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Gametheoryisthescienceofstrategy.Itattemptstodeterminemathematicallyandlogicallytheactionsthat“players’’shouldtaketosecurethebestoutcomesforthemselvesinawidearrayof“games”.Thegamesitstudiesrangefromchesstochildrearingandfromtennistotakeovers.Butthegamesallsharethecommonfeatureofinterdependence.Thatis,theoutcomeforeachparticipantdependsuponthechoices(strategies)ofa11.InSO—calledzero—sumgamestheinterestsoftheplayersconflicttotally,SOthatoneperson’Sgainalwaysisanother’Sloss.Moretypicalaregameswiththepotentialforeithermutualgain(positivesum)ormutualharm(negativesum),aswellassomeconflict.搏弈是有關(guān)策略的科學(xué)。它試圖以數(shù)學(xué)和邏輯的方法來(lái)幫助搏弈者作出決策,在一系列紛繁復(fù)雜的搏弈中應(yīng)采取何種策略來(lái)保證自己獲得最大利益。搏弈論研究的搏弈的范圍包括了從下棋到撫育兒童,從網(wǎng)球競(jìng)技到公司轉(zhuǎn)手。但是所有的博弈都具有一個(gè)共同的特征:相互作用。也就是說(shuō),每一個(gè)博弈者的博弈結(jié)果取決于所有博弈參與者的策略選擇。在零和搏弈中,搏弈者的利益之間是完全沖突的,因此一方的得利必然導(dǎo)致另一方的損失。更多具有代表性的例子還有會(huì)導(dǎo)致共同得利(正和)搏弈和共同損失(負(fù)和)搏弈,同樣的情況還會(huì)發(fā)生在另外一些沖突中。)Theessenceofagameistheinterdependenceofplayerstrategies.Therearetwodistincttypesofstrategicinterdependence:sequentialandsimultaneous.Intheformertheplayersmoveinsequence,eachawareoftheothers’previousactions.Inthelattertheplayersactatthesametime,eachignorantoftheothers’actions.搏弈的實(shí)質(zhì)是搏弈者采取策略之間的相互依賴性。這種策略性的相互依賴表現(xiàn)為兩個(gè)不同的類別:連續(xù)策略之間的相互作用以及聯(lián)立策略之間的相互作用。就前者而言,搏弈者依次采取行動(dòng),每個(gè)人都會(huì)注意其他搏弈者先前的行為。就后者而言,搏弈者同時(shí)采取行動(dòng),每個(gè)人都會(huì)忽略其他搏弈者當(dāng)前的行為。8Thislogicalcircleissquared(thecircularreasoningisbroughttoaconclusion)usingaconceptofequilibriumdevelopedbythePrincetonmathematicianJohnNash.Welookforasetofchoices,oneforeachplayer,suchthateachperson’Sstrategyisbestforhimwhenallothersareplayingtheirstipulatedbeststrategies.Inotherwords,eachpickshisbestresponsetowhattheothersdo.運(yùn)用普林斯頓數(shù)學(xué)家約翰?納什提出的均衡概念,可以推導(dǎo)出這種邏輯思維的結(jié)論。我們尋求一系列的策略組合,每個(gè)博弈者都會(huì)有自己的選擇,當(dāng)所有的對(duì)手們?cè)趯?shí)施他們決定的最佳策略時(shí),我們所做的選擇應(yīng)該對(duì)自己是最有利的。換句話說(shuō),每個(gè)博弈者都會(huì)對(duì)其他人的策略作出最優(yōu)化的應(yīng)對(duì)。Whenwesaythatanoutcomeisanequilibrium,thereisnopresumptionthateachperson’Sprivatelybestchoicewillleadtoacollectivelyoptimalresult.Indeed,herearenotoriousexamples,suchastheprisoners’dilemma(seebelow),wheretheplayersaredrawnintoabadoutcomebyeachfollowinghisbestprivateinterests當(dāng)我們把博弈的結(jié)果表述為一種均衡的時(shí)候,并不是基于以下的假設(shè):即博弈的每個(gè)參與者的個(gè)人最佳策略將會(huì)帶來(lái)共同的最優(yōu)化結(jié)果。確實(shí)也存在著一些糟糕的例子,比如囚徒困境(見(jiàn)下文),由于囚徒們都追求個(gè)人私利的最大化而導(dǎo)致了全體參與者的困境。Nash’Snotionofequilibriumremainsanincompletesolutiontotheproblemofcircularreasoninginsimultaneous—movegames.Somegameshavemanysuchequilibriawhileothershavenone.Andthedynamicprocessthatcanleadtoanequilibriumisleftunspecified.Butinspiteoftheseflaws,theconcepthasprovedextremelyusefulinanalyzingmanystrategicinteractions.納什的關(guān)于均衡的定義還不能完全解決聯(lián)立策略博弈中邏輯推理思考的問(wèn)題,有些博弈包含多種此類的均衡,而有些博弈卻并不包含這樣的均衡。納什均衡也還沒(méi)有清楚地說(shuō)明關(guān)于導(dǎo)致均衡的動(dòng)態(tài)過(guò)程。盡管有這樣的一些缺陷,納什均衡的定義已被證明在分析策略性互動(dòng)時(shí)具有重要作用。unit22.)Nanotechnology,broadlydefinedastheengineeringofdevicesonthescaleoftenstoacouple—hundrednanometers(nm),holdspromiseforcancerdetectionandtherapyfortwomainreasons:sizeandfunction.Nanoscaledevices,oftenreferredtoasnanoparticles,aresmallenoughtotravelthroughthebloodstreamandgainaccesstotumors.Thedevicescanbedesignedtospecificallytargetandentertumorcells.Onceinside,theycandeliveranynumberofpayloads,fromagentsthatimprovecancerdetectiontotreatmentssuchasdrugsorgenes.“Ifyouwanttopackmultiplefunctionsintosomethingthatcalltravelinthebloodstream,youhavetohavenanoparticles,"saysMauroFerrari,acancernanotechnologistatOhioStateUniversityin...thefuture,inmymind,willhavenanocomponents納米技術(shù),廣義上指在0.1?100納米(即十億分之一米)尺度上對(duì)裝置結(jié)構(gòu)的工程設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)。這個(gè)技術(shù)對(duì)于癌癥的發(fā)現(xiàn)和治療具有廣闊前景,原因有二:大小及功能。納米大小的裝置,也就是我們通常所指的納米顆粒,能小到穿過(guò)血流直達(dá)腫瘤。這種納米裝置可以設(shè)計(jì)用來(lái)靶向并進(jìn)入腫瘤細(xì)胞。一旦進(jìn)入,它們就可以攜帶提高癌癥檢測(cè)的制劑及癌癥治療的藥物或基因等許多有效載荷?!叭绻阆雽⒃S多功能打包成能穿過(guò)血流的某樣?xùn)|西,你只能選擇納米顆粒?!泵_?法拉里說(shuō),他是一位哥倫布市俄亥俄洲立大學(xué)的一名癌癥納米技術(shù)專家,同時(shí)也是國(guó)家癌癥研究所的顧問(wèn)。“在我腦海里,任何在將來(lái)能對(duì)癌癥產(chǎn)生影響的都會(huì)含有納米成分?!盙ETTINGAGOODLOOKAmaximofcarlcermedicineisthattheearlieryoucandetectanddiagnosethedisease,thebetterthechancesofafavorable,lastingoutcome.OneoftheresearchersapplyingnanotechprinciplestothisideaisJinwooCheon,achemistatYonseiUniversityinSeoul,SouthKorea.He’Sbeendevelopin2nanoparticlesoutofironoxidewiththegoalofmakingmagneticresonanceimaging(MRI)capableofpickingoutsmallertumorsthanitcurrentlyCan.仔細(xì)查看在癌癥醫(yī)藥領(lǐng)域有這么一條原則:你發(fā)現(xiàn)診治得越早,就更有機(jī)會(huì)獲得良好而持久的效果。其中一位將納米技術(shù)體現(xiàn)于這一原則的研究人員就是在韓國(guó)首爾YonseiUniversity工作的化學(xué)家jinwoocheon。他一直在氧化鐵中提取納米顆粒,目的是使磁共振成像能識(shí)別出比現(xiàn)在發(fā)現(xiàn)的腫瘤更小的腫瘤。4).InMRI,amagnetaltersthespinofhydrogenprot帥s,whichmenelllitradiosignalsastheyreverttotheiroriginalspins.Theprotonsindifferenttissuesofthebodyrevertatdifferentrates,andacomputercanassemblethosedifferencesintoimagesoforgans.Nanoparticleswithmagneticproperties,suchasironoxidenanocrystals,ushertheprotonstotheiroriginalspinsmuchfasterthanunmagneticparticlesdo-Thisquickreturnhastheeffectofaddingcontrasttotheimage.saysCheon在磁共振成像中,磁鐵改變了氫質(zhì)子的自旋,在氫質(zhì)子回復(fù)到初始的自旋狀態(tài)的過(guò)程中,它們發(fā)射出無(wú)線電信號(hào)。身體不同部位組織質(zhì)子回復(fù)的速度不同,計(jì)算機(jī)就能將這些不同收集起來(lái)繪制成器官圖像。諸如氧化鐵晶體等具有磁性的納米顆粒比無(wú)磁性的顆粒能更快地引導(dǎo)氫質(zhì)子回到初始的自旋狀態(tài)。Cheon說(shuō),這種快速回復(fù)就能對(duì)影像產(chǎn)生像增添了對(duì)比度一樣的效果。6.Quantumdotsareanothertypeofnanoparticlepoisedtoprovidevividpicturesofcancer.Thesenanoscalesemiconductorparticleshavesuchatinyvolumethatthey’regovernedbyquantummechanicaleffects.Theenergiesofthedots’electronsbecome“quantized”,explainsShumingNie,abiomedicalengineerandachemistatEmoryUniversityandGeorgicInstituteofTechnology,bothinAtlanta量子點(diǎn)是另一種類型的納米顆粒,它們也可提供生動(dòng)清晰的癌癥圖像。這些納米大小的半導(dǎo)體顆粒體積如此之小以至于它們受到量子機(jī)械效應(yīng)的控制。這些點(diǎn)的電子能量變得量子化。這是在亞特蘭大的EmoryUniversity和喬治亞理工大學(xué)工作的生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程師兼化學(xué)家聶淑明(音譯)做出的解釋。11).Baker’steamalsoaddedthechemotherapydrugmethotrexatetothefolioacid—loadeddendrimers.Theresearcherstheninjectedthetargeteddrug—dendrimercomplexesintravenouslyintomiceriddledwithhumanepithelial—cellcancer.AsreportedintheJune15CancerResearch,thescientistsfoundthatthecomplexes,whichalelessthan20amindiameter,homedinonthecancercells.Thisimprovedthedrug’Sefficacy:Thetumorsinthemicereceivingthetargetedtherapygrewmuchmoreslowlythandidthoseinmicegivenonlymethotrexateoranuntargeteddrug—dendrimercombo.Thehomingeffectalsoappearedtoreducethedrug’Ssideeffects,suchasappetiteloss.Bakersaysthathisgroupishopingtobegintrialsofthecomplexesinpeopleduringthespring2006貝克爾的團(tuán)隊(duì)還把化療藥物氨甲葉酸添加進(jìn)載有葉酸的樹(shù)枝狀聚合物中。研究人員接著將靶向藥物樹(shù)枝狀聚合物通過(guò)靜脈注射到移植了人類上皮細(xì)胞的小鼠身上。正如6月15日的《癌癥研究》所描述的那樣,科學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)這些直徑不足20納米的聚合物自動(dòng)跟蹤直搗癌細(xì)胞。這提高了藥物的療效。接受了靶向治療的小鼠腫瘤比沒(méi)有接受載有藥物聚合體或只用了氨甲葉酸的小鼠腫瘤生長(zhǎng)得慢得多。這種自我引導(dǎo)的功效也似乎降低了藥物的副作用,比如食欲不振。貝克爾說(shuō),他的小組希望2006年春天能將這種聚合體在患者身上試驗(yàn)。Ifcancernanotechnologydoesliveuptoitspromise,thegreatestimpactthefieldmayhaveisinhowsocietyviewscancen‘‘Whatwe’dliketodoistoturncancerintoa[controllable]diseaselikediabetes,”saysBaker.AddsFerrari,“Ireallythinkwehavetheabilitytoturnanycancerintosomethingthatwecanlivewithforalongtimewithoutasignificantlosstoqualityoflife.Turningcancerintoachronic,manageablediseaseisarealisticexpectationinthenextdecade.如果癌癥納米技術(shù)的確能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)預(yù)期的效果,那么對(duì)這個(gè)領(lǐng)域的影響將是極其巨大的:社會(huì)將如何看待癌癥?貝克爾說(shuō):“我們要做的就是將癌癥轉(zhuǎn)化為像糖尿病一樣的[可控]的疾病?!狈ɡ镅a(bǔ)充道:“我真的認(rèn)為我們有能力使癌癥與我們長(zhǎng)期和平共處,而我們又不喪失太多的生活質(zhì)量。在未來(lái)十年,將癌癥轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橐环N長(zhǎng)期的、可控的疾病指日可待?!眜nit3引言Geneticengineeringisthealterationofanorganism'sgenetic,orhereditary,materiaItoeliminateundesirablecharacteristicsortoproducedesirablenewones.Geneticengineeringisusedtoincreaseplantandanimalfoodproduction,todiag’nosedisease,toimprovemedicaltreatment,toproducevaccinesandotherusefuIdrugs,andtohelpdisposeofindustrialwastes.Includedingeneticengineeringtechniquesaretheselectivebreedingofplantsandanimals,hybridization(repro。ductionbetweendiflerentstrainsorspecies),andrecombinantdeoxyribonucleicacid(DNA).TheuseofhumanEmbryonicStem(ES)cellsisacontroversialissue;whileinSDOrtscomoetition.oenedoninastorieshavemadeheadlines.基因工程是生物的遺傳物質(zhì),改變或遺傳性,消除不良特征或產(chǎn)生新的優(yōu)良?;蚬こ淌怯脕?lái)增加植物和動(dòng)物食品的生產(chǎn),以diag'nose疾病,提高醫(yī)療技術(shù),生產(chǎn)疫苗和其他usefuidrugs,并幫助處置工業(yè)廢物中。遺傳工程技術(shù)是植物和動(dòng)物的選擇性育種,雜交(探測(cè)不同的菌株或物種之間的reproduction),和重組脫氧核糖核酸(DNA)。使用人類胚胎干細(xì)胞(ES)是一個(gè)有爭(zhēng)議的問(wèn)題;而在sdortscomoetition.oenedonina故事頭條。4Themostsoberingthingabout[hES]cellsistheirpower,saysneuroscientistCliveSvendsenoftheUniversityofWisconsin,Madison,whoworkswithbothfetalandembryonicstemceils.TheextremeflexibilityandcapacityforgrowthcharacteristicofEScellsmakesthemidealforproducinglargequantitiesoftherapeuticcellstotreat,say,diabetesorspinalcordinjuries.Butthesesametraitsalsoincreasetheriskthatrenegadecellscould,astheyhaveinanimalstudies,cause-unwantedsideeffects,endingupinthewrongplaceorevensparkingcancerousgrowth.“[hES]細(xì)胞最嚴(yán)肅的事情是他們的權(quán)力,神經(jīng)學(xué)家克萊夫Svendsen的威斯康星大學(xué),麥迪遜,誰(shuí)的作品與胎兒和胚胎干細(xì)胞。胚胎干細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)特性的極端的靈活性和能力,使他們的理想產(chǎn)生大量治療的細(xì)胞治療,說(shuō),糖尿病、脊髓損傷。但這些相同的特性也增加了背叛的細(xì)胞可能的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),因?yàn)樗麄円呀?jīng)在動(dòng)物研究中,引起不必要的副作用,結(jié)束了在錯(cuò)誤的地方,甚至引發(fā)癌癥的生長(zhǎng)。150neofthedefiningcharacteristicsofEScellsisthattheyformdisorganlzedtumors.cailedteratomas,wheninjectedinundifferentiatedformundertheskinOfimmmle.compromisedmice.“TheEScellisbasicallyatumor-formingcell,”8ay8neuroscientistAndersBjorklundofLundUniversityinSweden.“Thisaspecthastobedealtwithseriouslybeforethecellsareappliedintheclinic.”Evenabenigntumorinthecentralnervoussystemwouldbeserious.一對(duì)胚胎干細(xì)胞的定義特征是形成disorganlzedtumors.cailed畸胎瘤,當(dāng)注射未分化的形式promised小鼠皮膚下。"ES細(xì)胞基本上是一個(gè)腫瘤形成的細(xì)胞,”8ay8瑞典隆德大學(xué)的神經(jīng)學(xué)家安德斯比約克倫?!斑@方面認(rèn)真處理細(xì)胞前應(yīng)用診所?!霸谥袠猩窠?jīng)系統(tǒng)甚至良性腫瘤會(huì)很嚴(yán)重。21Morerecently,researchersidentifiedanotherpotentialdownsidetousingmousefeedercellsInFebruaryFredGageandhiscolleaguattheSalkforBiologicalStudiesinLaJolla,California,reportedthathEScellsgrownwlthmousefeedersexpressedaforeignsugarmoleculeontheircellsurface-Becausehumanscarryantibodiestothemolecule,theresearcherssuggestedthatitmighttagthecellsfordestructionbythehumanimmunesystem.IfSO,thenanytherapycreatedwltnexistingcelllineswasunlikelytosucceed.ButKeirstead,Okarma,andothersnowsavthatthoseconcerns,widelyreported,mayhavebeenoverstated?GagealldhiscolleaguesnotedthatthesugargraduallydisappearsoncecellsareremoVedrromthefeederlayers.OkarmaaddsthatcellsinGeron’sfeeder—freecultureshaveno819noftheforeignmolecule.最近,研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)了另一個(gè)潛在的缺點(diǎn)在二月弗萊德Gage和他在拉霍亞,加利福尼亞薩克生物研究的有關(guān)使用鼠標(biāo)的飼養(yǎng)細(xì)胞,胚胎干細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)和報(bào)道,鼠標(biāo)器在其細(xì)胞表面表達(dá)的?外國(guó)糖分子因?yàn)槿祟悢y帶的抗體分子,研究人員認(rèn)為,這可能標(biāo)記的細(xì)胞被破壞人的免疫系統(tǒng)。如果是這樣的話,那么任何治療創(chuàng)造了wltn存在的細(xì)胞系是不可能成功的。但Keirstead,Okarma,現(xiàn)在和別人SAV,這些擔(dān)憂,廣泛報(bào)道,可能被高估?計(jì)及他的同事們指出,糖逐漸消失,細(xì)胞一旦被刪除的突出飼養(yǎng)層細(xì)胞。Okarma說(shuō)Geron的無(wú)飼養(yǎng)層培養(yǎng)沒(méi)有819n的外國(guó)分子。26OthersworrythatthepoliticaldebatesmayhavealreadysetexpectationsforthefieldtOohigh,especiallyamongpatientswhofacedevastatingdiseases.“Honesty.nothype,iskey,”saysstemcellresearcherBematinSpain.“Thepatientstellme.?Wearenotsurethattherewillbeasolutionformydisease,butpleasedotheresearchanyway.’Peopleareawarethattheroadisgoingtobelong.其他人擔(dān)心政治辯論可能已經(jīng)設(shè)定的期望太高的領(lǐng)域,尤其是在患者面臨毀滅性的疾病。“誠(chéng)實(shí)。不是炒作,是關(guān)鍵,說(shuō):”干細(xì)胞研究者bemat在西班牙。”病人告訴我。?不能肯定會(huì)有我的疾病的一種解決方案,但請(qǐng)你的研究吧。大家都知道,道路將是漫長(zhǎng)的。UNIT4弓|言Atthebeginningofthecentury,thetelecomindustrysufferedadrasticslumpduetotherecessionoftheeconomyoftheWesternworld.Technologyfortechnology'ssakewasnolongerfashionable.Aftereconomicrecovery,how-eve5theindustrybegantorevive.Technologyisbeginningtoflourishagain.Telecommunicationsmagazineinvitedthecarriers,vendorsandsomeofthein-dustry'sleadinganalyststopicksomeemergingtechnologies.CheckoutTelecommunicationsmagazine's10HottestTechnologiespickedfortheyearthatmakeadifference.在本世紀(jì)初,電信業(yè)遭受了急劇下滑的西方世界的經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退。為技術(shù)而技術(shù)不再是時(shí)尚的。經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇后,如何eve5行業(yè)開(kāi)始復(fù)蘇。技術(shù)開(kāi)始再次繁榮。電信雜志邀請(qǐng)運(yùn)營(yíng)商,供應(yīng)商和一些在行業(yè)領(lǐng)先的分析選擇一些新興技術(shù)。查看遠(yuǎn)程通訊雜志的10個(gè)熱門的技術(shù)選擇,使不同年份。2..In2004,welookonthehorizonabitandtacklethosetechnologiesunderdevelopmentorintrialsthatcarrierswilllikelydeployoverthenextoneOFtwoyears.Wre’VeFunthecarriers,vendorsandalistofdistinguishedanalyststocomeupwiththisyear'schoices2004年,Telecommunications雜志主要抓住那些正在開(kāi)發(fā)或試驗(yàn)中的技術(shù),即運(yùn)營(yíng)商在今后一兩年中要使用的技術(shù)。為了評(píng)選得更正確,我們采訪了運(yùn)營(yíng)商、設(shè)備商和許多著名的分析家,請(qǐng)他們給出這一年的選擇。6..LeveragingtheirexistingPacketCableandDOCSISnetworkinfrastructure,whichenabledthemtoentertheVolPrace,cableoperatorswilladdPCMMtoincludevideoconferencing,gamingandSIP—basedvoiceservices,inadditiontorequest.basedbandwidth—on—demandapplications.UsingthesameQoScapabilitiesandbandwidth.reservationpoliciesbuiltintotheDOCSIS1.1andPacketCableIXspecifications。thePCMMstandardcreatesaframeworkthatallowsend—userdevicestocontrolandchangetheallocatedbandwidthforvariousservices.ThePCMMarchitectureconsistsofsixmainelements:IPendpoints(PC,gamingconsolesorSIPphones).cablemodem,CMTS(cablemodemterminationsystem),recordkeepingserver,policyserverandapplicationmanager有線運(yùn)營(yíng)商可以利用現(xiàn)有的可以使其能夠進(jìn)行語(yǔ)音IP競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的PacketCable和DOCSIS網(wǎng)絡(luò)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。PCMM提供基于請(qǐng)求的按需分配帶寬的應(yīng)用,除此之外還可提供會(huì)議電視、游戲和基于SIP的話音業(yè)務(wù)。除了具有基于DOCSIS1.1andPacketCable1X規(guī)范的Qos能力和帶寬預(yù)留策略之外,PCMM標(biāo)準(zhǔn)還創(chuàng)造了一種允許最終用戶設(shè)備為各種業(yè)務(wù)控制和改變已分配帶寬的框架。其體系結(jié)構(gòu)包括六個(gè)主要組成部分:IP端點(diǎn)(PC機(jī)、游戲控制器或SIP話機(jī))、電纜調(diào)制解調(diào)器、電纜調(diào)制解調(diào)器終端系統(tǒng)(CMTS)、記錄保持服務(wù)器、策略服務(wù)器和應(yīng)用管理器。7..Inatypicalscenario,onceanenduserchoosesaspecificservice.a(chǎn)napplicationmanagerwilltakethatend—pointrequestandsendittothepolicysen,erformespecificQoS_basedservice.Fromthere,thepolicyserverexaminestherequestforitsspecificsubscriberprofileandappliestheappropriateQoSandsecufitytothatservice-Finally,thepolicyserverwillapplyapolicytotherequestandsendthesemP。明萬(wàn)fnthpCMTSwhlr!hwillnllneatetheannranriatebandwidthfnrtheservice.在一般情況下,一旦最終用戶選擇了某一特定業(yè)務(wù),應(yīng)用管理器就接受該端點(diǎn)的請(qǐng)求,并把請(qǐng)求發(fā)送至策略服務(wù)器。策略服務(wù)器則針對(duì)特定的用戶輪廓檢查該請(qǐng)求,為該業(yè)務(wù)提供適當(dāng)?shù)腝oS和安全性。最后,策略服務(wù)器為該請(qǐng)求提供一個(gè)策略,并把這些消息送給CMTS,CMTS為該業(yè)務(wù)分配適當(dāng)?shù)膸挕?..SometimelaterthisyearorearlynextsomewirelessuserwillwanderfromanarrowbandcellularnetworkontoabroadbandWi.Finetworkandneverchangehandsets.TheseamlesscellularWi—FiroamingtechnologywouldalertthemobilecarrierwhenausermigratesintoaWi-FizoneSOthesignalcouldbetransferredfromthecelltowertotheWi—Fiaccesspoint.whereitwouldenabletheunit’Sbroadbandcapabilitieswhilethevoiceconversationcontinued.Earlyversionstarget“data.enabled”voiceunits,butthetechnologycanbeusedinlaptops,PDAsorothertransportabledevices.今年年末或明年初,美國(guó)將實(shí)現(xiàn)Wi-Fi/蜂窩漫游,無(wú)線用戶無(wú)需更換手機(jī)即可從窄帶蜂窩網(wǎng)移至寬帶Wi-Fi網(wǎng)。當(dāng)用戶從蜂窩網(wǎng)移至Wi-Fi服務(wù)區(qū)時(shí),這種無(wú)縫蜂窩漫游系統(tǒng)將告知移動(dòng)通信公司,使信號(hào)從蜂窩天線塔轉(zhuǎn)移至Wi-Fi接入點(diǎn),啟動(dòng)手機(jī)的寬帶功能,同時(shí)保持話音通信。這種漫游技術(shù)首先應(yīng)用于“數(shù)據(jù)使能”的話音手機(jī),以后還可用于筆記本電腦、PDA或其他移動(dòng)設(shè)備。141nessence,meshnetworksprovidecity’ormetro-widebroadbandw1。ele88coveragewithoutrequiringwiredbackhaulfromeveryaccesspoint(ahugeopexsavingsforcarriers).Meshesgivetrafficaltematepathroutingintheeventofaproblemwithanetworknode,providingthenetworkgreaterresiliencythandedicatedpathordaisychainrouting.Withtheaccesspointsolutionsavailable,thenetworkisself-organized,self-configuringandself-healing.IntelligenceisbuiltintotheboxestofindthemostoptimizedpathbacktOthewirednetwork.本質(zhì)上,無(wú)線網(wǎng)狀網(wǎng)提供城市范圍的寬帶無(wú)線覆蓋,而無(wú)需來(lái)自每一接入點(diǎn)的有線回傳,這將大大節(jié)省運(yùn)行成本。當(dāng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)節(jié)點(diǎn)發(fā)生故障時(shí),網(wǎng)狀網(wǎng)能提供迂回路由,網(wǎng)絡(luò)的彈性優(yōu)于專用路由或鏈接選路。網(wǎng)絡(luò)可以自組織、自配置和自愈。設(shè)備內(nèi)含的智能可以找到返回有線網(wǎng)的最佳路徑。UNIT5弓|言Wirelesscommunicationssystemsincludecellulartelephones,pagers,radiotelegraphsIsatellitetelephones|laptopcomputersopersonaldigitalassistants(PDAs),shortwaveradios,andtwo—wayradios.Nowadays,theubiquitousaccesstoinformationtanywhereIanyplacelandanytimelwillcharacterizewholenewkindsofinformationsystemsinthe21stcentury.Thebiggestandmostobviouschangeistherapidtake—uDofmobilephones.Theyear2003sawtheappearanceofthird-generationmobilephones.Therateofdatatransferismorethan100timesfasterthanthatofsecond—generationmobilephones.Now,somemobilephonescanevenreceiveactuaITVbroadcasts.Andbecauseahigh。speedInternetconnectionispossible,thefusionofmobilephoneswithpersonalcomputersismovingahead.無(wú)線通信系統(tǒng),包括移動(dòng)電話,尋呼機(jī),無(wú)線電telegraphsi衛(wèi)星電話|筆記本computers.personal數(shù)字助理(PDA),短波收音機(jī),和對(duì)講機(jī)。當(dāng)前,以信息anywhereianyplacel和anytimel無(wú)處不在的訪問(wèn)將在第二十一世紀(jì),一種全新的信息系統(tǒng)。最大和最明顯的變化是迅速采取UD移動(dòng)電話。2003年看到第三代手機(jī)的外觀。數(shù)據(jù)傳輸速率比第二代手機(jī)快100倍以上。現(xiàn)在,一些手機(jī)甚至可以得到真正的電視廣播。由于高速互聯(lián)網(wǎng)連接是可能的,與個(gè)人電腦手機(jī)的融合向前移動(dòng)。4..Technologyrevolutionscomeintwoflavors:jarringlyfastandimperceptiblyslow.Thefastkind,likethesuddenubiquityofiPodsortheproliferationofmusic—sharingsitesontheNet,seemstoinstantlyreshapetheculturallandscape.Theslowerupheavalsgrindawayoverthecourseofdecades,subtlytransformingthewayweliveandwork.Theemergenceofmobilephonesaroundtheworldhasbeenslowbutoverwhelminglymomentous.AT&Trolledoutthefirstcellularnetworkin1977for2,000customersinChicago.Thephoneshadtheapproximateshapeandweightofabrick.科技革命常以兩種特色出現(xiàn):或是驚人的迅速,或是難以覺(jué)察的遲緩。迅速的一類,如各種數(shù)字式音樂(lè)播放器突然遍地開(kāi)花,或是音樂(lè)共享網(wǎng)站大量出現(xiàn),似乎都是轉(zhuǎn)瞬間即改變了文化的面貌。而那些較緩慢發(fā)生的變化則往往持續(xù)數(shù)十年,以漸進(jìn)、微妙的方式改變我們的生活和工作方式。世界各地手機(jī)的涌現(xiàn)是緩慢的,但卻勢(shì)如破竹,不可阻擋。1977年AT&T在芝加哥為2,000用戶首推出了蜂窩網(wǎng)系統(tǒng),那時(shí)手機(jī)的外形及重量幾乎相當(dāng)于一塊磚頭。6..Asourphonesgetsmarter,smallerandfasterandenableuserstoconnectathighspeedstotheIntemet,anobviousquestionarises:Isthemobilehandsetturningintothenextcomputer?Inonesense,italreadyhas.Today'Smostsophisticatedphoneshavetheprocessingpowerofamid一1990sPCwhileconsuming100timeslesselectricity.Andmoreandmoreoftoday’Sphoneshavecomputerlikefeatures,allowingtheirownerstosende-mail,browsetheWebandeventakephotos;84millionphoneswithdigitalcameraswereshippedlastyear.Tweakthequestion,though,toaskwhethermobilephoneswillevereclipse,orreplace,thePC,andtheissuesuddenlybecomescontroversial.PCproponentssayphonesaretoosmallandconnecttoosluggishlytotheInternettobecomeeffectiveattasksnowperformedontheluxuriouslylargescreensandkeyboardsoftoday’Scomputers.Fansofthephonerespond:Justwait.Cominginnovationswillsolvethelimitationsofthephone.Oneday,2or3billionpeoplewillhavecellphones,andtheyareallnotgoingtohave_PCs,”saysJeffHawkins,inventorofthePalmPilotandthechieftechnologyofficerofPalmOne.“Themobilephonewillbecometheirdigitallife.電話變得越來(lái)越智能、小型、快速,并且能夠讓用戶高速地連接到因特網(wǎng),一個(gè)顯而易見(jiàn)的問(wèn)題就出現(xiàn)了:移動(dòng)手持設(shè)備將成為下一代的計(jì)算機(jī)嗎?從某種意義上講,它已經(jīng)是了。目前最高檔的一些手機(jī)的處理能力相當(dāng)于20世紀(jì)90年代中期的個(gè)人電腦,而能耗還不到電腦的1%。而且,現(xiàn)在越來(lái)越多的手機(jī)具有電腦的功能,使手機(jī)擁有者可以發(fā)送電子郵件、瀏覽網(wǎng)頁(yè)甚至拍攝照片等。去年,帶有數(shù)碼相機(jī)的手機(jī)的出貨量已經(jīng)達(dá)到8400萬(wàn)部。不過(guò),把上面的問(wèn)題換個(gè)角度來(lái)問(wèn),即手機(jī)是否會(huì)使個(gè)人電腦黯然失色或取而代之,人們立即就會(huì)覺(jué)得這個(gè)問(wèn)題值得商榷。個(gè)人電腦的支持者說(shuō)手機(jī)的尺寸大小,聯(lián)網(wǎng)速度太慢,同目前帶有豪華大顯示屏以及大鍵盤的電腦相比,干起活來(lái)效率太低。手機(jī)的支持者則回應(yīng)道:等著瞧。即將出現(xiàn)的技術(shù)創(chuàng)新將解除手機(jī)的各種限制因素。杰夫?霍金斯是PalmPilot的發(fā)明者,同時(shí)也是PalmOne公司的首席技術(shù)官(CTO),他說(shuō):“總有一天,地球上會(huì)有20億或30億的人只是買部手機(jī)就夠了,而不會(huì)再去買電腦。手機(jī)將成為這部分人的數(shù)字生命線?!?..Thesmartphonemarketconstitutesonlyaslender5percentofoverallmobile—phonesalestoday,butthefigurehasbeendoublingeachyear,accordingtotheGartnerresearchfinn.IntheUnitedStates,it’Sthebusinesscrowdthat’Sprimarilybuyingthesesouped—uphandsets.“Whatmakes[thesmartphone]SOmuchbetterthanthecomputeristhatit’Salwayswithyou,alwaysupandalwaysready,’’saysJeffHackettofGordon,F(xiàn)einblatt,an80—memberlawfinninBaltimorethatrecentlystartedgivingitslawyersTreo600sinsteadoflaptops.根據(jù)加特納研究機(jī)構(gòu)的調(diào)查結(jié)果,目前智能手機(jī)僅占手機(jī)總銷量的5%,但這個(gè)數(shù)字每年都在翻番。在美國(guó),智能手機(jī)的主要購(gòu)買者是商務(wù)人士。馬里蘭州巴爾的摩費(fèi)因布拉特市的戈登律師事務(wù)所擁有80名雇員,最近所里開(kāi)始發(fā)給每位律師一部Treo600,而不是筆記本電腦。該所的杰夫?哈克特說(shuō):”和筆記本電腦相比,智能手機(jī)的最大優(yōu)點(diǎn)就是它時(shí)刻伴隨你左右,隨開(kāi)隨用?!?4..Cellphonesarea’tlikelytotakethefastestroadtothisbrightfuture.Innovationinthemobileindustryisfullofzigzagsandwrongturns,oftenbecausenosinglecompanycompletelycontrolsthedeviceinyourpocket.Localcarderssellthephonetocustomers,providebillingandrnnthephonenetwork;devicemakerslikeSony,NokiaandSamsungdesignthephoneitselfandoutsourcetheactualmanufacturingtofactoriesinChina.Anotherchallengeisthat,unliketheInternet,thephoneworldhasnoopenandsinglesetofprotocolsforprogrammerstobuildaround.Softwarewrittenforonekindofphonewon’tworkonalltheothers.Theuncoordinated,noncommercialprogrammingthatledtothequickevolutionoftheInternethasn’takenholdintheworldofmobilephones.手機(jī)不太可能沿著最快的道路飛駛向自己光明的未來(lái)。這個(gè)行業(yè)里的創(chuàng)新充滿了曲折和失誤,這常常是由于沒(méi)有任何一家單獨(dú)的公司能完全控制這一產(chǎn)品。本地的運(yùn)營(yíng)商只管賣電話給顧客、收話費(fèi)和經(jīng)營(yíng)電話網(wǎng)絡(luò);索尼、諾基亞和三星這樣的設(shè)備制造商只管設(shè)計(jì)電話機(jī)本身,而把實(shí)際的生產(chǎn)外包給坐落在中國(guó)的工廠。另一個(gè)難題在于,和因特網(wǎng)不同,移動(dòng)電話領(lǐng)域里并不存在可供程序編制員參考的開(kāi)放和唯一的一套協(xié)議。為一種手機(jī)開(kāi)發(fā)的軟件無(wú)法在其他所有的手機(jī)上運(yùn)行。各自為政、非商業(yè)化的程序開(kāi)發(fā)引發(fā)了因特網(wǎng)的快速演變,但在手機(jī)世界里,這并不適用。UNIT6引言Computerscienceisthestudyofcomputersandtheirsystems:theory,design,development,andapplication.Principalareaswithincomputerscienceincludecomputersystems,databasesystems,humanfactors,artificialintelligence,pro—gramminglanguages,softwareengineering,andthetheoryofcomputing.Computerscientistsdesignandanalyzealgorithmstosolveproblems,andde.velopandstudytheperformanceofcomputerhardwareandsoftware。Presently,fundamentalcomputingperformancebottlenecksareforcingscientiststochangecomputingarchitectures.Reversiblecomputingmightbethekey.Theadventoffastercomputersandhugedatastoragemadeconversationalcomputerspossible.Concatenativespeechsynthesissoftwarealreadysoundsastonishinglyclosetolivehumanspeech,whiletrulyexpressivevocalizationisthechallengethatsyntheticspeechscientistsface.計(jì)算機(jī)是計(jì)算機(jī)及其系統(tǒng)的研究:理論,設(shè)計(jì),開(kāi)發(fā),和應(yīng)用。主要在計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)領(lǐng)域包括計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng),數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)系統(tǒng),人的因素,人工智能,親編程語(yǔ)言,軟件工程,和理論計(jì)算。計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)家設(shè)計(jì)和分析算法,解決問(wèn)題,和的。開(kāi)發(fā)和研究計(jì)算機(jī)硬件和軟件的性能。目前,基本的計(jì)算性能瓶頸,迫使科學(xué)家們改變計(jì)算架構(gòu)。可逆計(jì)算是關(guān)鍵。更快的計(jì)算機(jī)和巨大的數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)的到來(lái)使會(huì)話電腦成為可能。銜接語(yǔ)音合成軟件看起來(lái)驚人的接近人類生活的語(yǔ)音,而真正表達(dá)的發(fā)聲合成語(yǔ)音的科學(xué)家面臨的挑戰(zhàn)。3.Butimprovementsillc。mputingpermancecomeatasteepprice.Hardwaredesignswillneedtobere-engineered.Softwareanddevel。pmentt001swillalsoneedtoberedesigned,sincedeletinginformation(asoccursatalllevelsintraditional但改進(jìn)IILc.mputing性能有相當(dāng)大的代價(jià)。硬件設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)需要re-engineered.software和devel.pmentt001s也將需要重新設(shè)計(jì),因?yàn)閯h除信息(如發(fā)生在傳統(tǒng)的各級(jí)8..Sinceadiabaticsystemsconservepower,they’reanaturalfitforportabledevices.Batterylifecouldalsobegreatlyimprovedthroughreversiblecomputing.Thishasimplicationsforgeneral—purposeapplications,suchaslaptopsandPDAs,butalsoformorespecializedapplications,suchassensors,thatmayneedabatterysourcecapableoflastingforweeksormonthsonend.FrankexpectsthosetOhitatabout由于絕熱系統(tǒng)節(jié)省功率,他們是便攜式設(shè)備的電池壽命有著天然的契合。也可以通過(guò)可逆計(jì)算大大提高。這對(duì)一般用途的應(yīng)用意義,如筆記本電腦和掌上電腦,但也更專業(yè)的應(yīng)用,如傳感器,這可能需要一個(gè)能夠持續(xù)數(shù)周或數(shù)月后電池源。弗蘭克預(yù)計(jì)達(dá)到約13.Don’tconfuseadiabaticmethodswithtoday’spower—savingfeaturesonlaptops,however.Whilelaptopsmightconservepower,theirenergyconsumptionremainsthesame.Acomputationmayconsumelesspower,buttaketwiceaslongtocomplete.Overallenergyisconserved,however,sincemuchofalaptop’Stimeisspenttwiddlingitsthumbs.“Itdoesn’tmatterhowfastthecomputerisrunningtheidleloop,”saysTomKnight,seniorresearchscientistattheComputerScienceandArtificialIntelligenceLaboratory(CSAIL,WWW.csail.mit.edu)atMITandFrank’Sprofessor.不要混淆絕熱方法與今天的省電功能的筆記本電腦,筆記本電腦however.while可能節(jié)省電力,能源消耗仍然是相同的。一個(gè)計(jì)算可能消耗較少的功率,但花兩倍的時(shí)間來(lái)完成。的總能量是守恒的,然而,因?yàn)樘嗟碾娔X的時(shí)間花在玩大拇指?!八⑷绾慰焖俚挠?jì)算機(jī)運(yùn)行的是空閑循環(huán)不要緊,”湯姆說(shuō),騎士,在計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)和人工智能實(shí)驗(yàn)室的高級(jí)研究科學(xué)家(CSAIL,www.csail。麻省理工學(xué)院。教育)在麻省理工學(xué)院的教授弗蘭克。14..Atitssimplest,reversiblecomputingisaformofcomputinginwhichthesystem’Sentropyisnearlyconstant--noinformationisdiscarded,oratleasttheamountofinformationthat’Severdiscardedisreduced.Normalcomputingsystemsconstantlyproduceentropyatahighrate,asisevidencedbytheirtremendousheat在其最簡(jiǎn)單的,可逆計(jì)算是一種計(jì)算中,系統(tǒng)的熵是幾乎恒定的——沒(méi)有信息被丟棄,或者至少是信息量的減少,拋棄。在高速率正常計(jì)算系統(tǒng)不斷產(chǎn)生的熵,是由他們的巨大熱量證明17Reversiblecomputerswillalsorequirenewchips.FrankparticipatedintheldesignofsuchchipswhiledoinghisdoctorateworkatMIT’SReversibleComputinrgesearchgroup.Thegroupcreatedareversiblememorychip,twomicroprocessors,andauniversalchipthatcansimulateotherreversiblechips,muchliketheField-ProgrammableGateArrays(FPGAs)drivingthemajorityoftoday’snetworkingequipment.Theuniversalchip,dubbedFlattop,isestimatedtobeseveralthousandtimesmoreenergy—efficientthancomparableirreversiblecircuits,saysFrank.However,thechipswereproof-of-conceptdesignsandhaven’tyetbeenoptimized.Theywouldn’tbemoreefficientforpracticalapplications,henotes.可逆的電腦也需要新的芯片。弗蘭克參加這種芯片的設(shè)計(jì)在麻省理工學(xué)院的可逆計(jì)算研究組做他的博士工作。集團(tuán)創(chuàng)造了一個(gè)可逆的內(nèi)存芯片,兩個(gè)處理器,和一個(gè)通用的芯片,可以模擬其他可逆的芯片,就像現(xiàn)場(chǎng)可編程門陣列(FPGA)驅(qū)動(dòng)今天的網(wǎng)絡(luò)大部分設(shè)備。通用芯片,被稱為平頂,估計(jì)有幾千倍的節(jié)能比不可逆電路,弗蘭克說(shuō)。然而,該芯片的概念設(shè)計(jì),并證明沒(méi)有被優(yōu)化。他們不會(huì)在實(shí)際應(yīng)用中是更有效的,他說(shuō)。UNIT7弓|言WiththeemergenceofVOIP(VoiceOverInternetProtocal),whichisthetechnologythatallowsyoutomaketelephonecallsusingabroadbandIntemetconnectioninsteadofaregularphoneline,userscanmakephonecallsatamuchIowerprice.However,thispresentsuniquechallengestoE911becausetheareacodeofthephoneisnottiedtothephone’Sgeographiclocation.Therefore,thetrackingoftheIocationofE911callersiSmoredifficult.ThearticleshowshowtheInternethasbroughtbothbenefitsandchallenges.Atpresent,spywarehasbecomemoreruinousthanoldtypesofviruses.Howeve6thedangersofspywarearenotalwaysknownandarealmostneverobvious.SoagenemlunderStandingofspywarewilIbebeneficialtoInternetusers.隨著VoIP(IP語(yǔ)音)的出現(xiàn),這是技術(shù),可以讓你使用寬帶互聯(lián)網(wǎng)連接來(lái)代替普通的電話線,電話,用戶可以在一個(gè)很低的價(jià)格打電話。然而,這提出了獨(dú)特的挑戰(zhàn),因?yàn)镋911電話區(qū)號(hào)是不是電話的地理位置。因此,E911呼叫者的位置跟蹤是比較困難的。本文指出互聯(lián)網(wǎng)帶來(lái)的好處和挑戰(zhàn)。目前,間諜軟件已經(jīng)成為比舊型viruses.howeve6間諜軟件的危險(xiǎn)更具破壞性并不總是已知的,幾乎從來(lái)沒(méi)有如此的明顯。間諜軟件會(huì)一個(gè)總公司下屬的一個(gè)分了解是有益的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)用戶。2..AstheenterpriseconsidersVolPandmoresignificantlyVoIPoverwi—Fi,thedecisiontoimplementlocation—awaretechnologywillbecomeamatteroflegalcompliance.TheE911legislation,passedinFloridaandmorerecentlyinIllinois,requiresenterprisestodeploythenecessarytechnologytoreportthelocationofcallerswithintheenterprise.Otherstatesareinvariousstagesofevaluatingsimilar企業(yè)在考慮IP電話網(wǎng)絡(luò),更重要的是基于無(wú)限保真網(wǎng)絡(luò)的IP電話網(wǎng)絡(luò)。做出應(yīng)用定位技術(shù)的決定將成為法律要求的事情。在佛羅里達(dá)州和伊利諾伊州通過(guò)的E911法案要求企業(yè)應(yīng)用必要的技術(shù)報(bào)告企業(yè)內(nèi)部主叫者的位置。其他州也處于評(píng)估類似法案的不同階段。5.WirelesstechnologiesandVolPpresentauniquechallengeforE911.Becausemobileuserscanroam,gettingaclearfixontheirlocationrequiresnewtechniquesandtechnologies.Evenmoreproblematic,emergencycallsmadefromwirelessphonesmaynotberoutedtotheclosest911center.Andevenwhentheyare,theattendantwon,treceivethecallbacknumberorthecaller’s10cation.Attendantsmustspendvaluabletimetryingtogetcallerstogivetheirlocation,andthat’sonlyiftheyknowwheretheyareandareabletospeak.Withanestimated45millioncalls—叼r30percentofall911calls--comingthroughwirelessphones,creatingareliablewirelessE911infrastructureiscritical.無(wú)線技術(shù)和IP電話對(duì)E911提出了獨(dú)特的挑戰(zhàn)。因?yàn)槭謾C(jī)用戶可以漫游,所以要準(zhǔn)確確定其位置需要新的方法和技術(shù)。更大的問(wèn)題是:從無(wú)線話機(jī)發(fā)出的緊急呼叫有可能不會(huì)被轉(zhuǎn)接到最近的911中心。即便能夠做到這一點(diǎn),工作人員也不會(huì)得到主叫號(hào)碼或主叫的位置。工作人員必須花費(fèi)寶貴的時(shí)間盡量讓主叫人給出地址,而前提條件是主叫人必須知道自己所在位置,還要能夠說(shuō)得出話來(lái)。估計(jì)在4500萬(wàn)911的呼叫中,有30%是用無(wú)線話機(jī)撥打的,所以建造可靠的無(wú)線E911基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施至關(guān)重要。11.AnumberofapproachesarebeingdiscussedastohowserviceprovidersshoulddetectthelocationofaVfoIPphoneforE911purposes,buttheFCChasn’tofferedacleardirectioninthematteryet.BrianRosen,formervicepresidentoftechnologyintroductionforMarconi’SBroadbandRoutingandSwitchingDivisionandcurrentfounderofEmergicom,astart-upproducingnext—generationPSAPinfrastructure,thinksthesolutionmustbebothtechnologicalandregulatory.Hepointsoutthattheaccessinfrastructureprovider,theentitythatownstheactualDSL,cable,orWi—Fiservice,canalwaysdeterminethelocationofdevicesonitsnetwork.Theproblemcomesincommunicatingthatlocationtotheapplicationserviceprovider.VoIPcarrier,orenterprise.Rosenarguesthattheaccessinfrastructureprovidershouldbetari儂dtopayforE911services,iustasisdoneinthewirelineworld.Itcouldthenoffsetthosecostsbypassingthemontotheapplicationserviceprovider,whichcouldin正在討論許多種讓服務(wù)提供商為E911服務(wù)查明IP電話的位置信息的方法,但美國(guó)通信委員會(huì)就此還沒(méi)有提出明確的方向。布賴恩?羅森先生,負(fù)責(zé)馬可尼公司寬帶路由和交換部門的前副總裁,也是一家剛剛創(chuàng)建的生產(chǎn)下一代緊急通信受理中心基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的埃莫治可姆公司的創(chuàng)始人,他認(rèn)為解決方案必須包括技術(shù)和法規(guī)兩個(gè)方面。他指出接入基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施提供商,即擁有數(shù)字用戶線路、電纜和無(wú)限保真網(wǎng)服務(wù)的實(shí)體總能確定設(shè)備在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上的位置。問(wèn)題是要把位置信息傳遞給應(yīng)用服務(wù)提供商、IP電話運(yùn)營(yíng)商或企業(yè)。羅森認(rèn)為應(yīng)向接入基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施提供商征稅支付E911服務(wù)費(fèi)用,就像在有線網(wǎng)絡(luò)中一樣。通過(guò)把費(fèi)用轉(zhuǎn)移給應(yīng)用服務(wù)提供商的方法可以補(bǔ)足應(yīng)用服務(wù)提供商的成本開(kāi)銷,也實(shí)現(xiàn)了對(duì)終端用戶的收費(fèi)13..A—GPScanworkinbuildings,butnotaseffectively.AccordingtoTimothyLorellom,seniorvicepresidentatTeleCommunicationSystems(TCS),aproviderofwirelessdatasystems,ifadevicecanbelocatedwithin20metersoutsideabuilding,thatmarginoferrorwilltypicallybetwotothreetimesworsewithinthebuilding.輔助型全球定位系統(tǒng)能在建筑物內(nèi)發(fā)揮作用,但效果不盡人意。根據(jù)一個(gè)無(wú)線數(shù)據(jù)系統(tǒng)供應(yīng)商TCS高級(jí)副總裁提麥斯?勞勒姆的說(shuō)法,如果設(shè)備在室外能被定位在20米的范圍,那么室內(nèi)的誤差幅度將增至兩到三倍。22Location.awaretechnologiescanalsoimproveroamingcapabilities?OneofthisistheabilitytounderstandwhenadeviceisapproachingtheedgeofaWi-FinetworksothatitCallswitchovertoaGSMservice.WithinaWiFinetwork,roamingbetweenAPsissusceptibletointerruptions.Ifthere’sasuddenbreakinmeAP,scoverage,suchaswhenausertravelsinanelevator,sessionswillbeinterrupteduntilthedevicefindsanewAP.Ifadevicecouldpinpointitslocation,itcouldfindanalternativeAPbeforeinterruptionsoccur.定位技術(shù)還能提高漫游功能。其中之一就是能夠知道設(shè)備何時(shí)接近無(wú)限保真網(wǎng)絡(luò)的邊緣,并能夠交換到全球移動(dòng)通信系

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