterhowcoldtheweatheris,theywillcometostreetandappreciatetheYangko.Recentyears,theoldpeopleincityofeast-northernofChinaorganizedtheteamofYangkobythemselves,andtheteamerskeeptheirhealthbydancingYangkothewholeyear.長城是人類創(chuàng)造的世界奇跡之一。如果你到了中國卻沒去過長城，就像到了巴黎沒有去看看艾菲爾鐵塔，或者就像到了埃及沒有去看金字塔一樣。人們常說：“不到長城非好漢?！睂嶋H上，長城最初只是一些斷斷續(xù)續(xù)的城墻，直到秦朝統(tǒng)一中國后才將其連成長城。然而，今天我們看到的長城——東起山海關(guān)，西至嘉峪關(guān)——大部分都是在明代修建的。TheGreatWallisoneofthewondersoftheworldthatcreatedbyhumanbeings!IfyoucometoChinawithoutclimbingtheGreatWall,it'sjustlikegoingPariswithoutvisitingtheEiffelTower;orgoingtoEgyptwithoutvisitingthePyramids!Menoftensay,“HewhodoestnotreachtheGreatWallisnotatrueman.”Infact,itbeganasindependentwallsfordifferentstateswhenitwasfirstbuilt,anddidnotbecomethe“GreatWall”untiltheQinDynasty.However,thewallweseetoday,startingfromShanhaiguanPassintheeasttoJiayunguanPassinthewest,wasmostlybuiltduringtheMingDynasty.DumplingsDumplingsareoneoftheChinesepeople,sfavoritetraditionaldishes.AccordingtoanancientChineselegend,dumplingswerefirstmadebythemedicalsaint---ZhangZhongjing.Therearethreestepsinvolvedinmakingdumplings:1)makedumplingwrappersoutofdumplingflour;2)preparethedumplingstuffing;3)makedumplingsandboilthem.Withthinandelasticdoughskin,freshandtenderstuffing,delicioustaste,anduniqueshapes,dumplingsarewortheatinghundredsoftimes.There,sanoldsayingthatclaims,“Nothingcouldbemoredeliciousthandumplings”.DuringtheSpringFestivalandotherholidays,orwhentreatingrelativesandfriends,Chinesepeopleliketofollowtheauspiciouscustomofeatingdumplings.ToChinesepeoplewhoshowhighreverenceforfamilylove,havingdumplingsatthemomenttheoldyearisreplacedbythenewisanessentialpartofbiddingfarewelltotheoldandusheringinthenewyear.餃子是深受中國人民喜愛的傳統(tǒng)食品。相傳為古代醫(yī)圣張仲景發(fā)明。餃子的制作是包括：1)搟皮、2)備餡、3)包餡水煮三個步驟。其特點是皮薄餡嫩，味道鮮美，形狀獨特，百食不厭。民間有“好吃不過餃子”的俗語。中國人接親待客、逢年過節(jié)都有包餃子吃的習(xí)俗，寓意吉利。對崇尚親情的中國人來說，“更歲交子”吃餃子，更是歡度除夕、辭舊迎新必不可少的內(nèi)容。AcupunctureAcupunctureisanimportantpartoftraditionalChinesemedicine(TCM).Inaccordancewiththe“mainandcollateralchannels”theoryinTCM,thepurposeofacupunctureistodredgethechannelandregulateqiandblood,soastokeepthebody,syinandyangbalancedandachievereconciliationbetweentheinternalorgans.ItfeaturesintraditionalChinesemedicinethat“internaldiseasesaretobetreatedwithexternaltherapy”.Themaintherapyofacupunctureinvolvesusingneedlestopiercecertainacupointsofthepatient,sbody,oradoptingmoxibustiontostimulatethepatient,sacupointssoastostimulatethechannelsandrelievepain.Withitsuniqueadvantages,acupuncturehasbeenhandeddowngenerationaftergenerationandhasnowspreadallovertheworld.Nowadays,acupuncture,alongwithChinesefood,kungfu(otherwiseknownasChinesemartialarts),andtraditionalChinesemedicine,hasbeeninternationallyhailedasoneofthe“fournewnationaltreasures.”針灸是中醫(yī)學(xué)的重要組成部分。按照中醫(yī)的經(jīng)絡(luò)理論，針灸療法主要是通過疏通經(jīng)絡(luò)、調(diào)和氣血，來達(dá)到陰陽歸于平衡，使臟腑趨于調(diào)和之目的。其特點是“內(nèi)病外治”。主要療法是用針刺入病人身體的一定穴位，或用艾火的溫?zé)岽碳撇∪说难ㄎ唬赃_(dá)到刺激經(jīng)絡(luò)、治療病痛的目的。針灸以其獨特的優(yōu)勢，流傳至今并傳播到了世界，與中餐、功夫、中藥一起被海外譽為中國的“新四大國粹”。ChinesekungfUChinesekungfu,orChinesemartialarts,carriestraditionalChinesecultureinabundance.ItisatraditionalChinesesportwhichappliestheartofattackanddefenseincombatandthemotionsengagedwithaseriesofskillsandtricks.ThecoreideaofChinesekungfuisderivedfromtheConfuciantheoryofboth“themeanandharmony”and“cultivatingqi”(otherwiseknownasnourishingone,sspirit).Meanwhile,italsoincludesthoughtsofTaoismandBuddhism.Chinesekungfuhasalonghistory,withmulti-varioussectsandmanydifferentboxingstyles,andemphasizescouplinghardnesswithsoftnessandinternalandexternaltraining.Itcontainstheancientgreatthinkers,ponderingoflifeandtheuniverse.Theskillsinwieldingthe18kindsofweaponsnamedbythelatergenerationsmainlyinvolvetheskillsofbare-handedboxing,suchasshadowboxing(Taijiquan),formandwillboxing(Xingyiquan),eighttrigrampalm(Baguazhang),andtheskillsofkungfuweaponry,suchastheskillofusingswords,spears,two-edgedswordsandhalberds,axes,tomahawks,kooks,prongsandsoon.中國功夫即中國武術(shù)，是將技擊寓于搏斗和套路運動之中的中國傳統(tǒng)體育項目，承載著豐富的中國民族傳統(tǒng)文化。其核心思想是儒家的中和養(yǎng)氣之說，同時兼容了道家、釋家的思想。中國武術(shù)源遠(yuǎn)流長、流派林立、拳種繁多，講究剛?cè)岵?nèi)外兼修，蘊含著先哲們對生命和宇宙的參悟。后世所稱十八般武藝，主要指：徒手拳藝，如太極拳、形意拳、八卦掌等；器械功夫，如刀槍劍戟、斧鉞鉤叉等。Wushu,orChinesemartialart,canbetracedbacktoancienttimes.ItisagemofChinesetraditionalculture.Asweallknow,thefinecultureofanationdoesnotbelongtothenationaloneanditwillbespreadtotherestoftheworldandsharedbyallhumanity.TheChineseWushuAssociationandInternationalWushuFederation(IWUF)havebeenworkingveryhardtopopularizewushuandmaketheChinesemartialartclosertotheOlympicMovement.WushuwasacceptedtojoinbowlingandinternationalstandarddanceasanOlympicdemonstrationevent.TheboomingofwushuisattributednotonlytotheattractivenessofthesportbutalsotoemigrantChinesewushumastersovertheyears.Martialartistsoftheoldergenerationshavesownwushuseedsinforeigncountries.Wushu,whichcanbeusedasselfdefenseandcankeeppractitionersfitandstrong,soonbecamepopularonnewlands.Todaysuperbwushumastersareactiveallovertheworld,andamateursareontheincreasewitheachpassingday.武術(shù)在我國源遠(yuǎn)流長，是中華民族傳統(tǒng)文化的瑰寶。我們知道，一個民族的優(yōu)秀文化遺產(chǎn)，不僅僅屬于一個民族，它會逐漸傳播到世界而成為人類的共同財富。為了更好的推廣武術(shù)運動，使其與奧運項目接軌，中國武協(xié)和國際武聯(lián)做了大量的艱苦卓絕的工作?，F(xiàn)在武術(shù)運動已被列為一種具有與保齡球運動和國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)舞同等地位的奧運表演項目。武術(shù)的蓬勃發(fā)展，除得益于其項目本身的吸引力之外，早期移居海外的一代武術(shù)大師功不可沒。老一代武術(shù)家在海外播種下了武術(shù)的種子，使武術(shù)這門既可以自衛(wèi)又可以健身的運動很快就在新的土地上扎下了根。今天高超的武術(shù)大師已遍布世界各地，武術(shù)愛好者也與日俱增。ChinesecharactersChinesecharacterswereinitiallymeanttobesimplepicturesusedtohelppeoplerememberthings.Afteralongperiodofdevelopment,itfinallybecameauniquecharactersystemthatembodiesphoneticsound,image,idea,andrhymeatthesametime.Thewritingsystem,whichwasextremelyadvancedinancienttimes,beganwithinscriptionsonbonesandtortoiseshells,andtheseareregardedastheoriginalformsofChinesecharacters.Afterwards,Chinesecharacterswentthroughnumerouscalligraphicstyles:bronzeinscriptions,officialscript,regularscript,cursivescript,runningscript,etc.Chinesecharactersareusuallyroundoutsideandsquareinside,whichisrootedinancientChinesebeliefsofanorbicularskyandarectangularEarth.ThefivebasicstrokesofChinesecharactersare"---”(thehorizontalstroke)“|”(theverticalstroke),“/"(theleft-fallingstroke),“\"(theright-fallingstroke),and“乙”(theturningstroke).漢字是從原始人用以記事的簡單圖畫，經(jīng)過不斷演變發(fā)展最終成為一種兼具音、形、意、韻的獨特文字?，F(xiàn)存中國古代最早成熟的文字是甲骨文，被認(rèn)為是現(xiàn)代漢字的初形。此后，漢字又經(jīng)歷了金文、隸書、楷書、草書、行書等不同的階段。漢字結(jié)構(gòu)沙卜圓內(nèi)方”，源于古人“天圓地方”的觀念。漢字有五種基本筆畫，即：橫、豎、撇、捺、折。ChineseChopsticksTheChinesewayofeatingwithchopsticksisuniqueintheworld.Therecordedhistoryofchopsticksstartedmorethanthreethousandyearsago.ChopstickswerenamedzhuinancientChinese.Theylookdeceptivelysimpletouse,butpossessmulti-variousfunctions,suchasclamping,turningover,liftingup,raking,stirring,scooping,poking,tearing,andsoon.ChopsticksweretakenasanauspiciousmascotbyordinarypeopleinancientChina.Forexample,thepartialtoneofchopsticksisoftenusedbypeopleasametaphoratweddingstoindicateablessingorbenedictionforthecoupletohaveababysoon.Unlikeusingaknifeandforkorone,sownhands,apairofchopsticksalsoimpliesthemeaningof“Harmonyiswhatmatters”.ChopsticksarehighlypraisedbyWesternersasahallmarkofancientorientalcivilization.中國人使用筷子就餐的方式在世界上獨樹一幟。有史記載用筷的歷史已有三千多年?？曜庸艜r稱為箸，它看似簡單，但卻同時具有夾、撥、挑、扒、拌、撮、戳、撕等多種功能。中國民間視筷子為吉祥之物，如婚俗中將筷子隱喻為快生貴子的祝福等。與使用刀叉以及手抓的方式不同，成雙結(jié)對的筷子含有“和為貴”的意蘊。西方人贊譽筷子是古老的東方文明。ChineseSealAsealcanalsobedefinedasastamp.BoththeChineseofficialandprivatesealofvariousdynastieshavedifferenttitles,suchasstamp,zhunote,contract,fu,leaseandothers.ThesealsusedbytheemperorsofancientChinawerecalledxi,yin,bao,zhang,etc.Accordingtohistoricalrecords,sealswerewidelyusedduringtheWarringStatesPeriod(475BC-221BC).Themakingofasealistoengravefonts,suchassealcharactersandofficialscriptandsoon;orimagesintheformofintaglioandembossmentintotheseal,basicallyshapedasroundorsquare.Coveredwithavermilionoverlay,theChinesesealisnotonlyusedindailylife,butitisalsousedtorepresentsignaturesonpaintingsandcalligraphies.ItisgraduallybecomingoneofChina,suniqueartworks.印章就是圖章。中國歷代官、私所用的印章有印信、朱記、合同、符、契等等不同的稱謂，而帝王所用的印章古時稱璽、印、寶、章等。據(jù)史料記載，印章在戰(zhàn)國時代已普遍使用。印章的制作是將篆隸等字體、圖像用陰、陽的形式雕刻而成，形狀以圓、方為主。印章用朱色鈴蓋，除日常應(yīng)用外，又多用于書畫題識，逐漸成為中國特有的藝術(shù)形式之一。ChineseEraTheChineseeraisthesymbolthattheChinesecalendarusesforrecordingandnamingyears.ThetenHeavenlyStemsare:jia,yi,bing,ding,wu,ji,geng,xin,ren,gui.ThetwelveEarthlyBranchesare:zi,chou,yin,mao,chen,si,wu,wei,shen,you,xu,hai.Afterobservingthelunarmonth,theancientsfoundthatthemoonalwayswaxesandwanesroughly12timesayear,andtwolunarmonthsaccountforabout60days,sotheorderofthetenHeavenlyStemsandtheorderofthetwelveEarthlyBranchesareproperlymatchedinturn.Intermsofrecordingdate,60yearsisconsideredtobeafulltimecycle.TheChineseerachronologywasfirstinventedinancienttimesandisstillinusenow.Accordingtothechronologyofthe“tenHeavenlyStems,”2011istheyearof“theseventhofthetenHeavenlyStems”and“thefifthofthetwelveEarthlyBranches”.天干地支是中國歷法中用以記錄和命名年歲的方法。十天干為：甲、乙、丙、丁、戊、已、庚、辛、壬、癸；十二地支為：子、丑、寅、卯、辰、巳、午、未、申、酉、戊、亥。古人觀測朔望月，發(fā)現(xiàn)月亮圓缺12次大體上是一年的天數(shù)，而兩個朔望月約是60天。古人以十天干與十二地支的順序依次相配，記錄不同年份，60年為一個輪回。干支紀(jì)年法從古沿用至今。按干支紀(jì)年法，2011年便是辛卯年。ChineseBeijingOperaPraisedas“OrientalOpera”,BeijingOperaisagenuinenationalquintessenceofChina.Itoriginatedfrommanykindsofancientlocaloperas,especiallyhuibaninsouthernChina.Attheendofthe19thCentury,BeijingOperaevolvedandtookshape,becomingthegreatestkindofoperainChina.BeijingOperaisablendofperformingarts---song,speech,performance,acrobaticsfightinganddance.BeijingOperaportraysandnarratestheplotandcharactersthroughstylizedacting.ThemaintypesofrolesinBeijingOperaaresheng(male),dan(youngfemale),jing(paintedface,male),andchou(clown,maleorfemale).京劇被譽為“東方歌劇”，是地道的中國國粹。它起源于中國多種古老的地方戲劇，特別是南方的“徽班”。到了19世紀(jì)末，京劇形成并成為中國最大的戲曲劇種。京劇是綜合性表演藝術(shù)，集唱(歌唱)、念(念白)、做(表演)、打(武)、舞(舞蹈)為一體，通過程式化的表演手段，敘述故事，刻畫人物。角色主要分生(男性)、旦(女性)、凈(男性)、丑(男性女性皆有)四大行當(dāng)。ChineseTaoismTaoismfirstoriginatedinChina.ThefounderofTaoismisLaozi,aphilosopherandthinkerwholivedinthelateSpringandAutumnPeriod(770BC-476BC).TaoTeChingwhoseauthorshiphasbeenattributedtoLaozi,isconsideredtobethemainTaoistclassic.Taoismadvocatesthevalueofahumanbeing,slife,recommendsthediscardingofalldesiresandworriesfromone,smind,andencouragesthecultivationofmoralcharacterandthenourishmentofhumannature.ThefollowingisanexampleofLaozi,sgoldensaying:Thewaythatcanbetoldofisnotanunvaryingway;thenamesthatcanbenamedarenotunvaryingnames.ItwasfromthenamelessthatHeavenandEarthsprang;thenamedisbutthemotherthatrearsthetenthousandcreatures,eachafteritskind.Truly,onlyhethatridshimselfforeverofdesirecanseethesecretessences;Hethathasneverridhimselfofdesirecanseeonlytheoutcomes.道教是中國土生土長長的宗教。創(chuàng)始人是春秋末期的哲學(xué)家、思想家老子。道教以老子所著的《道德經(jīng)》為主要經(jīng)典。道教主張“重人貴生”。崇尚清靜無為，修身養(yǎng)性?！暗揽傻溃浅５?。名可名，非常名。無名天地之始；有名萬物之母。故常無，欲以觀其妙；常有，欲以觀其徼”便是老子的至理名言。ChineseIdiomsChineseidiomsrefertocomprehensiveandintegratedfixedphrasesandexpressions.Idiomsareestablishedandacceptedbyconstantusageandcommonpractice.Anidiomisalanguageunitthatislargerthanaword,buthasthesamegrammaticalfunctionasaword.MostChineseidiomsconsistoffourcharacters.Forexample,ziqiangbuxi(makeunremittingeffortstoimproveoneself),qingchuyulan(bluerthanindigo),andhoujibofa(successcomeswithtimeandeffort).Idiomsareextractedfromfolkproverbs,ancientworksofliterature,poems,fables,allusions,andwell-knownsayings.IdiomsareapartoftheChineselanguagethatareconciseandhavegreatvitality.中國成語是漢語中意義完整的表示一般概念的固定詞組或短語?！俺烧Z”中的“成”既是約定俗成。成語是比詞大而語法功能又相當(dāng)于詞的語言單位。絕大多數(shù)的中國成語由四個漢字組成，例如：自強不息、青出于藍(lán)、厚積薄發(fā)。成語主要從民間諺語、古代文學(xué)作品、詩歌、寓言、典故、名言警句等方面提煉而成，是漢語語言中精煉而又富有生命力的一部分。ChinesesilkChinaisthehomeofsilk.Mulberryplanting,sericulture,silkreelingandthickeningareallgreatinventionsoftheancientChinese.AsearlyastheShangandZhouDynasties(1600BC-256BC),theChinesepeople,ssilk-weavingtechniqueshadreachedanextremelyhighlevel.DuringtheWesternHanDynasty(206BC-25AD),ZhangQian,anoutstandingdiplomat,travelledaroundcentralAsiaandconnectedChinawiththePersianGulfandtheMediterranean,openingupaneweraofSino-foreigntrade,exchangeandcommunication.Fromthenon,China,ssilkbecamewellknownforitsextraordinaryquality,exquisitedesignandcolor,andabundantcultureconnotations.Hitherto,ChinesesilkhasbeenacceptedasasymbolofChinesecultureandtheemissaryoforientalcivilization.中國是絲綢的故鄉(xiāng)。栽桑、養(yǎng)蠶、繅絲、織綢是中國古代人民的偉大發(fā)明。商周時期絲綢的生產(chǎn)技術(shù)就已發(fā)展到相當(dāng)高的水平。西漢時張騫通西域，把中原與波斯灣、地中海緊密聯(lián)系起來，開辟了中外交流貿(mào)易的新紀(jì)元。從此中國的絲綢以其卓越的品質(zhì)、精美的花色和豐富的文化內(nèi)涵聞名于世，成為中國文化的象征。東方文明的使者。ChineseClassicalGardenTheChineseclassicalgardenisaprecioustreasureofourancientChinesearchitecture.Itisakindofenvironmentart,whichsystematicallycombinesartificialmountainsandrivers,plantsandbuildingswiththenaturallandscape.TheconstructionstandardofaChineseclassicalgardenis“artificialasitis,thegardenmustlookingeniousandnatural.”WhenyougosightseeinginaChineseclassicalgarden,youshouldbeabletoappreciateitsartisticconceptwhich“makesuseofthenaturallandscapetocreatetherealfunofmountainsandriversforviewers.”O(jiān)ftheworld,sthreemajorgardensystems,theChineseclassicalgardenishailedasoneoftheoriginsoftheworld,sgardenduetoitslonghistoryandabundantconnotations.中國園林是把人造的山水、植物、建筑等與自然地貌有機結(jié)合的環(huán)境藝術(shù)，是我國古代建筑藝術(shù)的珍寶。其建造原則是“妙極自然，宛自天開“。游賞中國古典園林，能充分領(lǐng)略“假自然之景，創(chuàng)山水真趣”的園林意境。在世界三大園林體系中，中國園林歷史悠久、內(nèi)涵豐富，被譽為世界造園史上的淵源之一。TheFourTreasuresoftheStudyThewritingbrush,inkstick,inkstone,andpaperwererequisitetreasuresinthestudyofthescholarsofancientChina,andtheyareoftenreferredtoasthe“FourTreasuresoftheStudy.”ThewritingbrushandinkstickhavebeenusedbytheChinesetowriteandpaintsince5,000yearsago.IntheQinDynasty(221BC---206BC),peoplealreadyusedfeathersofdifferenthardnessandbambootrunkstomakebrushes.DuringtheHanDynasty(206BC-220AD),man-madeinkwasusedinsteadofnaturalink.AfterpaperwasinventedbytheChinese,bambooslips,woodentablets,brocadeandsilk,whichoriginallyfunctionedaswritingsurfaces,graduallyfadedout.Theinkstonewasfirstdevelopedwiththeuseofwritingbrushesandink.AftertheSongDynasty(960AD---1279AD),the“FourTreasuresoftheStudy”particularlyreferredtohubi,thewritingbrushproducedinHuzhou,Zhejiangprovince;huimo,theinkstickproducedinHuizhou,Anhuiprovince;xuanpaper,akindofpaperproducedinXuanzhou,Anhuiprovince;andduanyan,theinkstonemadeinZhaoqing,Guangdongprovince(ZhaoqingwasearliercalledDuanzhou).Indeed,theFourTreasuresoftheStudy”havewrittenthewholeChinesecivilization,asitis.筆墨紙硯是中國古代文人書房當(dāng)中必備的寶貝，被稱為“文房四寶”。用筆墨書寫繪畫在中國可追溯到五千年前。秦時已用不同硬度的毛和竹管制筆；漢代以人工制墨替代了天然墨；有了紙張以后，簡牘錦帛逐失其用；硯臺則隨筆墨的使用而發(fā)展。“文房四寶”到宋朝以后特指湖筆、徽墨、宣紙、端硯?？梢哉f文房四寶書寫了整個中華文明。獅舞(LionDance)是中國最廣為流傳的民間舞蹈之一。獅為百獸之首，在中國傳統(tǒng)中，獅子被視為是能帶來好運的吉祥物(mascot)。古人將獅子視作是勇敢和力量的化身，能驅(qū)趕邪惡、保護人類。據(jù)記載，獅舞已擁有了2,000多年的歷史。在唐代(theTangDynasty)，獅舞就已經(jīng)被引入了皇室。因此，舞獅成為元宵節(jié)(theLanternFestival)和其他節(jié)日的習(xí)俗，人們以此來祈禱好運、平安和幸福。TheLionDanceisoneofthemostwidespreadfolkdancesinChina.Thelionisthekingofanimals.InChinesetradition,thelionisregardedasamascot,whichcanbringgoodluck.Ancientpeopleregardedthelionasasymbolofbravenessandstrength,whichcoulddriveawayevilandprotecthumans.Thedancehasarecordedhistoryofmorethan2,000years.DuringtheTangDynasty,theLionDancewasalreadyintroducedintotheroyalfamilyofthedynasty.Therefore,performingtheliondanceattheLanternFestivalandotherfestiveoccasionsbecameacustomwherepeoplecouldprayforgoodluck,safetyandhappiness.端午節(jié)，又叫龍舟節(jié)，是為了紀(jì)念愛國詩人屈原。屈原是一位忠誠和受人敬仰的大臣(minister),他給國家?guī)砹撕推胶头睒s。但最后因為受到誹謗(vilify)而最終投河自盡。人們撐船到他自盡的地方，拋下粽子，希望魚兒吃粽子，不要吃屈原的身軀。幾千年來，端午節(jié)的特色在于吃粽子(glutinousdumplings)和賽龍舟，尤其是在一些河湖密布的南方省份。TheDuanWuFestival,alsocalledtheDragonBoatFestival,istocommemoratethepatrioticpoetQuYuan.QuYuanwasaloyalandhighlyesteemedminister,whobroughtpeaceandprosperitytothestatebutendedupdrowninghimselfinariverasaresultofbeingvilified.Peoplegottothespotbyboatandcastglutinousdumplingsintothewater,hopingthatthefishesatethedumplingsinsteadofQuYuan'sboForthousandsofyears,thefestivalhasbeenmarkedbyglutinousdumplingsanddragonboatraces,especiallyinthesouthernprovinceswheretherearemanyriversandlakes.19.泰山的每個季節(jié)都有獨特的魅力。春天，綠茵茵的山坡上，爭奇斗妍的花朵到處可見。夏天泰山的雷暴雨堪稱奇觀。秋天，楓樹葉漫山遍野，蔚藍(lán)色的河水川流不息。冬天，雪蓋群峰松披霜，景觀素雅悲壯，別有一番情趣。喜逢艷陽日，極目遠(yuǎn)眺，重巒疊嶂，盡收眼簾?！ǖ鎏礻帟r，環(huán)顧四周，蒼茫大地，盡入云海。泰山的日出與日落，聞名遐爾。壯觀的自然風(fēng)景以及不可計數(shù)的歷史名勝，激發(fā)了古代文人墨客，為之舞文弄墨，創(chuàng)作了無數(shù)經(jīng)典佳作。泰山歷來是畫家騷客所鐘情的聚集地。//Eachseasonherehasitsbeauty:brightflowersinfullbloomcoveringthegreenslopesinspring,spectacularsummerthunderstormswhicharerarelyseenelsewhere,blueriversrunningacrossthemountainsoverlaidwithredmapleleavesinfall,andsnow-cappedmountainsandfrostedpinetreesinwinterthatstageaquietsolemnspectacleofparticularinterest.Onacleardayonecanseethepeaksrisingoneafteranother.//Whentheskyisovercast,thehorizondisappearsintoareaofclouds.MountTaiismostfamousforitsspectacularsunriseandsunset.Itslandscapeandnumeroushistoricalsiteshaveinspiredmanygreatclassicsofancientwriters,scholarsandcalligraphers.MountTaihaslongbeenthepreferredgatheringplaceofartistsandpoets.//.朝氣蓬勃，充滿活力，豐富多彩的上海是現(xiàn)代中國的縮影。雖然上海的文化遺跡不能與北京媲美，但是上海迷人的城市風(fēng)貌，風(fēng)格各異的萬國建筑為這座城市注入了無限的魅力。今日之上海，已經(jīng)成為享譽中外的國際大都市。漫步在這座日新月異的現(xiàn)代大都市里，你會發(fā)現(xiàn)許多精彩的歷史亮點，隱現(xiàn)在眾多摩天大樓背后的是上海發(fā)展變化的軌跡。它們記述了上海自十九世紀(jì)末開埠以來，尤其是新中國成立以后，是如何迅猛發(fā)展的。Shanghaiisadynamic,diverseandstimulatingcity-theveryepitomeofmodernChina.ThoughShanghaicannotrivalBeijinginculturalheritage,itsvariedarchitecturalstylesandcosmopolitanfeelgiveitacharmofitsown.Today'sShanghaihasbecomeaworld-famousinternationalmetropolis.Awalkthroughthisboomingcityrevealsmanyglimpsesofitscolorfulpast.HiddenamongsttheskyscrapersareremainsoftheoriginalShanghai.TheykeeponshowinghowShanghaihasbeendevelopingfastandenormouslysinceitsopeningasacommercialportinthelate19thcentury,especiallyafterthefoundingofnewChina..上海菜系是中國最年輕的地方菜系，通常被成為“本幫菜”，有著400多年的歷史。同中國其他菜系一樣，“本幫菜”具有“色，香，味”三大要素?！ㄉ虾２说奶攸c是注重調(diào)料的使用，食物的質(zhì)地和菜的原汁原味。其中最著名的有特色點心“南翔小籠”和特色菜“松鼠鮭魚”?！ā澳舷栊』\”是豬肉餡，個小味美，皮薄汁醇。“松鼠鮭魚”色澤黃亮，形如松鼠，外皮脆而內(nèi)肉嫩，湯汁酸甜適口?！ㄔ谄穱L過“松鼠鮭魚”之后，我們常常驚訝于“松鼠”的形狀，覺得在三大評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn)上在添加“形”這個標(biāo)準(zhǔn)才更合適。//Shanghaicuisine,usuallycalledBenbangcuisine,istheyoungestamongthemajorregionalcuisinesinChina,withahistoryofmorethan400years.LikeallotherChineseregionalcuisines,Benbangcuisi