國(guó)立清華大學(xué)腦與心智第五講(焦傳金教授)

學(xué)習(xí)&記憶2012/10/162012/10/16Atkinson

and

Shiffrin

modal

model

of

memory2012/10/16記憶包含四個(gè)步驟：登錄、儲(chǔ)存、提取和遺忘2012/10/16Baddeley

and

Hitch

model

of

working

memory同時(shí)下45盤(pán)棋的西洋棋選手2012/10/16The

magic

number

of

7

(George

Miller,

1950s)bit

vs.

chunkShort-term

memory

capacity2012/10/16EXJPHQUMS

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RetaliateRefinance2012/10/16A

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RetaliateRefinance2012/10/16Digit

span

for

amnesic

patients

and

control

subjects2012/10/16短期記憶：Repeat

to

remember長(zhǎng)期記憶：Remember

to

repeatNeural

basis

of

human

memory2012/10/16This

portrait

of

Henry

Gustav

Molaison,

or

H.M.,

wastaken

shortly

before

he

underwent

the

experimental

surgerythat

would

destroy

his

ability

to

form

long-term

memories.2012/10/162012/10/162012/10/162012/10/16/NOVA

–

how

memory

works?HM

performed

poorly

on

memory

for

short

stories,

word

lists,

pictures,and

a

wide

range

of

other

materials

(Scoville

and

Milner,

1957).Four

aspects

of

HM’s

mental

capacity

that

influence

the

modernresearch

on

memory

systems1.

Cognitive

abilities

(perception,

abstract

thinking,

reasoning,intelligence

IQ)

other

than

memory

were

intact.2.

The

ability

to

maintain

information

online

(working

memory)

wasintact.3.

The

childhood

memories

were

intact.4.

The

ability

to

acquire

new

motor

skill

learning

(tracing

the

outline

of

a

star

when

viewing

the

paper

only

through

a

mirror)

was

intact.2012/10/16Amnesia

was

characterized

by

an

impairment

indeclarative

memory

and

that

procedural

memorywas

left

intact

(Cohen

and

Squire,

1980).2012/10/162012/10/16The

hypothesized

structure

of

human

memory2012/10/16沒(méi)有記憶的人

(BBC

brain

story)2012/10/16According

to

Tulving,

animals

like

his

cat

have

no

episodic

memory,

although

they

have

knowledge

of

many

thingsEpisodic

memory

depends

primarily

on

the

hippocampal

componentof

the

larger

system,

whereas

semantic

memory

depends

primarilyon

the

underlying

cortices.2012/10/162012/10/16語(yǔ)意癡呆癥

(BBC

brain

story)Neural

basis

of

human

memory2012/10/162012/10/16短期記憶：Repeat

to

remember長(zhǎng)期記憶：Remember

to

repeat2012/10/16重復(fù)加強(qiáng)記憶Massive

learning

vs.

Spaced

learning假如你只有一個(gè)星期可以準(zhǔn)備期末考，只有讀這個(gè)單元十次的時(shí)間，那你一定要把時(shí)間間隔開(kāi)來(lái)。在一個(gè)星期中十個(gè)不同的時(shí)間重復(fù)看這個(gè)單元，而不是一次把這個(gè)單元看十遍。2012/10/16人類(lèi)的記憶不像是「錄音機(jī)」，而像是「食物調(diào)理機(jī)」2012/10/162012/10/162012/10/16登錄的形式2012/10/16AirplaneJumpLaughTallTractorGreenAppleZeroWeatherPastelQuicklyOceanNicelyCountertop2012/10/16解碼1.

在學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)，訊息登錄得越仔細(xì)，記憶就越強(qiáng)。2.

記憶痕跡儲(chǔ)存在大腦最初接觸到和處理這個(gè)訊息的同一個(gè)地方。3.

假如能重復(fù)原始登錄時(shí)的情境，提取的效果會(huì)最好。StriatumspecificHippocampusspecificMemory

of

habits,

actions,

and

outcomes2012/10/16?

The

BLA

is

important

foracquiring

an

aversion

to

the

tone.?

The

central

nucleus

isimportant

for

producing

fearfulresponses

in

general.A

range

of

fear-related

behaviors,including

automatic

and

motorresponses

(e.g.,

changes

in

heartrate,

blood

pressure,

sweating,hormone

release,

and

alternationsin

startle

response).2012/10/162012/10/162012/10/162012/10/16AplysiaSiphon-gill

withdraw

reflexTail-siphon

withdraw

reflex2012/10/162012/10/16Cells

that

fire

together,

wire

togetherWhen

an

axon

of

cell

A

is

near

enough

to

excite

a

cell

Band

repeatedly

or

persistently

takes

part

in

firing

it,some

growth

process

or

metabolic

change

takes

placein

one

or

both

cells

such

that

A’s

efficiency,

as

one

ofthe

cells

firing

B,

is

increased.

(Hebb,

1949)Donald

Hebb2012/10/162012/10/16記憶拼圖Memento2012/10/162012/10/162012/10/162012/10/162012/10/162012/10/162012/10/162012/10/162012/10/162012/10/162012/10/162012/10/162012/10/162012/10/162012/10/162012/10/16好書(shū)分享2012/10/16透視記憶

Memory--From

mind

to

Molecules作者：史奎爾&肯戴爾譯者：洪蘭出版：2001/9/15出版社：遠(yuǎn)流出版本書(shū)為美國(guó)精神病學(xué)、神經(jīng)科學(xué)、心理學(xué)教授史奎爾（Larry

R.

Squire）及二○○○年因研究海蝸牛機(jī)制而獲諾貝爾生醫(yī)獎(jiǎng)得主肯戴爾（Eric

R.Kandel）第一本有關(guān)記憶研究的革命性發(fā)現(xiàn)與看法，除了了解記憶是如何作用，并從分子生物學(xué)的領(lǐng)域中探究大腦的記憶系統(tǒng)與認(rèn)知記憶儲(chǔ)存機(jī)制，從而尋求研發(fā)治療因年齡而造成記憶衰退的藥物，以及減緩阿茲海默癥病情惡化的治療法，對(duì)于未來(lái)神經(jīng)學(xué)和精神病學(xué)在醫(yī)學(xué)上的研究和臨床治療，將有莫大