2023年新編上海市英語中級(jí)口譯筆試

1998.3上海市英語中級(jí)口譯資格證書第一階段考試SECTION1:LISTENINGTEST(40minutes)PartA:SpotDictationDirections:Isthispartofthetest,youwillhearapassageandreadthesamepassagewithblanksinit.Fillineachoftheblankswiththewordorwordsyouhaveheardonthetape.WriteyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Rememberyouwillhearthepassageonlyonce.Britainischangingmorerapidlythaneverbeforeinherlonghistory.InsomerespectsthenewBritishsocietyreflectsgeneralworldtrends.Inotherrespectsithaskeptitsown_________(1).Britishsocietyisevolving,thatistosay,developingandsuitingitselfto__________(2).Evolutionratherthanrevolutionorviolentchangeisa___________(3)oftheBritishwayoflife.ThisisshowninonewaybyhowtheBritishpeople__________(4).TheConservativeandLabourPartieshavecontrolled__________(5)forthelastfiftyyears,buttodayneitherpartycananylongerbesurefromwhichclassor__________(6)itssupportwillcome.Notlongagoyou_______(7)theworkingclassesalwaystovotefortheLabourParty.The'word“Labour”means“hardwork”—especiallyhardwork”___________(8).TheLabourPartyisthepartywhichissupposed_________(9)the“workingman”.Yourwouldalsohaveexpectedthe________(10)classestovotefortheConservativeParty.Theword“Conservative”means“keepingthings_________(11)”TheConservativePartyissupposedtobethepartywhichrepresents__________(12),businessmenandtheself-employed.InsomerespectstraditionalBritish“classdistinctions”arebecoming_________(13),andyoucanbelesssurehowpeoplewillvote.Manymembersofthemiddleclass__________(14).Manyordinaryworkingpeopleenjoyabetterstandardoflivingandare___________(15)anychangewhichmightaffectthem.Butthe___________(16)betweentheclassesremain.ManyConservativefearthatthesovereigntyofParliamentisbeingthreatenedby__________(17).ManyworkersareafraidthattheConservativebossesaretryingtokeep__________(18)down.Butclassfeelingshavenotreacheda__________(19)yet.Middle-classandworkingclassmincan___________(20)atafootballmatchandbethebestoffriends.PartB:ListeningComprehensionⅠ.StatementsDirections:Inthispartofthetest,youwillhearseveralshortstatements.Thesestatementsillbespokenonlyonce,andyouwillnotfindthemwrittenonthepaper;soyoumustlistencarefully.Whenyouhearastatement,readtheanswerchoicesanddecidewhichoneisclosestinmeaningtothestatementyouhaveheard.ThenwritetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.1.A.ThehouseshadnotbeensolduntillastJanuary.B.Thehouseshavebeenforsaleforsometime.C.Theywenttothemarkettobuttheirhouse.D.TheyhavemarkeddowntheirhousesincelastJanuary.2.A.Alicedoesn'thavemuchtalent.B.Aliceiswritingabookonbusinessadministration.C.Aliceearnsmoremoneyinwritingnovels.D.Aliceknowsmoreaboutbusinessadministration.3.A.Weknewyourphonenumber,sowecalledyou.B.Wedidn'tknowyouwereathome,sowedidn'tcallyou.C.Wedidn'twanttodisturbyou,althoughwehadyourphonenumber.D.Wedidn'thaveyourphonenumber,sowedidn'tcallyou.4.A.Thesuitcasesare$19.85eachandcomeinthreecolors.B.Thesuitcasesareavailableinred,greenandbluefor$19.85.C.Thesuitcasesareninedollarseach.D.Eachcolorhasadifferentprice.5.A.Mostoftheboardmembersdidn'tlikethedresscode.B.Fewoftheboardmembersvotedforthedresscode.C.Thedirectorwastheonlyonewhowasagainstthedresscode.D.Thedirectoraswellastheboardmembersvotedforthedresscode.6.A.Cathytoldthepoliceabouttheburglary.B.Cathytelephonedtosaythatherofficehadawindowpanebroken.C.ThepolicetoldCathythattheyhadfoundthekeytoheroffice.D.ThepolicewascalledintocheckthesecuritysystemofCathy'soffice.7.A.ThemanagerwillspendhissummerholidayintheNorth.B.Themanagerisgoingtohavealookatsomenorthernfactories.C.ThemanagerhimselfwillrunthefactoriesintheNorth.D.ThemanagerplanstoretireafterhistraveltotheNorth.8.A.Thirtyguestscame.B.Fortyguestscame.C.Twentyguestsdidn'treceivetheirinvitationcards.D.Moreguestscamethanwereexpected.9.A.Onehundredandfourteenpassengerscalledabouttheflight.B.Flight114wasannouncedoverthepublicaddresssystem.C.Flight114wascanceledbecauseoftheweather.D.Theflightwasdelayedduetotheheavyrains.10.A.Manyshopsaremovingtothesuburbs.B.Salesfigureisincreasinginthesuburbs.C.Shopsinthedowntownareasaremoreexpensive.D.Moregoodsareonsaleinthesuburbs.Ⅱ.TalksandConversationsDirections:Inthispartofthetest,youwillhearseveralshorttalksandconversations.Aftereachofthese,youwillhearafewquestions.Listencarefully,becauseyouwillhearthetalkorconversationandquestionsonlyonce.Whenyouhearaquestion,readthefouranswerchoicesthebestanswertothatquestion.ThenwritetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Questions11～1411.A.Thesizeofthecampus.B.Thecitybussystem.C.Thelengthoftimeforeachclass.D.Theuniversitybussystem.12.A.Theentirecampus.B.Partofthecampus.C.Thecampusandthe.D.Onlytheoff-campusareas.13.A.Nothing.B.Threedollars.C.AfewcentsD.Fiftycents.14.A.Red.B.GreenC.Yellow.D.Blue.Questions15～1815.A.Bigcomputers.B.Portablecomputers.C.Variouskindsofcomputers.D.Threetypesofmachines.16.A.Onlybigcomputers.B.Onlyportablecomputers.C.VariouskindsofcomputersD.Threetypesofmachines.17.A.Professionalpeopleonly.B.Largedepartmentstores.C.Smallbusinesses,largecompaniesandprofessionalpeople.D.Schoolchildrenanduniversitystudents.18.A.InternationalBusinessMachinesCorporation.B.InternalBusinessMachine.C.IronBeamMachiningCompany.D.IronBoatMachineCorporation.Questions19～2219.A.Fromatextbook.B.Fromthetelevision.C.Fromaperiodical.D.Fromalecture.20.A.HowtreesaregrowninAmerica.B.Howpaperismadefromtrees.C.ThequalityofpaperusedinAmerica.D.TheamountofpaperthatAmericansuse.21.A.15milliontons.B.50milliontons.C.85milliontons.D.850milliontons.22.A.Cutdownmoretrees.B.Uselesspaper.C.Producemorepaper.D.Readmoreabouttheproblem.Questions23～2623.A.Artificialplants.B.Plantsinplasticcontainers.C.Plantsthatresembleplastic.D.Plantsthatproduceausablesubstance.24.A.Itlastslonger.B.Itismoreartificial.C.Itiseasytomakeinalaboratory.D.Itisgoodfortheenvironment.25.A.Itbiodegradesslowly.B.Itkillsplants.C.Peopleneverthrowitaway.D.Itisnotverystrong.26.A.Engineering.B.Art.C.Botany.D.Geology.Questions27～3027.A.Becausethereweresomanycleverboysatthattime.B.Becausetheycouldprovidefreeeducationforcleverboysfrompoorfamilies.C.Becausethegovernmentplannedtogivefreeeducationtoallthepoorchildren.D.Becausethegovernmentwantedtodevelopanewschoolexaminationsystem.28.A.Theyaremorethan120yearsold.B.Theyareopentoallpupils.C.Theyareveryexpensive.D.Theybecomesmallerandsmallerinsize.29.A.Preparechildrenforthepublicschoolexamination.B.ProduceBritain'smostfamousmenandwomen.C.Trainpupilstoliveandstayatpublicschools.D.Enrollpupilswhoarenotadmittedbypublicschools.30.A.OverseasB.CitiesC.SuburbanareasD.UpperclassesPartC:ListeningandTranslationⅠ.SentenceTranslationDirections:Inthispartofthetest,youwillhear5Englishsentences.Youwillhearthesentencesonlyonce.Afteryouhaveheardeachsentence,translateitintoChineseandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.(1)________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(2)________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(3)________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(4)________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(5)________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Ⅱ.PassageTranslationDirections:Inthispartofthetest,youwillhear2passages.Youwillhearthepassagesonlyonce.Afteryouhaveheardeachpassage,translateitintoChineseandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Youmaytakenoteswhileyouarelistening.(1)_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(2)________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SECTION2:STUDYSKILLS(50minutes)Directions:Inthissection,youwillreadseveralpassage.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsbasedonitscontent.YouaretochooseONEbestanswer,A.,B.,C.,orD.,toeachquestion.AnswerallthequestionsfollowingeachpassageonthebasisofwhatisstatedorimpliedinthatpassageandwritetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Questions1～5.Thebathwasinventedbeforethebathplug.Thebathplugcouldnothavebeeninventedbeforethebath,exceptasasmallobjectwithwhichtoplayicehockey.Theorderinwhichinventionsaremadeisveryimportant,muchmoreimportantthanhaseverbeenrealised,becausewetendautomaticallytothinkthatlaterinventionsarebetterthanearlierones.Amoment'sthoughtwillshowthisisnotso.If,forexample,asolutiontotoday'surbantrafficproblemswasproposedintheshapeofasmallman-poweredtwo-wheeledvehiclewhichwouldmakethemotorcarlooklikeacumbersomeoverpowereddevice,aspacerockettryingtotacklesuburbanproblems,wewouldgreetitasagreattechnologicalbreakthrough.“Bicyclemakescarobsolete!”wewouldcry.Unfortunately,thebikecamefirst,soweshallunconsciouslyseeitasacruderversionofthecar.Otherthingswhichmayhavebeeninventedtooearlyaretheairship,theradio,therailwaytrain,thepiano-rollplayerandthecuff-link.Consideralsothezip.Zipsrepresentatechnologicaladvanceonbuttons,beingfasterandmorecomplete.Theyarealsomoreliabletocomeadrift,break,jam,malfunction,stickandcatch.Buttonscanonlygowrongifthethreadisfaulty.Eventhen,buttonscanbemendedbytheuser.Zipsrarelycan.1.Theexpression“icehockey”(sentence2)means_________.A.afreezingcompartmentB.agameplayedonanicerinkC.asweetflavouredfrozenfoodD.abuildinginwhichiceismade.2.Ifthebicycleweretobeinventednowthecarwouldappear__________.A.unsuitableforitspurposeB.inadvanceofitstimeC.unnecessarilyexpensiveD.toofastforsafety3.Theairshipandtheradioareexamplesofthinswhich__________.A.werenotfullyappreciatedatthetimeoftheirinventionB.aremoresuitableforusenowthanwhentheywereinventedC.havebeenneglectedinfavourofmorerecentinventionsD.arelesssuitedtotheirpurposethanearlierinventions4.Accordingtothewriter,buttonsarepreferabletozipsbecausethey__________.A.aremoreconvenientB.aremorereliableC.costlesstoreplaceD.aresafertouse5.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthepassage?A.ACumbersomeOver-PoweredDeviceB.AGreatTechnologicalBreakthroughC.DoZipsRepresentATechnologicalAdvance?D.DoesTechnologicalProgressWorkBackwards?Questions6～10IttookpolicemanJohnPooleyonlyanhourortwotosolvetheCaseoftheThorpenessBurglary.Itmustbesaid,however,thatthecrimewasnotdifficult.Thedescription,thoughslight,narrowedthenumberofpersonslikelytocommitsuchacrime...toone.Pooley,ofcourse,knowseveryoneinthethreevillagesinhiscare,andtheirchildren.Butafterhehadmadethearrest—somethinghehastodomorerarelythanonceamonth—hefelttroubledbecausehenotonlyknewtheman,butalsoknewthathehadfamilyproblems.Likemostvillagepolicemen,JohnPooleyisinchargeofaverylargeareabypolicestandards,whichincludesthethreevillagesofMiddleton,DunwichandWestleton,wherehelives.Withatotalpopulationof1,219,hehasmorethantwiceasmanypeopletolookafterastheaveragepolicemanhas.Moreover,heisattachedtotheHalesworthsubdivisionandisfrequentlygivendutiesoutsidehishomearea.After15yearsasapoliceman,heacceptsthesedutieswithoutquestion,buthisvillagesareclearlywherehisheartandinterestreallylie.WhenhewasfirstsenttoWestleton,helivedinthepolicehousewhichwasbothhishomeandthepolicestation;whenthesystemwaschanged,heboughtthehousewherehenowliveswithhiswife,Ann,andhistwodaughters.Hecouldhardlybebetterqualifiedforthejobofvillagepoliceman.Beforehejoinedthepolice,hewasanagriculturalworkerforfiveyearsandamalenurseinamentalhospitalforsixyears.Hesays:“Ifyouhaven'thadanotherjobbeforeyoujointhepolice,youtendtothinknothingbutpolice.”Crimeinthecountry,ofcourse,issomewhatdifferentfromcitycrime.WhowaseverattackedwhilewalkingalongthevillagestreetinMiddleton?ThethingswhichJohnPooleyhastowatchforarepeoplestealingtoolsandequipmentfromfarmvehicles,orwoodfromthesurroundingforests.Therearenaturaldangerstoo:heissoworriedaboutthefireriskinforeststhathehasturnedhisbedroomwindowintoalook-post.6.WhywasJohnPooleyabletosolvetheCaseoftheThorpenessBurglarysoeasily?A.Hehadbeengivenafulldescriptionofthecriminal.B.Hekneweverythingthathappenedinthearea.C.Therewerefewcrimecasesinhisarea.D.Therewasonlyonepossiblesuspect.7.Fromthepassageitappearsthatnowadaysavillagepoliceman,likeJohnPooley,hasto_______.A.liveinavillagepolicehouseB.putoutforestfiresC.gothroughalongperiodoftrainingD.lookaftermorepeoplethanpolicemenelsewhere8.Accordingtothepassage,welearnthathe________.A.isunpopularwiththepeopleinthevillagesB.objectswhenheisgivenworkoutsidehisownareaC.prefersworkinginthevillagesofMiddleton,DunwichandWestletonD.feelsunhappywhenhearrestsanybody.9.JohnPooleythinksheiswellqualifiedforhisjobbecause_________.A.hehadotherjobsbeforehebecameapolicemanB.hashasbeenapolicemanforfifteenyearsC.hehaslivedinWestletonallhislifeD.heisacountrymanatheart10.Crimeinthisareaisdifferentfromcrimeinabigcitybecause_________.A.itishardlyeverviolentB.peopleherehavemorefamilyproblemsC.thevictimiseasilyattackedD.itisconnectedwithnaturaldisastersQuestions11～15Anotherdroppedstitchinlife'srichtapestry:15-year-oldschoolboywhowascaughtintheStockMarketcrashaftera￡100,000sharesgamble.Peevedstockbrokerstowhomheowes￡20,000nowsayininjuredtones:“Hehasbeenverynaughty.Wethoughthewas19.”ImustsaythatsmallfryfinanceshavecomeonabitsincetheeraofBillyBunter'snonarrivingfivebobpostalorder.WhilenotinthesameleagueasBritain'syoungestyuppie,IseefromaHealthEducationAuthoritysurveythatschoolteenagersarenowspending￡10aweekormoreonrecords,clothesandbooze.Thegoodnewsisthatnearlyoneintwoofthebigspendersholds,thegirlseitherbabysittingorworkinginshopsandcafes.Icallthisaverywelcometrend.Foraverylongtime,goingrightbacktothegoldenageoftheWelfateState,therewasarealsocialstigmaattachedtotheideaofschoolkidsworkinTobesure,thereisstilloppositioninsomequarters.Butbyandlargethependulumseemstobeswingingtherightwayagain.TheotherdayIheardofagangofladswhostationthemselvesoutsideacarwasheverySaturdayoffering,muchtotherageofthemanager,todothejobhalf-price.Nowthat'senterprise.BackinthedaysoftheSaturdaypenny.Iwassomethingofanentrepreneurmyself.Ihadfivepaperrounds,afirewoodbusiness,agolf-caddyingconcessionandacontracttocarrygroceriesbacktotheconventforabunchoflocalnuns.Iwasworkingagoodtwenty-fourhoursaweekoutofschool,andasthesayinggoes,itneverdidmeanyharm.IndeedI'msureitdidmeagooddealofgood.Tenpoundsaweekdoesseemanawfullottobesquanderingonfripperies,butatleastit'sasoftenasnottheirownhardearnedcash.Moretothepoint,theylearnatatenderagethatwhileitmayormaynotbeturethatmoneycannotbuyhappiness,atleasthappiness—intheformofsatisfactionatajobwelldone,thatis—canbuymoney.Butdon'tsinkitallinfutures,kids.11.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingindicatesthestockbrokers'attitudetotheschoolboy?A.GuiltyB.Awful.C.Satisfied.D.Annoyed12.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisthemostpopularjobforboys?A.Baby-sitting.B.Workingincafes.C.Paperrounds.D.Workinginshops.13.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethatlocalauthoritiesandteachersfrownedonchildrenworkingpart-timebecause_________.A.itwassociallyunacceptableB.nearlyoneintwoofthebigspendersgotapoormarkC.teenagershadspenttoomuchmoneyonrecordsD.moneycannotbuyhappinessandprogress14.Howdidthewriterearnextramoneywhenhewasateenager?A.Sellingsandalwood.B.Workinginshops.C.Workingincafes.D.Deliveringgroceries.15.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassage?A.Childrenmaygetsatisfactionfromworkingpart-time.B.Schoolteenagersusuallyspend￡10aweekonrecords.C.Agood24hoursaweekoutofschoolistherightamountoftimeforkids.D.Schoolgirlsoftenworkinshopsandcafes.Questions16～20Inthemid-1980'snothrustingexecutivewascompletewithouthisherpersonalorganiser—aleatherbindercontainingeverythingfromaddress-bookanddiarytoacareer-planningchart.Thencametheportabletelephone,whisperedintowithostentatiousdiscretion.Nowtheelectronicorganiserhasarrived.Psion,aBritishfirmwhichcreatedthefirstsuchdigitaldiarycum-calculator,sellsabout200,000ayear.Competitorsarepilingintothemarket.WhenPsionlauncheditshand-heldcomputerin1982,itforesawtwomarkets.Onewasinthesaleroomsandwarehousesoflargecompanies.Here,stocktakersandsalesmenneededaportablewaytotalktothebigcomputersbackatheadoffice.AbouthalfofPsion'ssalesnowcomefromcompanies—aswellasmanylucrativecontractstowritesoftwarespeciallytailoredtolinkitslittlemachinesintoafirm'scomputernetwork.TheotherhalfofPsion'ssalescomefromindividualskeentoorganisethemselveselectronically.Mostusethemachineasa“personaldatabase”(i.e.,addressbookanddiary)ortocrunchnumberstootoughfortheircalculatorstohandle.Ittakesseveraltimeslongertotapanameoradateintothetinykeyboardofahand-heldcomputerthanitdoestowriteitdownonanAspreypad.Buthundredsofthousandsofpeopleseemtothinkitworthwhile—maybebecausethecomputercansearchspeedilythroughelectronicallystorednames—orbecauseitimpressestheirfriends.Whateverthereasons,othercompaniesareimpressedwiththemarketthePsionOrganiserⅡhasdiscovered.Japan'sSharprecentlylaunchedasimilarmachine,andCasiohasbeennibblingattheedgesofthemarketforsometime.OthercompaniesaresellingprogramsthatenablePsiontodotasksrangingfromcomplexfinancialcalculationstorudimentaryFrench-Englishtranslation.AfledglingBritishfirmhaslaunchedanelectronic“Agenda”withanew,fasterwayofentering“l(fā)unchwithDesdemona”.ItusestheMicrowriterkeyboard,whichwasinventedsomeyearsagobyMr.CyEndfield,afilmdirectorwhoseotherworksinclude“Zulu”.HisideasoongainedthesupportofSirMarkWeinberg,chairmanofaninsurancegroup.AlliedDunbar.Heisa30%shareholderinMicrowriterandhaswrittenitsnotablyundauntinginstructionbook.Inadditiontothestandardletterkeys,theMicrowriterhasasecondkeyboardconsistingoffiveunmarkedkeys,oneforeachfinger.Bypressingthekeysinvariouscombinations,onecanlearnquicklyto“type”almostasfastasonafullkeyboard.TheMicrowriterwasfirstpeddledasasortofhand-heldword-processor,butonlyabout7,000weresold.Nowthefirmishopingthattheboominelectronicorganiserswillreviveitsfortunes.16.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingistrueaboutapersonalorganiserpopularinthemid-1980's?A.Ithadanexpensivebinding.B.Itcontainedalltheinformationneeded.C.Itwasanimpactmadeonstatus-consciousfriends.D.Itwasindispensabletoambitiousexecutives.17.TheadvantageofthePsionproductoverearlierpersonalorganisersis.A.thatinformationcanberetrievedmorequicklyB.theabilitytoprovideaquickerinputofinformationC.improvedelectronicsD.itsprocessingofnumbers18.Comparedtotraditionalcalculators,thePsionproduct.A.ischeaperB.ismoredurableC.hasgreatercapacityD.hasalongerqualityguarantee19.Accordingtotheauthor,theresponseofothercompaniestoPsionhasbeento.A.criticizeitstechnologyB.launchmorecompetitivelypricedproductsC.capitaliseonitssuccessD.producebilingualmodels20.WecanlearnfromthepassagethatonenovelfeatureoftheMicrowriteris.A.itsinstructionbookB.thefactthatitwasinventedbyafilmdirectorC.itsdualkeyboardD.thefactthatitisaword-processorQuestions21～25Greatemotionalandintellectualresourcesaredemandedinquarrels;staminahelps,asdoesacapacityforobsession.Butnooneisbornagoodquarreller;thecraftmustbelearned.Therearetwogenerallyrecognisedapprenticeships.First,anduniversallypreferred,isalongchildhoodspentinthecompanyoffractioussiblings.Afterseveralyearsofrainyafternoons,brothersandsisterdevelopasurefeelforthetacticsofattritionandthenicetiesofstrategysonecessaryinfirst-ratequarrelling.Theonlychild,orthechildofpeacefulorrepressedhouseholds,islikelytogrowupfailingtounderstandthatquarrels,unlikearguments,arenotaboutanything,leastofallthepursuitoftruth.Theapparentsubjectofaquarrelisamerepretext;therealbusinessisthequarrelitself.Essentially,adversariesinaquarrelareouttoestablishorrescuetheirdignity.Hencetheelementaryprinciple:anythingmaybesaid.Theunschooled,probablynolessquarrelsomebyinclinationthananyoneelse,mayspendanhourwithknockingheart,siftingtheconsequencesofcallingthisoldacquaintancealyingfraud.Toolate!Withacheerfulwavetheoldacquaintancehaslefttheroom.Thosewhomisstheirfirstapprenticeshipmaycaretoenrolinthesecond,thebadmarriage.Thiscanbeperilousfortheneophyte;themutualintimacyofspousesmakesthematoncemorevulnerableandmoredangerousinattack.Oncesexisinvolved,thestakesarehigherallround.Andthereisanunspokenrulethatthosewholove,orhaveloved,oneanotheraregrantedalicenceforunlimitedbeastlinesssuchasisdeniedtomereswornenemies.Forallthat,someofourmosttenaciousblackbeltquarrellershavecometoitlateinlieandmasteredeverythrow,fromtheGrushingSilencetotheGloatingApology,inlessthantenyearsofmarriage.Aquarrelmaylastyearsamongbroodingtypeswithtimeontheirhands,likewriters,halfalifetimeisnotuncommon.Initsmostrefinedform,aquarrelmayconsistoftheparticipantsnottalkingtoeachother.Theywillneedtoschemelaboriouslytoappearinpublictogethertoregistertheirsilence.Brief,violentquarrelsarealsoknownasrows.Inallcasestheessentialingredie