動(dòng)詞不定式用法與專項(xiàng)練習(xí)

動(dòng)詞不定式:tO+dO （高二2016.2）動(dòng)詞不定式由“to+動(dòng)詞原形”組成，是動(dòng)詞的一種非謂語(yǔ)形式。動(dòng)詞不定式在句中可充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、實(shí)補(bǔ)、主補(bǔ)。.動(dòng)詞不定式在句中的語(yǔ)法功能：⑴動(dòng)詞不定式（短語(yǔ)）作主語(yǔ)Toloveistobeloved.愛別人就是被人愛。 Toteachistogive.教書就是奉獻(xiàn)。*todo和v-ing作主語(yǔ)時(shí)的區(qū)別：Smokingisabadhabit.（v-ing作主語(yǔ)表示習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作）Tostayhomeonsuchacoldnightiscomfortable.動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ)表示偶然性或一次性的動(dòng)作）*不定式作主語(yǔ)和目的狀語(yǔ)時(shí)的區(qū)別。例如：Togetupearlydoesgoodtoone,shealth.早起對(duì)身體有好處。（作主語(yǔ)）Togetupearly,onemustgotobedearly.為了早起，必須早睡。（作目的狀語(yǔ)）（2）動(dòng)詞不定式（短語(yǔ)）作賓語(yǔ)Iwillleaveittoyoutomakethefinaldecision.我將由你來(lái)做最后的決定。（it作形式賓語(yǔ)）Shedecidedtoquitherjobatlast.最后，她決定辭職。*"疑問詞+動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)"作賓語(yǔ)：Idon'tknowwhattodo.我不知道該怎么辦。Thechildrenarelearninghowtoplaythegame.孩子們?cè)趯W(xué)做游戲。例如（NMET2000）:I,veworkedwithchildrenbefore,soIknowwhatinmynewjob.A.expectedB.toexpectC.tobeexpectingD.expects （答案:B）（whattoexpect在句中作know的賓語(yǔ)，而what作不定式toexpect的邏輯賓語(yǔ)。）（四JII09）Hetolduswhetherapicnicwasstillunderdiscussion.A.tohaveB.havingC.haveD.had （答案：A）又如：ItissaidthatinAustraliathereismorelandthanthegovernmentknows.A.itwhattodowith B.whattodoitwithC.whattodowithit D.todowhatwithit答案是Cowhattodowithit作knows的賓語(yǔ)。*注意:有些動(dòng)詞后面必須跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，平時(shí)要注意區(qū)別，進(jìn)行區(qū)分。*forget,remember,try,regret,mean,stop等動(dòng)詞后既可跟不定式又可跟動(dòng)名詞，須根據(jù)其習(xí)慣用法和語(yǔ)境進(jìn)行取舍。例如（MET91）:一Thelightintheofficeisstillon.一Oh,Iforgot.A.turningitoffB.turnitoffC.toturnitoffD.havingturneditoff答案是Coforgettodo意為"忘了做（某事「forget~。噸"忘了做過（某事remember有類似的區(qū)別。類似的還有：trytodo“盡力做”,trydoing“試著做”;regrettosay/tell“很遺憾地說"，regretdoing"后悔做了”；meantodo"意欲/想要做"，meandoing"意味著做"；stoptodo"停下來(lái)做另外的事情"，stopdoing"停止正在做的事情0-可編輯修改-（3）動(dòng)詞不定式（短語(yǔ)）作表語(yǔ)ThemostimportantthingfortheUnitedStatestodonowistorescuethewounded.現(xiàn)在，對(duì)美國(guó)來(lái)說，最重要的是搶救傷員。*注意：在“形容詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)作表語(yǔ)、實(shí)補(bǔ)和定語(yǔ)時(shí)，其中形容詞多為表示性質(zhì)的詞，如：easy,hard,good,difficult,interesting等,常常是主動(dòng)式表被動(dòng)。例如:Theseapplesaregoodtoeat.這些蘋果很好吃。（作表語(yǔ)）Ifinditdifficulttounderstand.我發(fā)現(xiàn)這很難懂。（作實(shí)補(bǔ)）Heisamaneasytogetonwith.他是一^個(gè)容易相處的人。（作定語(yǔ)）Theboxislightenoughtocarry.這盒子輕得可帶走。（作表語(yǔ)）Thefutureishardtotell.未來(lái)很難預(yù)測(cè)。（作表語(yǔ)）*注意：Allyouhavetodois（to）finishthejobquickly.如果主語(yǔ)部分有個(gè)表示不定式內(nèi)容的do,用作表語(yǔ)的不定式可省略to。又如：Wehadnothingtodobut（watch）TVyesterday.（答案:watch）Wedidnothingbut（watch）TVyesterday. （答案:watch）（4）動(dòng)詞不定式（短語(yǔ)）作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。Sheaskedmetostayhere. Sheencouragedmetoworkhard.We'dloveyoutogiveusahand.我們想讓你幫個(gè)忙。注意：1）在一些動(dòng)詞后，用作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式符號(hào)to要省略掉。這類動(dòng)詞包括感官動(dòng)詞以及使役動(dòng)詞，如feel,spot,lookat,listento,observe,see,hear,watch,notice,have,make,let,get等。但如果句子為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，動(dòng)詞不定式（短語(yǔ)）為主補(bǔ)時(shí)，要帶to。IhadJohnfixmybike.我讓約翰修理我的自行車。Theysawtheboyfallsuddenlyfromthetree.——Theboywasseentofallsuddenlyfromthetree.Pauldoesn,thavetobemade.Healwaysworkshard.（答案:B）A.learnB.tolearnC.learnedD.learning辨析：Iheardhersingasonginthenextroomyesterday.（強(qiáng)調(diào)聽歌的整個(gè)過程）（=Shewasheardtosingasonginthenextroomyesterday.）IheardhersinningasongwhenIpassedby.（強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生）（=ShewasheardsingingasongwhenIpassedby.）*see,heOmoice等的賓語(yǔ)后還可跟現(xiàn)在分詞作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)仍保留分詞的形式，表示正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。例如：Themissingboyswerelastseenneartheriver. （答案：A）A.playingB.tobeplayingC.play D.toplay（5）動(dòng)詞不定式（短語(yǔ)）作定語(yǔ)：動(dòng)詞不定式（短語(yǔ)）作定語(yǔ)需后置。*動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)與分詞作定語(yǔ)的區(qū)別：過去分詞表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成，現(xiàn)在分詞表示動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生當(dāng)中，而不定式則表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。2辨析:Themeetingheldisimportant.（表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成）Themeetingbeingheldisimportant.（表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行當(dāng)中）Themeetingtobeheldisimportant.（表示動(dòng)作將要發(fā)生）注意：1）當(dāng)被修飾的是不定代詞如everything,anything,much,little等,或被修飾的名詞前被形容詞最高級(jí),序數(shù)詞,theonly等強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)修飾時(shí),非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作定語(yǔ)則用動(dòng)詞不定式。Doyouhaveanythingtosay?你有什么要說的嗎？IamafraidIcannotattendyourparty,forIhavetoomanythingstodo.Heistheonlypersontoknowthetruth.他是唯一了解真相的人。Whenthequestionwasout,hewasthefirstonetoraisehishand....他第一^個(gè)舉起手。Hewasthelasttorealizetheimportanceofthisproblem.2）如被修飾的名詞或代詞是動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯賓語(yǔ)，且動(dòng)詞不定式的動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞,則后面需跟成為搭配的介詞。Whoisthemantotalkto?要談話的人是誰(shuí)？Heisatoughteachertodealwith.他是個(gè)很難對(duì)付的老師。Ineedapentowritewith.我需要一支筆寫字例如:Tofetchwaterbeforebreakfastseemedtomearule.（上海高考題98）：A.toneverbreakB.nevertobebrokenC.nevertohavebrokenD.nevertobebreaking答案是B，在句中作定語(yǔ)；由于arule是不定式的邏輯賓語(yǔ)，所以不定式用了被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。又如：Therearefivepairs,butI,matalosswhichtobuy.（上海高考題99）A.tobechosenB.tochoosefromC.tochooseD.forchoosing答案是B，這是“不定式+介詞”作定語(yǔ)。題意是“從五雙中選一雙”,故須在choose后加上介詞from。類似的如achairtositin,apentowritewith,atopictotalkabout等。（6）動(dòng)詞不定式（短語(yǔ)）作狀語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不定式（短語(yǔ)）作狀語(yǔ)可以表示目的，結(jié)果，原因等。▲目的狀語(yǔ)Thewholefamilycameouttoseemyperformance.全家人出來(lái)看我表演。Hecalledtosaygoodbye.他打電話來(lái)道別?！Y(jié)果狀語(yǔ) _Werushedtotherailwaystationonlytofind（表示出乎意料）thetrainhadjustleft.我們匆匆趕到火車站，結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)火車剛剛離開了。Hestudiedhardonlytofail.他學(xué)習(xí)很努力，但卻沒及格。ShewenttoSouthChinafiveyearsago,nevertoreturn.她五年前去了華南，結(jié)果從未返回。*注意：doing也可以作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，但表示自然而然的結(jié)果。Hisparentswerekilledintheaccident,makinghimanorphan.Theyallleft,leavingmealone.▲原因狀語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不定式（短語(yǔ)）常跟在一些形容詞后面，說明產(chǎn)生這些情緒的原因。這類形容詞有：-可編輯修改-happy,ashamed,surprised,grieved,frightened,sorry,glad,delighted,eager,disappointed,right,excited,ready,clever,bored等。Iamsorrytointerruptyou.Thefatherwassurprisedtolearnthathissonspentmoneylikewater.得知兒子花錢如流水，父親感到很吃驚。Wewillbeveryhappytoworkonthisprojectwithyou.和您一起合作這個(gè)項(xiàng)目，我們感到很高興。（7）動(dòng)詞不定式（短語(yǔ)）作獨(dú)立成分動(dòng)詞不定式（短語(yǔ)）可以用來(lái)作句子的獨(dú)立成分。這些短語(yǔ)有：tobeginwith（首先），totellthetruth（truthtotell）（說實(shí)在的），tomakealongstoryshort（長(zhǎng)話短說）,sotospeak（可以這么說），tobebrief（簡(jiǎn)言之），tobeexact（確切地說），tobefrank（坦率地說），todosb.justice（說句公道話），toconclude（總而言之）等。Tobeginwith,I'dliketointroducemyselftoyouall.首先我想給你們作一下自我介紹。Tobefrankwithyou,Idon'tloveyouanymore.老實(shí)對(duì)你說吧，我已經(jīng)不再愛你了。Toconclude,energyisexhaustible,sowehavetopreserveitforourfuturegenerations.總而言之，能量并不是用之不竭的，因此我們必須為后代保留一些。2.動(dòng)詞不定式中原形動(dòng)詞的省略為避免重復(fù)，有時(shí)可用不定式的符號(hào)to來(lái)代表動(dòng)詞不定式。-Wouldyouliketohavesomecoffee?您要來(lái)點(diǎn)咖啡嗎？-Yes,I'dliketo.Ifyoudon'twanttobuyit,youdon'tneedto.假如你不想買的話，你就不要買。注意：可以這樣省略主要?jiǎng)釉~的動(dòng)詞不定式結(jié)構(gòu)有:hopeto,agreeto,bewillingto,wantto,refuseto,failto,manageto,wouldliketo,offerto等。---What,sthematterwithDella?---Well,herparentswouldn,tallowhertogototheparty,butshestill.（江蘇09）A.hopestoB.hopessoC.hopesnotD.hopesfor （答案：A）一般而言，在否定結(jié)構(gòu)中to必須保留。例如（NMET95）:Theboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreet,buthismothertoldhim.A.nottoB.nottodoC.notdoitD.donotto（答案：A）.動(dòng)詞不定式的否定式:not必須置于整個(gè)不定式結(jié)構(gòu)之前。Wedecidednottogothere.我們決定不去那兒了。Iwishednevertoseehimagain.我希望永不再見到她。.動(dòng)詞不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)▲動(dòng)詞不定式的一般式:todo:表示的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作是同時(shí)發(fā)生或?qū)⒃谄浜蟀l(fā)生的。Theyarelearningtosinganddance.他們?cè)趯W(xué)習(xí)歌舞。WehavetogetsomemoneytobuyaTVset.我們得賺些錢來(lái)買臺(tái)電視機(jī)?！鴦?dòng)詞不定式的進(jìn)行式:tobedoing:表示的動(dòng)作是與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生的，而且正在進(jìn)行中。該結(jié)構(gòu)也常與always,constantly,rapidly,fast,slowly等副詞連用。Theweatherseemstobeimproving.天氣似乎在好轉(zhuǎn)。Comeon,it'stimetobemakingfor（前往，走向）school.好了，是上學(xué)的時(shí)候了。Hepretendedtobereadingwhentheteachercamein.▲動(dòng)詞不定式的完成式:tohavedone:表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作之前。不定式的完成式常用在besaid,bereported,beconsidered,appear,hope,pretend,seem等以及某些情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后表示對(duì)過去事情的推斷或虛擬假設(shè)例如（NMET97）:IwouldlovetothepartylastnightbutIhadtoworkextrahourstofinishareport.A.togoB.tohavegoneC.goingD.havinggone答案是B，表示與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬愿望。Hewassaidtohavestudiedabroadforyears.據(jù)說他已經(jīng)在外國(guó)留學(xué)多年了。Iamsorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.很抱歉讓你久等了。Hepretendednottohaveseenmewhenpassingbyyesterday.他昨天從我身邊經(jīng)過時(shí)假裝沒看到我。語(yǔ)態(tài)▲不定式的被動(dòng)式:tobedone如：Heaskedtobesenttothefront.（他請(qǐng)求被派往前線。）Iwishtobeexcused.我請(qǐng)求原諒。Thisinfectiousdiseaseissaidtohavebeenwipedoutmanyyearsago.這傳染病據(jù)說好多年前就已經(jīng)滅絕了。Havingatripabroadiscertainlygoodfortheoldcouple,butitremainswhethertheywillenjoyit.A.toseeB.tobeseenC.seeingD.seen答案是B。因?yàn)椴欢ㄊ降倪壿嬛髡Z(yǔ)it（指出國(guó)旅游這件事）與不定式是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。LittleTomwouldlovetothetheatrethisevening.（NMET）92）A.tobetakenB.totakeC.beingtakenD.taking （答案A）It,simportantforthefiguresregularly.（北京2011）A.tobeupdatedB.tohavebeenupdatedC.toupdateD.tohaveupdated（答案:A）Heclaimed（聲稱）inthesupermarketwhenhewasdoingshoppingyesterday.A.beingbadlytreatedB.treatingbadlyC.tobetreatedbadlyD.tohavebeenbadlytreated根據(jù)題意，該用不定式的完成被動(dòng)式，表動(dòng)作發(fā)生在claimed之前，故答案是D。***值得注意的是，在下列場(chǎng)合通常用不定式的主動(dòng)式表被動(dòng)意義：▲主語(yǔ)+be+形容詞+動(dòng)詞不定式當(dāng)作表語(yǔ)的某些形容詞被動(dòng)詞不定式修飾時(shí)，動(dòng)詞不定式與句子主語(yǔ)之間存在著邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，動(dòng)詞不定式可以用主動(dòng)式代替被動(dòng)式。（閱P1）Thisproblemisdifficulttosolve.這個(gè)問題很難解決。-可編輯修改-▲there+be句型中中詞不定式用主動(dòng)式來(lái)表示被動(dòng)的含義。Therearealotofpeople(forme)tovisit.Thereisnotimetolose.沒有時(shí)間可以耽誤?！癶ave+賓語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞不定式(作定語(yǔ))”結(jié)構(gòu)中當(dāng)have表示“有“，而動(dòng)詞不定式與賓語(yǔ)之間存在著邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，并且句子的主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)詞不定式動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)，動(dòng)詞不定式一般用主動(dòng)式。Ihavealotofmeetingstoattendthisweek.本周我有許多會(huì)議要參加?！凇皌oo...to”,“…enoughto”結(jié)構(gòu)中，動(dòng)詞不定式總是用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。Thisproblemistooeasytodealwith.這個(gè)問題處理起來(lái)很簡(jiǎn)單。Thisproblemiseasyenoughtodealwith.這個(gè)問題處理起來(lái)很簡(jiǎn)單。鞏固練習(xí)Heissaidtotohiscountrybecauseanewpresidentcomesintopower.A.beallowedtoreturnB.allowtoreturnC.allowreturningD.beallowedreturningHespokeinsuchahighvoiceatthefurtherendoftheroom.A.astobeheardB.tobeheardC.astohearD.tohear---Whywastheofficialmeetingcalled?---newofficers.A.SelectB.SelectingC.ToselectD.TohaveselectThepurposeofnewtechnologiesistomakelifeeasier,itmoredifficult.A.notmakeB.nottomakeC.notmakingD.don'tmakeToplayfairisasimportantas.A.toplaywellB.playwellC.weplaywellD.playingwell---WhereshouldIsendmyform?---ThePersonnelOfficeistheplace.A.forsendingitB.tosendittoC.tosentD.tosentitAcomputerdoesonlywhatthinkingpeople.A.haveitdoB.haveitdoneC.havedoneitD.havingitdoneTheboywanttoridehisbicycleinthestreet,buthismothertoldhim.A.nottoB.nottodoC.notdoitD.donotto---Doyouworkinthelabeveryafternoon?---No,butsometimes,IwishI.A.hadtimetoB.hadtimetodoC.havetimetoD.havetimeI'lldowhateverIcanmyEnglish.A.improveB.toimproveC.improvingD.toimprovingCouldyoutellmethewayyou'vethoughtof?A.todoitB.doingitC.doitD.hastodoitHewasoftenlistenedinthenextroom.A.singB.sungC.tosingD.tosingingWouldyoubeshutthewindow?It'ssocold.A.enoughkindtoB.kindenoughnottoC.kindenoughtoD.sokindenoughastoDon'ttakethemedicine,itcan'thelp_ridofyourcold.A.gettingB.togetC.togettingD.getsMygrandmotherseemstohavealot—.A.worryaboutB.toworryC.tobeworriedD.toworryaboutEveryminutesismadefullofourlessons.A.touse,studyB.use,studyingC.useful,tostudyD.use,tostudy17.IwouldlovetothepartylastnightbutIhadtoworkextrahourstofinishareport.A.togoB.tohavegoneC.goingD.havinggoneYoushouldn,tallowgamesneartheclassroom,forit,stoonoisy.A.studentplayingB.playC.studentstoplayD.toplayThewaiterwasmade_totheguest.A.apologizeB.apologizingC.toapologizeD.tobeapologizingWhomwouldyourather_thework?A.tohavetodoB.tohavedoC.havetodoD.havedoIhadmeantonyou,butIwassobusy.A.callB.tocall C.callingD.becalling---Doyouoftenhavesomeoneyourclothes?---Yes,IoftenhavethemA.wash,towashB.towash,washedC.washed,washD.wash,washedSheactuallyheardaboutit,buthepretended―.A.tohearnotB.nothearingC.tonothearD.nottoAllIwantistreatedasachildbytheteachersandparents.A.notbeB.beingc.nottobeD.tobenotThelastman_thedisappointingnewswasthepatient,ssickfather.A.knewB.knowsC.toknowD.knowing---Whydidheletyourepeathisinstructiontimeandtimeover?---thatIrememberwhatwas_afterhewentout.A.Tomakesure,todo B.Makingsure,tobedoneC.Toseeto（注意，留意,關(guān)照）it,tobedoneD.Seeingto,donePiecesofbambooorwoodbooksbetween2ndand5thcenturyAD.A.usedtoformedB.usedtoformC.wereusedtoformD.usedtobeforming.Amiddle-agedwomancametothebusstoponlythebushadgone.A.torun,findingB.running,tofindC.andran,foundD.running,find29.Smithappearsalongtime.Heisimpatientformyarrival.A.towaitB.tobewaitingC.tohavewaitedD.tohavebeenwaiting30.Ourprofessorhasjustcomebackfromaboard.Heseemshistripverymuch.A.toenjoyB.tohaveenjoyedC.tobeenjoyingD.tohavebeenenjoying31.---WhyhasJacknotcomeyetnow?Anythingwrongwithhim?---Hedidn,tpassthetestbuthestill.A.hopessoB.hopesthatC.hopestoD.hopesitThehousesarefortheteachersandtheconstructionworkwillstartsoon.-可編輯修改-A.builtB.tobebuiltC.tobuildD.beingbuiltThelastpersonthesinkingshipwasthecaptain.A.leftB.leaveC.toleaveD.tobeleaving---Whywashefined?---Hehappenedtoseveralflowersinthepark.A.beseenpickB.beseenpickingC.becaughttopickD.catchpickingItisimpossibleforanyonethesephotographsbefore,becauseMr.Newmanhadthemdevelopedtoday.A.havingseenB.tohaveseenC.toseeD.seeing1-5AACBA6-10BAAAB11-15ACCBD16-20DBCCD21-25BDDCC26-30