國際結(jié)算課件

Internationalpaymentsandsettlements（國際支付與結(jié)算）ChapterOne

BriefIntroductiontoInternationalTrade1.1TheConceptofInternationalTrade1.1.1DefinitionInternationaltradeistheexchangeofgoodsandservicesproducedinonecountryforthoseproducedinanothercountry.Inmostcasescountriesdonottradetheactualgoodsandservices.Rathertheyusetheincomeormoneyfromthesaleoftheirproductstobuytheproductsofanothercountry.1.1.2Majorparticipants+Thebuyer.+Theseller.+Banks.1.1.3Majorprocesses+Businessnegotiation.+Salescontract.+Settlementoftheproceeds.1.2TradeTerms1.3BasicMethodsofInternationalPaymentsandSettlements1.3.1Keyfactorsdeterminingthepaymentmethod+thebusinessrelationshipbetweenthesellerandthebuyer+thenatureofthemerchandise+industrynorms+thedistancebetweenthebuyerandtheseller+thepotentialforcurrencyfluctuation+politicalandeconomicstabilityinboththebuyerandtheseller’scountry1.3.2RelativesecurityofpaymentmethodsInternationalbusinessoftenrequiresacompromiseonthepartofthesellerandthebuyerthatleadstorelativesecurityforbothparties.1.3.3Settlementoncommercialcredit+PaymentinadvanceThebuyerplacesthefundsatthedisposalofthesellerpriortoshipmentofthegoodsorprovisionofservices.+OpenaccountAnarrangementbetweenthebuyerandsellerwherebythegoodsaremanufacturedanddeliveredbeforepaymentisrequired.+RemittanceAbank(theremittingbank),attherequestofitscustomer(theremitter),transferacertainsumofmoneytoitsoverseasbranchorcorrespondentbank(thepayingbank)instructingthemtopaytoanamedpersonorcorporation(thepayeeorbeneficiary)domiciledinthecountry.+CollectionAnarrangementwherebythegoodsareshippedandtherelevantbillofexchangeisdrawnbytheselleronthebuyer,anddocumentsaresenttotheseller’sbankwithclearinstructionsforcollectionthroughoneofitscorrespondentbankslocatedinthedomicileofthebuyer.1.3.4Settlementonbankcredit+LetterofcreditAletterofcreditisanundertakingissuedbyabankfortheaccountofthebuyer(theapplicant)orforitsownaccount,topaythebeneficiarythevalueofthedraftand/ordocuments,providedthatthetermsandconditionsofthedocumentarycreditarecompliedwith.+BankguaranteeAbankguaranteeisawrittenpromiseissuedbyabankattherequestofitscustomer,undertakingtomakepaymenttothebeneficiarywithinthelimitsofastatedsumofmoneyintheeventofdefaultbytheprinciple.Notes:Internationaltrade補充資料第一部分、貿(mào)易術(shù)語與國際慣例一、價格術(shù)語，又稱貿(mào)易術(shù)語、價格條件等。它是指用一個簡短的概念或外文縮寫的字母來表明貨物的價格構(gòu)成和買賣雙方各自承擔(dān)的責(zé)任、費用、風(fēng)險以及貨物所有權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)移的界限。例：“每公噸600美元ClF波士頓”(USD600PerM/TClFBoston)。二、作用簡化交易程序、縮短談判時間、減少談判費用三、產(chǎn)生與發(fā)展1936年國際商會制定，13種分成4組四、有關(guān)貿(mào)易術(shù)語的國際慣例（一）國際慣例的性質(zhì)1、國際貿(mào)易慣例在國際貿(mào)易實踐中，逐步形成的有較普遍指導(dǎo)意義的一些習(xí)慣做法或解釋。國際組織制定的規(guī)則港口的傳統(tǒng)習(xí)慣行業(yè)慣例典型案例2、性質(zhì)（1）不是法律，對買賣雙方無強制約束性。（2）如果合同中明確采用某種慣例，則該慣例對買賣雙方有約束力。（3）如果合同中明確采用某種慣例，但又在合同中規(guī)定了相抵觸的條款，只要這些條款與本國法律不矛盾，則以合同條款為主。（4）如果合同中即未對某一問題做出明確規(guī)定，也未明確采用某一慣例，當(dāng)提交仲裁機構(gòu)或法律訴訟時，可引用慣例作為判決或裁決的依據(jù)。（二）有關(guān)貿(mào)易術(shù)語的國際慣例1、《1932年華沙—牛津規(guī)則》(Warsaw-OxfordRules1932)2、《1941年美國對外貿(mào)易定義修訂本》(RevisedAmericanForeignTradeDefinitions1941)3、《2000年國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則》(INCOTERMS2000)第二部分、主要國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語一、FOB術(shù)語（一）FOB術(shù)語的含義

FreeOnBoard(…namedportofshipment)，船上交貨(……指定裝運港)，習(xí)慣稱為裝運港船上交貨。(1)賣方義務(wù)①在合同規(guī)定的時間和裝運港口，將合同規(guī)定的貨物交到買方指派的船上，并及時通知買方。②承擔(dān)貨物交至裝運港船上之前的一切費用和風(fēng)險。③自負(fù)風(fēng)險和費用，取得出口許可證或其他官方批準(zhǔn)證件，并且辦理貨物出口所需的一切海關(guān)手續(xù)。④提交商業(yè)發(fā)票和自費提供證明賣方已按規(guī)定交貨的清潔單據(jù)，或具有同等作用的電子信息。(2)買方義務(wù)①訂立從指定裝運港口運輸貨物的合同，支付運費和保險費，并將船名、裝貨地點和要求交貨的時間及時通知賣方。②根據(jù)買賣合同的規(guī)定受領(lǐng)貨物并支付貨款。③承擔(dān)受領(lǐng)貨物之后所發(fā)生的一切費用和風(fēng)險。④自負(fù)風(fēng)險和費用，取得進口許可證或其他官方證件，并辦理貨物進口所需的海關(guān)手續(xù)。

（二）使用FOB術(shù)語應(yīng)注意的問題1、風(fēng)險劃分問題慣例：船舷實際業(yè)務(wù)：裝完船—大副收據(jù)—提單2、船貨銜接問題（1）問題買方按時派船，賣方未備妥貨買方未按時派船（2）解決賣方代辦租船定艙定派船通知條款3、裝船費用問題（1）問題慣例規(guī)定不明確運輸方式不同港口習(xí)慣不同（2）FOB的變形解決裝船費用由誰負(fù)擔(dān)的問題而產(chǎn)生的：

FOBLinerTerms(FOB班輪條件)

FOBUnderTackle(FOB吊鉤下交貨)

FOBStowed(FOB理艙費在內(nèi))

FOBTrimmed(FOB平艙費在內(nèi))

FOBStowed&Trimmed(FOB并理平艙）4、裝船通知問題裝船與保險銜接問題5、個別國家對FOB的不同解釋（1）交貨地點（2）風(fēng)險劃分（3）辦理出口手續(xù)二、CIF術(shù)語（一）CIF術(shù)語的含義CostInsuranceandFreight(…namedportofdestination)，即成本加保險費、運費(……指定目的港)。(1)賣方義務(wù)①簽訂從指定裝運港承運貨物的合同；在合同規(guī)定的時間和港口，合同要求的貨物裝上船并支付至目的港的運費；裝船后須及時通知買方。②承擔(dān)貨物在裝運港越過船舷之前的一切費用和風(fēng)險。③按照買賣合同的約定，自負(fù)費用辦理水上運輸保險。④自負(fù)風(fēng)險和費用，取得出口許可證或其他官方批準(zhǔn)證件，并辦理貨物出口所需的一切海關(guān)手續(xù)。⑤提交商業(yè)發(fā)票和在目的港提貨所用的通常的運輸單據(jù)或具有同等作用的電子信息，并且自費向買方提供保險單據(jù)。(2)買方義務(wù)①接受賣方提供的有關(guān)單據(jù)，受領(lǐng)貨物，并按合同規(guī)定支付貸款。②承擔(dān)貨物在裝運港越過船舷之后的一切風(fēng)險。③自負(fù)風(fēng)險和費用，取得進口許可證或其他官方證件，并且辦理貨物進口所需的海關(guān)手續(xù)。（二）使用CIF術(shù)語應(yīng)注意的問題1、保險問題險別問題保險金額2、租船訂艙問題3、卸貨費用問題

CIF的變形

CIFLinerTerms(CIF班輪條件)

CIFLanded(CIF卸至碼頭)

CIFExTackle(CIF吊鉤下交接)

CIFExShip’sHold(CIF艙底交接)三、CFR術(shù)語（一）CFR術(shù)語的含義

CostandFreight(…namedportofdestination)，即成本加運費(……指定目的港)。(1)賣方義務(wù)①簽訂從指定裝運港將貨物運往約定目的港的合同；在買賣合同規(guī)定的時間和港口，將合同要求的貨物裝上船并支付至目的港的運費；裝船后及時通知買方。②承擔(dān)貨物在裝運港越過船舷之前的一切費用和風(fēng)險。③自負(fù)風(fēng)險和費用，取得出口許可證或其他官方證件，并且辦理貨物出口所需的一切海關(guān)手續(xù)。④提交商業(yè)發(fā)票，及自費向買方提供為買方在目的港提貨所用的通常的運輸單據(jù)，或具有同等作用的電子信息。

(2)買方義務(wù)①接受賣方提供的有關(guān)單據(jù)，受領(lǐng)貨物，并按合同規(guī)定支付貨款。②承擔(dān)貨物在裝運港越過船舷以后的一切風(fēng)險。③自負(fù)風(fēng)險和費用，取得進口許可證或其他官方證件，并且辦理貨物進口所需的海關(guān)手續(xù)，支付關(guān)稅及其他有關(guān)費用。（二）使用CFR術(shù)語應(yīng)注意的問題1、賣方的裝運義務(wù)2、裝船通知的重要作用三種貿(mào)易術(shù)語的異同四、FCA術(shù)語1．FCA術(shù)語的含義

FreeCarrier(…namedplace)，即貨交承運人(……指定地點)。FCA術(shù)語適用于各種運輸方式，包括公路、鐵路、江河、海洋、航空運輸以及多式聯(lián)運。無論采用哪種運輸方式，賣方承擔(dān)的風(fēng)險均于貨交承運人時轉(zhuǎn)移。風(fēng)險轉(zhuǎn)移之后，與運輸、保險相關(guān)的責(zé)任和費用也相應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)移。(1)賣方義務(wù)①在合同規(guī)定的時間、地點，將合同規(guī)定的貨物置于買方指定的承運人控制下，并及時通知買方。②承擔(dān)將貨物交給承運人控制之前的一切費用和風(fēng)險。③自負(fù)風(fēng)險和費用，取得出口許可證或其他官方批準(zhǔn)證件，并辦理貨物出口所需的一切海關(guān)手續(xù)。④提交商業(yè)發(fā)票或具有同等作用的電子信息，并自費提供通常的交貨憑證。(2)買方義務(wù)①簽訂從指定地點承運貨物的合同，支付有關(guān)的運費，并將承運人名稱及有關(guān)情況及時通知賣方。②根據(jù)買賣合同的規(guī)定受領(lǐng)貨物并支付貨款。③承擔(dān)受領(lǐng)貨物之后所發(fā)生的一切費用和風(fēng)險。④自負(fù)風(fēng)險和費用，取得進口許可證或其他官方證件，并且辦理貨物進口所需的海關(guān)手續(xù)。五、CPT術(shù)語1.CPT術(shù)語的含義CarriagePaidto(…namedplaceofdestination)，即運費付至(……指定目的地)。根據(jù)《2000通則》的解釋，CPT適用于包括多式聯(lián)運在內(nèi)的各種運輸方式。在CPT條件下，賣方交貨的地點，可以是在出口國的內(nèi)陸，也可以在其他地方，如邊境地區(qū)的港口或車站等。不論在何處交貨，賣方都要負(fù)責(zé)辦理貨物出口報關(guān)的手續(xù)?？梢?，CPT在交貨地點、風(fēng)險劃分界限方面與FCA相同，但在CPT條件下，從交貨地點至指定目的地的運輸責(zé)任與費用轉(zhuǎn)由賣方承擔(dān)。(1)賣方義務(wù)①訂立將貨物運往指定目的地的運輸合同，并支付有關(guān)運費。②在合同規(guī)定的時間、地點，將合同規(guī)定的貨物置于承運人控制之下，并及時通知買方。③承擔(dān)將貨物交給承運人控制之前的風(fēng)險。④自負(fù)風(fēng)險和費用，取得出口許可證或其他官方批準(zhǔn)證件，并辦理貨物出口所需的一切海關(guān)手續(xù)，支付關(guān)稅及其他有關(guān)費用。⑤提交商業(yè)發(fā)票和自費向買方提供在約定目的地提貨所需的通常的運輸單據(jù)，或具有同等作用的電子信息。(2)買方義務(wù)①接受賣方提供的有關(guān)單據(jù)，受領(lǐng)貨物，并按合同規(guī)定支付貨款。②承擔(dān)自貨物在約定交貨地點交給承運人控制之后的風(fēng)險。③自負(fù)風(fēng)險和費用，取得進口許可證或其他官方證件，并辦理貨物進口所需的海關(guān)手續(xù)，支付關(guān)稅及其他有關(guān)費用。

六、CIP術(shù)語1.CIP術(shù)語的含義

CarriageandInsurancePaidto(…namedplaceofdestination)，即運費保險費付至(……指定目的地)。(1)賣方義務(wù)①訂立將貨物運往指定目的地的運輸合同，并支付有關(guān)運費。②在合同規(guī)定的時間、地點，將合同規(guī)定的貨物置于承運人的控制之下，并及時通知買方。③承擔(dān)將貨物交給承運人控制之前的風(fēng)險。④按照買賣合同的約定，自負(fù)費用投保貨物運輸險。⑤自負(fù)風(fēng)險和費用，取得出口許可證或其他官方批準(zhǔn)證件，并辦理貨物出口所需的一切海關(guān)手續(xù)，支付關(guān)稅及其他有關(guān)費用。⑥提交商業(yè)發(fā)票和在約定目的地提貨所需的通常的運輸單據(jù)或具有同等作用的電子信息，并且自費向買方提供保險單據(jù)。(2)買方義務(wù)①接受賣方提供的有關(guān)單據(jù)，受領(lǐng)貨物，并按合同規(guī)定支付貸款。②承擔(dān)自貨物在約定地點交給承運人控制之后的風(fēng)險。③自負(fù)風(fēng)險和費用，取得進口許可證或其他官方證件，并且辦理貨物進口所需的海關(guān)手續(xù)，支付關(guān)稅及其他有關(guān)費用。兩組貿(mào)易術(shù)語的區(qū)別FCACPTCIPFOBCFRCIF其他貿(mào)易術(shù)語1．EXW術(shù)語2．FAS術(shù)語FreeAlongsideShip(…namedportOfshipment)，船邊交貨(……指定裝運港)。3．DAF術(shù)語DeliveredAtFrontier(…namedplace)，邊境交貨(……指定地點)。4．DES術(shù)語DeliveredExShip(…namedportofdestination)，船上交貨(……指定目的港)。5．DEQ術(shù)語DeliveredExQuay(…namedportofdestination)，碼頭交貨(……指定目的港)。6．DDU術(shù)語DeliveredDutyUnpaid(…namedplaceofdestination)，未完稅交貨(……指定目的地)。7．DDP術(shù)語DeliveredDutyPaid(…namedplaceofdestination)，完稅后交貨(……指定目的地)。表1-1貿(mào)易術(shù)語的對比貿(mào)易術(shù)語交貨地點風(fēng)險轉(zhuǎn)移界限出口報關(guān)的責(zé)任、費用進口報關(guān)的責(zé)任、費用適用的運輸方式EXWFCAFASFOBCFRCIFCPTCIPDAFDESDEQDDUDDP商品產(chǎn)地、所在地出口國內(nèi)地、港口裝運港口裝運港口裝運港口裝運港口出口國內(nèi)地、港口出口國內(nèi)地、港口兩國邊境指定地點目的港口目的港口進口國內(nèi)進門國內(nèi)買方處置貨物后承運人處置貨物后貨交船邊后貨物越過船舷貨物越過船舷貨物越過船舷承運人處置貨物后承運人處置貨物后買方處置貨物后買方在船上收貨后買方在碼頭收貨后買方在指定地點收貨后買方在指定地點收貨后買方賣方賣方賣方賣方賣方賣方賣方賣方賣方賣方賣方賣方買方買方買方買方買方買方買方買方買方買方買方買方賣方任何方式任何方式水上運輸水上運輸水上運輸水上運輸任何方式任何方式任何方式水上運輸水上運輸任何方式任何方式ChapterTwo

IntroductiontoInternationalPaymentsandSettlements2.1DefinitionofInternationalPaymentsandSettlements2.1.1ThegeneralimplicationInternationalpaymentsandsettlementsarefinancialactivitiesconductedamongdifferentcountriesinwhichpaymentsareeffectedorfundsaretransferredfromonecountrytoanotherinordertosettleaccounts,debts,claims,etc.,emergedinthecourseofpolitical,economicorculturalcontractsamongthem.2.1.2Thespecialimplication+Internationaltradesettlement+Internationalnon-tradesettlement2.2EvolutionofInternationalPaymentsandSettlements2.2.1Fromcashsettlementtonon-cashsettlement2.2.2Fromdirectpaymentmadebetweeninternationaltraderstopaymenteffectedthroughafinancialintermediary2.2.3Frompaymentsundersimplepricetermstopaymentsundermorecomplexpriceterms2.2.4Internetera2.3CharacteristicsofModernInternationalPaymentsandSettlements+facilitate+Currenciesaremorediversified.+highefficiencyofbanks+internationalleading2.4MajorPointsConcerningInternationalPaymentsandSettlements+methods+instruments+documents+currencies+rulesandregulations2.5CorrespondentBankingRelationshipAbankhavingdirectconnectionorfriendlyservicerelationswithanotherbank.Notes:InternationalpaymentsandsettlementsChapterThree

CreditInstruments3.1NegotiableInstruments3.1.1DefinitionAnegotiableinstrumentisachoseninaction,thefullandlegaltitletowhichistransferablebydeliveryoftheinstrument(possiblewiththetransferor’sendorsement)withtheresultthatcompleteownershipoftheinstrumentandallthepropertyitrepresentspassesfreelyfromequitiestothetransferee,providingthelattertakestheinstrumentingoodfaithandforvalue.3.1.2Functions+Asameansofpayment+Asacreditinstrument(promise)+Asatransferableinstrument3.1.3Classifications3.1.3.1Negotiation（流通轉(zhuǎn)讓）Negotiationmeansthatthetitlecanbetransferredmerelybydeliveringthecertificateoftitleorbyendorsementonthecertificatecompletelybydelivery.Ithasthreevitalsignificantfeatures:First,thetransfereeingoodfaithandforvaluecanacquireabettertitlethanthatheldbyallhispriorparties;Second,theholdersneednotgivenoticeofthetransfertopriorparties,especialtooriginaldebtor,toestablishtheirtitle;Third,theholderscansueintheirownnames.3.1.3.2Semi-negotiation（準(zhǔn)流通轉(zhuǎn)讓)Thetransfereecannotacquireabettertitlethanhispriorparty,i.e.anydefectinthetransferor’stitleisalsotransferred.Forexample,billoflading,notnegotiablecrossedcheque.3.1.3.3Assignment（過戶轉(zhuǎn)讓)Assignmentiseffectedbysendingtheappropriatetransferformsignedbythetransferorandtherelevantcertificatetotheorganizationwhichissuedthesecuritiesfordetailsofthenewownershiptobeenteredontheregister.Forexample,share,lifepolicies,debenture.3.2BillofExchange(Draft)3.2.1DefinitionAbillofexchangeisanunconditionalorderinwriting,addressedbyoneperson(thedrawer)toanother(thedrawee),signedbythepersongivingit,requiringthepersontowhomitisaddressed(thedrawee,whowhenhesignsbecomestheacceptor)topayondemand,oratafixedordeterminablefuturetime,asumcertaininmoney,toortotheorderofaspecifiedperson,ortobearer(thepayee).3.2.2Parties+Thedrawer,usuallytheexporter+Thedrawee(payer),usuallytheimporterortheappointedbankerunderaletterofcreditininternationaltrade.+Thepayee,usuallytheexporterhimselforhisappointedbanker.3.2.3Essentials+theword“exchange”+anunconditionalorderinwriting+nameandaddressofthedrawee+drawer’ssignature+dateandplaceofissue+nameandaddressofpayee+tenor+placeofpayment+amountinfiguresandinwords+numberofbillofexchanges+reasonofissuing3.2.4Acts+Issuance:draw,signanddeliver+Endorsement++blankendorsement++orderendorsement++restrictiveendorsement+Presentment+Acceptance++generalacceptance:withoutanyqualification++qualifiedacceptance+++conditionalacceptance+++partialacceptance+++localacceptance+++timeacceptance+Payment+Dishonor+Noticeofdishonor+Protest+Recourse3.2.5Classifications+Accordingtothedrawer+Accordingtotheacceptor+Accordingtothetenor+Accordingtowhethercommercialdocumentsareattached+Accordingtothecurrencydenominated+Accordingtotheplaceofacceptanceandplaceofpayment+Accordingtotheplaceofissueandplaceofpayment3.3PromissoryNote3.3.1DefinitionApromissorynoteisanunconditionalpromiseinwritingmadebyoneperson(themaker)toanother(thepayeeortheholder)signedbythemakerengagingtopayondemandoratafixedordeterminablefuturetimeasumcertaininmoneytoortotheorderofaspecifiedpersonorbearer.3.3.2Essentials+theword“promissorynote”+anunconditionalpromisetopay+nameofthepayee+maker’ssignature+placeanddateofissue+tenor+amountinfigureandinwords3.3.3ActsAllofthelegalactsexceptforacceptancedescribedinsectionofbillofexchangeapplytopromissorynote.3.3.4Classification+Accordingtothemaker,itcanbeclassifiedasbankpromissorynoteandtradepromissorynote;+Accordingtothetenor,itcanbeclassifiedassightpromissorynoteandtimepromissorynote.3.3.5Differencebetweenapromissorynoteandabillofexchange本票匯票基本當(dāng)事人簽發(fā)人、收款人出票人、付款人、收款人性質(zhì)無條件支付承諾無條件支付命令有無承兌行為無有主債務(wù)人簽發(fā)人承兌前是出票人、承兌后是承兌人表3-1本票與匯票的區(qū)別3.4Check3.4.1DefinitionAcheckisanunconditionalorderinwritingaddressedbythecustomer(thedrawer)toabank(thedrawee)signedbythatcustomerauthorizingthebanktopayondemandaspecifiedsumofmoneytoortotheorderofanamedpersonortobearer(thepayee).3.4.2Essentials+theword“check”+anunconditionalorderinwriting+nameofthepayingbank+drawer’ssignature+placeanddateofissue+addressofthepayingbank+amountinfiguresandinwords+nameofthepayee3.4.3Parties+Drawer+Drawee+Payee3.4.4Processofcheckclearing3.4.5Classification+Crossingcheckandnon-crossingcheckThecrossingimplicatesthatthepayeecancollectthecheckproceedsonlythroughabankinstitutioncalledcollectingbankratherthanaskforpaymentincashdirectlyoncounterofthedraweebank.Incontrast,anuncrossedchecknamely,opencheck,doesnothavetobepaidthroughabankaccount,paymentcanbemadeoverthecounter,i.e.incash.Thusthecrossingissaferthantheother.+Ordercheck（記名支票）andbearercheck（來人支票)+Confirmedcheck（保付支票）3.4.6ActsAllofthelegalactsexceptforacceptancedescribedinsectionofbillofexchangeapplytocheck.3.4.7Differencebetweenacheckandabillofexchange支票匯票付款人銀行銀行或商人期限即期即期或遠(yuǎn)期有無承兌行為無有轉(zhuǎn)帳方式須劃線無須劃線主債務(wù)人出票人承兌前是出票人，承兌后是承兌人表3-2支票與匯票的區(qū)別Notes:negotiableinstrument;billofexchange;promissorynote;checkChapterFour

InternationalbankRemittance4.1DefinitionInternationalremittancehappenswhenaclient(payer)askshisbanktosendasumofmoneytoabeneficiaryabroadbyoneofthetransfermethodsatitsoption.Thebeneficiarycanbepaidatthedesignatedbank,whichiseithertheremittingbank’soverseasbranchoritscorrespondent.4.2Parties+remitter+remittingbank+payee+payingbank4.3Procedures4.3.1Classifications+M/T+T/T+D/D4.3.2Procedures+proceduresforM/TandT/T+proceduresforD/D4.4Advantagesanddisadvantages(seeTab.4-1)4.5Cancellationoftheremittance4.5.1CancellationofM/TorT/T+cancellationbeforepaymentismade+theremitterhimselfmaycontactthepayeetoclaimbackthepayment4.5.2CancellationofD/D+thebankisreluctanttocancelthedraftthathehasissued.4.6Functionsofremittanceininternationaltrade4.6.1Paymentinadvance方式利弊成本速度T/T+極為安全，可通過銀行付給指定收款人+匯款人可充分利用資金，減少利息損失+銀行不能占用資金+匯款人要多付手續(xù)費高最快M/T銀行占用客戶資金有可能在郵寄中延誤或丟失較低較慢D/D+匯入行不必通知取款+背書后可流通轉(zhuǎn)讓+銀行占用客戶資金可能丟失或被竊最低最慢表4-1T/T,M/T,D/D的比較4.6.1.1Itisusedinthefollowingsituations:+Whenthebuyer’screditisdoubtful;+Whenthereisanunstablepoliticaloreconomicenvironmentinthebuyer’scountry,and/or+Ifthereisapotentialdelayinthereceiptoffundsfromthebuyer,perhapsduetoeventsbeyondhiscontrol;+whendemandforcommoditiesisgreaterthansupplyinmarket.4.6.1.2Advantagestotheseller+Canimmediatelyusethefundtoruntheoperation;+Helpthesellerwiththeshortageoffunds;+Havenoanyfinancialrisks.4.6.1.3Disadvantagestothebuyer+Tyinguphiscapital+Havenoassurance4.6.1.4Elementsconsideredbythebuyer+Creditstandingoftheseller+Potentialandeconomicenvironmentintheseller’ecountry+Buyersshouldhavesufficientbalancesheetliquidity+Permissioninthebuyer’scountry4.6.2Openaccountbusiness4.6.2.1Advantagestothebuyer+thebuyerpaysforthegoodsorservicesonlywhentheyarereceivedand/orinspected;+thepaymentistermedandregulatedonsuchissuesaspolitical,legal,andeconomicissues.4.6.2.2Disadvantagestotheseller+thesellerreleasesthetitletothegoodswithouthavingassuranceofpayment+thereisapossibilitythatpoliticaleventswillimposeregulationswhichdeferorblockthemovementoffundstoseller+theseller’scapitalistiedupuntilthegoodsarereceivedand/orinspectedbythebuyeroruntiltheservicesarefoundtobeacceptableandpaymentiseffected4.6.2.3Elementsconsideredbytheseller+hisownfinancialstanding+thebuyerwilleffectpaymentattheagreeddate+theauthorityofthebuyer’scountryNotes:Internationalremittance;D/DChapterFive

Collection5.1Introduction5.1.1DefinitionCollectionisanarrangementwherebythegoodsareshippedandarelevantbillofexchangeisdrawnbytheselleronthebuyer,and/orshippingdocumentsareforwardedtotheseller’sbankwithclearinstructionsforcollectionthroughoneofitscorrespondentbanklocatedinthedomicileofthebuyer.5.1.2Parties+theprinciple+theremittingbank+thecollectingorpresentingbank+thedrawee+thecaseofneed5.1.3Typesofcollection+documentarycollection++documentsagainstpayment(D/P)+++D/Patsight+++D/Paftersight+++D/PbyT/R（遠(yuǎn)期付款憑信托收據(jù)交單）Inthiscase,inordertopushsalesofthegoodsintime,theimportermayconsultwiththecollectingbanktoborrowthebillsofladingbeforethematurityofthedraftsagainstthetrustreceipt(T/R),andmakepaymentontheduedateofdrafts.Theso-called“trustreceipt”isawrittenguarantyprovidedbytheimportertothecollectingbankforthepurchaseofborrowingB/Lfromthelatter,inwhichtheimporterdeclaresthathewilltakedeliveryofthegoodsandpushsalesofthegoodsastheconsigneeofthecollectingbank,andacknowledgethetitletothegoodsandproceedsofthesalebelongingtothecollectingbankandwithguaranteetomakepaymentonthedatedue.++documentsagainstacceptance(D/A)+cleancollectionItisoftenusedtocollectremainingfunds,advanceincash,sampleexpenses,etc.ininternationaltradepayment.5.2DocumentaryCollectionPractice5.2.1Procedure+procedureforD/P+procedureforD/A5.2.2Collectionorder+importanceofcollectionorder+specificinstructions+keyelements++thepaymentperiod++thenameandaddressofthebuyer++thebuyer’sbank++instructions,ifany,aboutwhattodowiththeacceptedbillofexchange.++notationconcerningpaymentofchargesforthedocumentarycollection.++instructionsforlodgingofaprotestintheeventofnon-acceptanceornon-payment.++instructionsfornotificationofagentorrepresentativeinthebuyer’scountry.5.2.3Outwardcollection5.2.4Inwardcollection5.3RiskProtectionandFinancingUnderCollectionMethods5.3.1riskinvolved+riskforexporterandmeasuresagainstrisks+riskforimporterandmeasuresagainstrisks5.3.2Financingunderthecollection+billpurchased+trustreceiptNotes:collection;caseofneed;documentarycollection貼現(xiàn)押匯必須有匯票不一定有匯票，貨運單亦可必須是遠(yuǎn)期匯票遠(yuǎn)期和即期均可匯票須經(jīng)承兌議付是不可能被承兌匯票可再貼現(xiàn)無次級市場扣息天數(shù)短扣息天數(shù)長匯票在貼現(xiàn)行所在地支付匯票在外國支付付款人或承兌人在貼現(xiàn)行所在地有良好聲譽付款人或承兌人是國外的當(dāng)事人銀行風(fēng)險小銀行風(fēng)險大表5-1貼現(xiàn)與押匯的區(qū)別ChapterSix

LetterofCredit6.1Introduction6.1.1DefinitionLetterofcreditisanundertakingissuedbyabankfortheaccountofthebuyer(applicant)orforitsownaccount,topaythebeneficiarythevalueofthedraftand/ordocumentsprovidedthatthetermsandconditionsofthedocumentarycreditarecompliedwith.6.1.2Characteristics+bank’screditinsteadofcommercialcredit+independentofthesalescontract+banksdealswithdocumentsandnotwithgoods.+bank’sresponsibilityistoseewhetheritappearsonthefacetobeincompliancewiththecreditterms.6.1.3Parties+applicant+issuingbank+advisingbank+beneficiary+confirmingbank+negotiatingbank+payingbank+acceptingbank+reimbursingbank6.1.4Basicprocedure6.1.5SomecommonsenserulesaboutL/C+aboutL/C+aboutdocuments6.2TypesofCredit+accordingtowhetheritcanberevokedornot++revocableL/C++irrevocableL/C+accordingtotheaddingofconfirmation++confirmedL/C++unconfirmedL/C+accordingtothetenor++sightL/C++timeL/C++usanceL/Cpayableatsight+accordingtowhetherthecreditcanbetransferredornot++transferableL/C++non-transferableL/CBuyerintermediarySellerIssuingBankNegotiatingBankTransferringBank(7)payment(6)documents(2)payment(1)documents(3)payment(4)documents(5)payment(3)paymentFigure6.1ProcedureoftransferableassignmentofproceedsExplanations:(1)Intermediary(firstbeneficiary)presentsdocumentstothenegotiatingbank.(2)Negotiatingbankpaysintermediaryanyfundsnotassignedtotheseller(secondbeneficiary).(3)Negotiatingbankpaystransferringbankwhotheninturnpaystheseller(secondbeneficiary).theassignedfunds.(4)Negotiatingbankpresentsdocumentstotheissuingbank.(5)Issuingbankpays/reimbursesthenegotiatingbankinaccordancewiththetermsofthecredit.(6)Issuingbankpresentsdocumentstothebuyer.(7)Buyerpays/reimbursestheissuingbankinaccordancewiththetermsofthecredit.+accordingtothemodeofavailability++paymentL/C++acceptanceL/C++deferredpaymentL/C++negotiationL/C+accordingtospecialfunctionclause++revolvingL/C++back-to-backL/C++reciprocalL/C++redclauseL/C++standbyL/C+combinedfunctioncredits++irrevocablestraightL/C++irrevocablenegotiationL/CSeller(firstbeneficiarySecondissuingbankSecondadvisingbankadvisingbankBuyer(applicant)issuingbanksecondbeneficiary1.application2.L/C3.advising4.applicationforback-to-backL/C5.back-to-backL/C6.advisingback-to-backL/CFigure6.2Proceduresforback-to-backL/C背對背信用證可轉(zhuǎn)讓信用證其開立是受益人的意旨，申請人和開證行與其無關(guān)其開立是申請人的意旨，開證行同意方可開出兩證同時存在其全部或部分權(quán)利被轉(zhuǎn)讓出去，該證就失去那部分金額第二受益人得不到原始信用證開證行的付款保證第二受益人可得到原始信用證開證行的付款保證開立此信用證的銀行就是該證的開證行轉(zhuǎn)讓行地位不變，仍是轉(zhuǎn)讓行表6-1背對背信用證和可轉(zhuǎn)讓信用證的區(qū)別+備用信用證（StandbyL/C），又稱商業(yè)票據(jù)信用證（CommercialPaperL/C），是指開證行代表開證申請人向受益人承擔(dān)某項義務(wù)的憑證。在此憑證中，開證行承諾在開證申請人未履約時，保證為其履行義務(wù)，其中包括支付貨款，償還借款，以及其他約定的義務(wù)。另外，它與一般信用證不同的是，買賣雙方，債權(quán)人與債務(wù)人都可以互相開立備用信用證。+備用信用證最早產(chǎn)生于19世紀(jì)后期的美國銀行界。最初的使用范圍很窄，僅限于美國銀行為其國內(nèi)客戶提供擔(dān)保。+備用信用證具有單據(jù)化、獨立性、銀行信用的特點。+備用信用證與跟單信用證的不同：++受益人行使權(quán)力的前提。++適用范圍。例如：保證投標(biāo)人履行職責(zé)；保證借款人到期還款；保證賒購人到期付款等。++付款依據(jù)。+備用信用證的業(yè)務(wù)流程：++申請開立備用信用證++開立備用信用證，并向受益人通知。++若開證申請人履行了義務(wù)，備用信用證就備而不用；否則，受益人可提交有關(guān)單據(jù)向開證行索賠。++開證行審核無誤后，應(yīng)無條件向受益人付款。++開證行向開證申請人索賠。+《國際備用證慣例》(InternationalStandbyPractices,簡稱《ISP98》)，1999年1月1日開始實行。+同時依據(jù)<ISP98>,<UCP500>開立時，<ISP98>應(yīng)優(yōu)于<UCP500>，只有當(dāng)<ISP98>未涉及或另有明確規(guī)定時，才可根據(jù)<UCP500>。ChapterSeven

L/CPractice7.1ImportCreditOperation7.1.1Documentarycreditapplication7.1.2Securityarrangement7.1.3Issuanceofthecredit7.1.4Amendmentofthecredit7.1.5Examinationofdocumentsanddishonor7.1.6Accepting/Paying/Reimbursing7.2ExportCreditOperation7.2.1Reviewthecredit7.2.2Advising/Confirming7.2.3Examinationofdocuments+單據(jù)審核的基本原則++合理小心審單原則++單證表面相符原則++審核單據(jù)化條件原則++銀行獨立審單原則+合理時間審單原則+常見的單據(jù)不符點++時間方面的不符++裝運方面的不符++金額方面的不符++匯票方面的不符++發(fā)票方面的不符++保險方面的不符++提單方面的不符++單據(jù)與單據(jù)之間的不符++信用證方面的不符7.2.4Discrepanciesinthedocuments7.2.5Accepting/Paying/Negotiating7.2.6Claim7.3CreditasaMeansofFinance7.3.1Pre-shipmentadvances7.3.2Cessions/assignmentsundercreditsThewholeprocedureoftransferableassignmentofproceedsisshownasfollows.7.4RiskProtection+進口商面臨的風(fēng)險及對風(fēng)險的防范++風(fēng)險+++虛假單據(jù)+++貨物與合同不符+++預(yù)付款+++對開信用證++防范+++開證前對出口商的了解+++開證時在信用證中加列有關(guān)貨物狀況的條款+++對開信用證+++預(yù)支信用證+出口商面臨的風(fēng)險及風(fēng)險的防范++風(fēng)險+++貨物的品質(zhì)要求+++時間方面+++海運提單的收貨人+++正本提單自寄開證申請人+++信用證的有效期及有效地點+++銀行費用的負(fù)擔(dān)+++貨物檢驗證書+++簽字樣式+++暫不生效條款++防范+++對開證行的了解+++認(rèn)真審核信用證+++通過單據(jù)來控制貨物+++出口信用保險BuyerintermediarySellerIssuingBankNegotiatingBankTransferringBank(7)payment(6)documents(2)payment(1)documents(3)payment(4)documents(5)payment(3)paymentFigure7.1ProcedureoftransferableassignmentofproceedsExplanations:(1)Intermediary(firstbeneficiary)presentsdocumentstothenegotiatingbank.(2)Negotiatingbankpaysintermediaryanyfundsnotassignedtotheseller(secondbeneficiary).(3)Negotiatingbankpaystransferringbankwhotheninturnpaystheseller(secondbeneficiary).theassignedfunds.(4)Negotiatingbankpresentsdocumentstotheissuingbank.(5)Issuingbankpays/reimbursesthenegotiatingbankinaccordancewiththetermsofthecredit.(6)Issuingbankpresentsdocumentstothebuyer.(7)Buyerpays/reimbursestheissuingbankinaccordancewiththetermsofthecredit.ChapterEight

DocumentsUndertheCredit8.1Introduction8.1.1Importanceofdocumentsininternationaltrade8.1.2Someissuesrelatingtodocumentsunderthecredit8.2DocumentList8.3Invoice8.3.1Commercialinvoice8.3.2Customsinvoice8.3.3Manufacturer’sinvoice8.3.4Consularinvoice8.3.5Legalizedinvoice8.4TransportDocuments8.4.1BillofladingDifferenttypes(1)ShippedonboardB/LversusreceivedforshipmentB/LAshippedonboardB/Lisoneevidencingthatthegoodshavebeenactuallyshippedonanamedvessel,whilethereceivedforshipmentB/Ljustmeansthatthegoodshavebeenhandedovertotheshipownerandareinhiscustody,notyetbeenshippedonavessel.(2)CleanB/LversusuncleanB/LAcleanB/Lisonewherethecarrierhasnoted-mostlypre-printedonabilloflading-thatthemerchandisehasbeenshippedorreceivedinapparentgoodcondition(noapparentdamageorloss,etc.)anddoesnotbearsuchnotationsas“shipper’sloadandcounts”.Onthecontrary,anuncleanB/Lreferstothatcarrieraddsclausesspecificallystatingunusualconditionsofthegoodsandrelatedpackages,suchasinadequatepackaging,wet,orstainedcartons,cartonmissing,etc.(3)StraightB/LversustransshipmentB/LAstraightB/Lisissuedwhengoodsareshippedbyonevesseldirectfromtheloadingporttothedestinationportwithouttransshipmentontheroute,whiletransshipmentB/