主旨大意推斷

主旨大意專題閱讀中主旨大意題的設(shè)題方式第一步:識別文體,找主題句尋找主題句的方法第二步:推敲選項,排除干擾主題句的呈現(xiàn)形式：文首，文尾，文中，首尾呼應(yīng)，無主題句推理判斷專題一、題型特點與命題方式二、解題思路與應(yīng)試技巧三、高考解讀探析1：細(xì)節(jié)推斷題探析2：態(tài)度觀點判斷題探析3：寫作意圖題探析4：深層推理題探析5：邏輯結(jié)論題探析6：文章的題材或出處探析7：預(yù)測推斷題

小結(jié):

推理判斷類型題并非無章可循,而是有一定的規(guī)律.關(guān)鍵是按照作者陳述的觀點和描述的事實,進(jìn)行正確合乎邏輯地推論和引申.做到”有理有據(jù)”,從而得出符合原文信息或提示的答案.推理判斷一、題型特點與命題方式1)Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat______.2)Fromthetextweknowthat______.3)Thestoryimpliesthat______.4)Theparagraphfollowingthepassagewillprobablybe_.5)Thewriter’sattitudetoward...is______.6)Theauthorimplied（suggested）that．．．

7)Itmaybeconcludedfromthepassagethat．．．

8)Whichofthefollowingstatementsdoesthepassagesupport？

或提問中含有表示推測的情態(tài)動詞，如：can,could,might,would等和其他表示可能性的副詞或詞組，如probably,mostlikely等。二、解題思路與應(yīng)試技巧首先，考生在閱讀時，要抓住文章的主題和細(xì)節(jié)，分析文章結(jié)構(gòu)，根據(jù)上下文內(nèi)在聯(lián)系，挖掘文章的深層含義。其次，對于暗含在文章中的人物的行為動機、事件的因果關(guān)系及作者未言明的傾向、意圖、態(tài)度、觀點等要進(jìn)行合乎邏輯的判斷、推理、分析，進(jìn)一步增強理解能力，抓住材料實質(zhì)性的東西。再次，在解答推理性問題時，應(yīng)清楚所要解答的問題是針對某個細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行推斷，還是針對主題思想、作者的意圖進(jìn)行推斷。注意事項：1、吃透文章的字面意思，從字里行間捕捉有用的提示。2、注意作者遣詞造句的特點，弄清詞的含蓄含義。3、時刻提醒自己作者想讓我們推斷什么，要忠于原文，不可臆斷，憑空想象。4、利用文章中明確表示的內(nèi)容，進(jìn)行推理，挖掘作者在文章中的隱含意義。高考解讀Inmanycountriesthestandardoflivingenjoyedbytheirpeoplehadincreasedrapidlyinrecentyears.Sadly,noteveryoneinthesecountriesissofortunateandmanypeopleinrichcountriesarehomeless.Thereasonsforhomelessnessarevarious,butpoverty(貧窮)isundoubtedlyoneofthemaincauses.Thehomelesspeoplemayhavebecomejoblessandthenbeenunabletopaytheirrentandsonolongerhavearoofovertheirheads.Often,thefactthatunemployedpeoplegethelpfromthegovernmentpreventsthisfromhappening,butnotalways……探析1：細(xì)節(jié)推斷題Somecynics(憤世嫉俗的人)declarethathomelesspeoplechoosetolivethelifewhichtheylead.Butwhowouldwillinglychoosetoliveinashopdoorway,underabridgeorinacardboardbox?Q:Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat

.A.youwillnotfindhomelesspeopleincountrieswithahighstandardoflivingB.thementalillliveonthestreetbecausetheywantthecompanyofotherhomelesspeopleC.theunemployedwhoreceivehelpmaystillbeamongthehomelessD.thehomelessarewillingtoliveunderabridgeorinacardboardboxC探析2：態(tài)度觀點判斷題常見的問及態(tài)度的詞語有:

Apositive,negative,neutral,approval,disapproval,indifferent,sarcastic,critical,optimistic,pessimistic,objective,subjective,doubtful.典例2：Whyisn’tyounewspaperreportinganygoodnews?AllIReadaboutismurder,bribery(行賄)anddeath.Frankly,I’msickofallthebadnews.Q:Thisauthorsattitudetowardsthenewspaperreportingisto

.A.complainB.apologizeC.amuseD.informEarthquakemayrightlyrankedasoneofthemostdisastrousforcesknowntoman:sincerecordbegantobewrittendown,ithasbeenestimated(估計)thatearthquake-relateddeathshavenumberedinthemillions,andthatearthquake-relatedlosshasbeenbeyondcalculation…Thegreatmajorityofallearthquakeoccurredintwoparticularareasinhistory…Itisdoubtfulthatmanwillbeeverbeabletocontrolearthquakesandgetridoftheirdamagealtogether.Butashowandwhyearthquakeshappenbecomebetterunderstood,manwillbecomemoreandmoreabletodealwiththeirpossibledamagebeforetheyoccur.探析3：寫作意圖題

Q:Theauthor’spurposeinwritingthepassageprobablyisto____.A.informthereaderB.entertainthereaderC.supportatheoryD.questionatheoryATodayabout70countriesuseDaylightSavingTime(DST).DaylightSavingwasfirstintroducedduringWorldWarIinAustralia.Duringtheworldwars,DSTwasusedforthelatesummersbeginningJanuary1917and1942,andthefullsummersbeginningSeptember1942and1943.……ThedifferencesindaylightsavinginAustraliacontinuetocauseseriousproblemsintransportandmanyothersocialactivities.Italsoreducesthenumberofhoursintheworkingdaythatarecommontoallcentersinthecountry.Inparticular,timedifferencesalongtheeastcoastcausemajordifficulties,especiallyforthebroadcastersofnationalradioandtelevision.探析4：深層推理題Q:WhatdoweknowabouttheuseofDSTfromthelastparagraph?A.Thereexistsomeundesirableeffects.B.Ithelpslittletosaveenergy.C.Itbringsaboutlongerworkingdays.D.RadioandTVprogramsbecomedifferent.A.Thereexistsomeundesirableeffects.SeveraldifferentbisonspecieshavelivedontheNorthAmericancontinentsincetheIceAge;todayonlytwoexist.Thewoodbisonisthelargerofthetwo,andisfoundmostlyinwesternCanada.BetterknownintheUnitedStatesisthePlainsbison,orbuffalo.Atonetime,herdsoftheanimalscouldbesightedeverywherefromtheAppalachianMountainsintheEasttotheRockyMountainsintheWest.Q:Theauthorimpliesthatseveraltypesofbison

.A.liveoutsidetheUnitedStatesandCanada.B.arewelladaptedtoswampyterrainC.existedbeforetheIceAgeD.havebeenkilledorhavediedout探析5：邏輯結(jié)論題D探析6：文章的題材或出處

Ourexcellentactivitiescreatepersonalizedmemoriesofyourchild’svacation.EachchildwillreceiveacampT-shirtandaphotoalbum(usually300-500pictures)oftheirstayatcamp.OurcampareofferedduringJune,JulyandAugust2007,forsmallgroupsofgirlsaged13-16years,notonlyfromCanadabutalsootherpartsoftheworld.Q:Thepassageiswrittenmainlyfor

.A.HorseridersB.teenagegirlsC.CanadianparentsD.internationaltravelersC探析7：預(yù)測推斷題

Withthepastinmind,preparationsfor2006seasonincludedsweepingchangesonboththetechnicalandpersonalsides.ThemanagementatToyotaMotorsportGmbHwasrestructed,withJohnHowettmovingfromToyotaMotorMarketingEuropetobecomePresident,thusenablingthecompanyfounder,OveAnderson,moretimetoconcentratetheoperationoftheraceteamatthetrack.Anderson’svalueasaninspirationalleaderwasoneoftheteam’sbiggestasserts(財富)in2005.Q:Whatwillthenextparagraphtalkaboutifthepassagegoeson?Preparationsforthe2006season.B.ThevalueofOveAndersonC.HowtoimprovetheEuropeanmarket?D.ChangesontechnicalsideD小結(jié):

推理判斷類型題并非無章可循,而是有一定的規(guī)律.關(guān)鍵是按照作者陳述的觀點和描述的事實,進(jìn)行正確合乎邏輯地推論和引申.做到”有理有據(jù)”,從而得出符合原文信息或提示的答案.主旨大意閱讀中主旨大意題的設(shè)題方式直接詢問文章或段落的主旨大意，如：Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?What’sthetopicofthearticle?文章標(biāo)題歸納，如：Whatisthebesttitle/headlineforthepassage?3.文章的寫作目的，常見題干表述形式，如：Whatisthepurposeofthetext?4.文章的出處、來源以及寫作對象，如：Thepassageismostprobablytakenfrom____.Youcanmostprobablyreadthetextin______.Thepassageisprobablywrittenfor______.Whoaretheintendedreadersofthepassage?第一步:識別文體,找主題句主題句一般具有三個特點：

1．表述的意思比較概括。

2．句子結(jié)構(gòu)較簡單，多數(shù)都不采用長、難句的形式。

3．段落中其他的句子必定是用來解釋、支撐或發(fā)展主題句所表述的主題思想。尋找主題句的方法(一)

新聞報道：導(dǎo)語提攜全文夾敘夾議文:主題句常在議論中說明文:一般在首段議論文:一般為總分總模式,即主題句（作

者的觀點）常在首段或末段（作

者觀點的重申）。當(dāng)然，由于寫

作需要，主題句偶爾也可在一段

文章中間。尋找主題句的方法(二)特別關(guān)注結(jié)論性或者轉(zhuǎn)折性的語言。如：therefore,asaresult,thus,so,forexample,infact,inshort，thestudyshowsthat…,onthewhole,

moreover,furthermore,what’smore,mostimportantofall,but,however,rather,yet等等，這些詞后面所闡述的往往就是主題句

。(三)首段出現(xiàn)疑問句時,對該問題的解答就是文章主旨.(四)關(guān)注高頻詞

(常為名詞)(五)概括性選項優(yōu)先，片面選項勿選。第二步:推敲選項,排除干擾推敲選項正誤的4個竅門:⑴根據(jù)第一步尋找主題句,找出關(guān)鍵詞,與四個選項進(jìn)行匹配,選出最合適恰當(dāng)?shù)拇鸢涪普_選項一般不含絕對意義的詞，例如：all,completely,only,almost,absolutely,definitely等。⑶正確選項應(yīng)能概括全文,內(nèi)容全面,含義深刻或說明道理。⑷四個選項中,內(nèi)容相近或完全相反的兩個選項中往往有一個是正確答案。第二步:推敲選項,排除干擾干擾項的特點:⑴概括范圍太窄,常為文中具體信息或某個段落大意.⑵概括范圍太寬,所表達(dá)內(nèi)容常超出文章闡述的內(nèi)容.⑶無關(guān)信息:即文中未提到或找不到語言依據(jù)的信息,但看起來又是對的.第二步:推敲選項,排除干擾標(biāo)題的特點:

簡練,全面,范圍合理。

忌:范圍太大,過于籠統(tǒng)；范圍太小(常用文中細(xì)節(jié)或某段段落大意來混淆)。主題句的呈現(xiàn)形式Sample1 Peoplehavedifferenttastesinfood.Somefeelthattheyhaven'teatenamealunlesstheyhavehadsteakorotherredmeat.Somepreferchickenorfishandeatoneortheotherateverymeal.Othersprefervegetablesandfruitsorgrainsandwouldenjoyamealofspaghetti,eggplant,andfreshfruit.Otherscouldliveonwhatwerecalledfast--foods:ahamburgerorhotdog,Frenchfriesandasoftdrink.（1）文首開門見山,提出主題,隨之用細(xì)節(jié)來解釋,支撐或發(fā)展主題句所表達(dá)的主題思想.最常見的演繹法寫作方式.在議論文，科技文和新聞報道中多采用這種格式。

Sample2Somestudentspreferastrictteacherwhotellsthemexactlywhattodo.Othersprefertobelefttoworkontheirown.Stillotherslikeademocraticdiscussiontypeofclass.Nooneteachingmethodcanbedevisedtosatisfyallstudentsatthesametime.（2）文尾。在表述細(xì)節(jié)后,歸納要點,印象,結(jié)論建議或結(jié)果,以概括主題.這是英語中最常見的歸納法寫作方式.Sample3Nothingisasusefulasaflashlightonadarknightifatiregoesflat.Fewinventionsaresohelpfultoachildwhoisafraidofthedark.Infact,themodernflashlightbringslighttomanydarksituations.Findingsomethinginthebackofaclosetiseasywithaflashlightinhand.Acamperalsoneedsoneafterthelightofthecampfirehasbeenout.（3）文中

當(dāng)主題句被安排在中間時,通常前面只提出問題，文中的主題由隨之陳述的細(xì)節(jié)或合乎邏輯的引申在文中導(dǎo)出,而后又作進(jìn)一步的解釋,支撐或發(fā)展.Sample4(首段)Shu

Pulonghashelpedatleast1000peoplebittenbysnakes,“Itwasseeingpeoplewithsnakesbitesthatledmetothecareer.“shesaid…(尾段)“ThesadstorytouchedmesomuchthatIdecidedtodevotemyselftohelpingpeoplebittenbysnakes.”Shusaid.（4）首尾呼應(yīng).為突出主題,作者先提出主題,結(jié)尾時再次點出主題,這種首尾呼應(yīng)的寫作方式較為多見.但前后表述主題的句子不是簡單的重復(fù),后面的表述往往有進(jìn)一步的引申或發(fā)展的意味。Sample5（無主題句） JoshuaBinghamstudied4yearsattheUniversityofParisanddecidedtoleavehisgraduation.HetransferredtotheUniversityofBerlinandgraduatedwithhonors.HarvardLawSchooland,later,BostonCollegeprovidedhimwithanexcellentlegalbackground.HeispresentlyacorporationlawyerinMiami,Florida.

Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

A.HowJoshuaBinghambecamealawyer. B.Binghamisadiligentstudent.

C.JoshuaBinghamreceivedanexcellenteducation. D.Agoodlawyerneedsgoodeducation.Sample6 Doyouwanttolivewithastrongsenseofpeacefulness,happiness,goodness,andself-respect?Thecollectionofhappinessactionsbroadlycategorizedas"honor"helpyoucreatethislifeofgoodfeelings. Here‘sanexampletoshowhowhonorableactionscreatehappiness.……

50.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleofthispassage?HowtoLiveTruthfullyImportanceofPeacefulnessC.WaysofGainingSelf-respectD.HappinessthroughHonorableActions Aneweight-kilometerroadisunderconstructionthatlinkstheportareawithmotorwaysystem.Itisexpectedtocarry20,000trucksandcarsaday,whichgreatlyreducestheovercrowdedtrafficinthecenterofthecity.Aspartoftheproject,twofour-kilometerroadtunnelsarebeingbuiltbelowthecentralareaofthecity,onefortraffictothenorthandtheotherforthetraffictothesouth.Thetwotunnelsareabout20metersbelowthesurfaceandare12meterswide,providingfortwolanesoftrafficineachdirection. Intheupperpartofthetunneltwoair-conditioningpipesremovethewastegasoftrucksandcarsandkeepthequalityofairinsidethetunnel.Thelightingisatthetopofthetunnel,practicallyatitshighestpoint.Therewillalsobeelectricsignsatfrequentintervals.Theyshowtrafficconditionsaheadandcanbeseenclearlybydrivers.Thewallismadeupoffourmainelements,whichincludeawaterproofingcoveringand,ontheinsideofthetunnel,aconcretelining. Eachtunnelisroughlyroundandthelowerpartofthetunnelissomewhatflat.Thesurfaceoftheroadliesonthebase,whichismadeofconcreteandsteel.Thedrainagesystem,justbelowtheroadsurfaceononeside,removesanyextraliquid,particularlywater.Intheeventoffire,thefiremain,whichismadeofsteel,pipeswatertomanyfirehydrantstationsatregularintervalsalongthelengthofthetunnel.Thefiremainisatthesideofthetunnelandattheleveloftheroadsurface.Othersystemsinthetunnelwillincludeemergencyphones.75.Thepassageismainlyabout_____.

A.theconstructionofaroadB.thedesignofaroadC.theconstructionoftwotunnelsD.thedesignoftwotunnels

Aneweight-kilometerroadisunderconstructionthatlinkstheportareawithmotorwaysystem.Itisexpectedtocarry20,000trucksandcarsaday,whichgreatlyreducestheovercrowdedtrafficinthecenterofthecity.Aspartoftheproject,twofour-kilometerroadtunnelsarebeingbuiltbelowthecentralareaofthecity,onefortraffict