備考2021高考語法填空 閱讀理解題源09：科技文-恒星是如何形成的

備考2021高考語法填空09HowStarsForminNearbyGalaxies

恒星是如何在附近星系形成的導讀：Starsarebornindensecloudsofmolecularhydrogengasthatpermeatesinterstellarspaceofmostgalaxies.恒星誕生于氫氣分子稠密云中，而這些氫氣分子彌漫在大多數(shù)星系星際空間中。第一部分

練習Howstarsformingalaxies1、____________（remain）amajoropenquestion.RobertFeldmannshedsnewlight2、____________thistopicwiththehelpofadata-drivenre-analysisofobservationalmeasurements.Starsarebornindensecloudsofmolecularhydrogengas3、____________permeatesinterstellarspaceofmostgalaxies.Whilethephysicsofstarformationiscomplex,recentyears4、____________(see)substantialprogresstowardsunderstandinghowstarsforminagalacticenvironment.What5、____________(ultimate)determinesthelevelofstarformationingalaxies,however,remainsanopenquestion.Inprinciple,twomainfactorsinfluencethestarformationactivity:theamountofmoleculargasthatispresentingalaxies6、____________thetimescaleover7、____________thegasreservoirisdepletedbyconvertingitintostars.Whilethegasmassofgalaxiesisregulatedby8、____________competitionbetweengasinflows,outflows,andgasconsumption,thephysicsofthegas-to-starconversioniscurrentlynotwellunderstood.Givenitspotentiallycriticalrole,manyefforts9、____________

(undertake)todeterminethegasdepletiontimescaleobservationally.However,theseeffortsresultedinconflictingfindingspartlybecauseofthechallengeinmeasuringgas10、____________(mass)reliablygivencurrentdetectionlimits.參考答案：1、remains2、on3、that4、haveseen5、ultimately6、and7、which8、a9、havebeenundertaken10、masses備考2021高考科技類時政新聞閱讀題源09第二部分雙語閱讀Howstarsformingalaxiesremainsamajoropenquestion.恒星如何在星系中形成仍然是一個主要的未決問題。RobertFeldmannshedsnewlightonthistopicwiththehelpofadata-drivenre-analysisofobservationalmeasurements.羅伯特·費爾德曼在數(shù)據(jù)驅(qū)動的觀測測量再分析的幫助下，對這一主題提出了新的看法。Starsarebornindensecloudsofmolecularhydrogengasthatpermeatesinterstellarspaceofmostgalaxies.恒星誕生于氫氣分子稠密云中，而這些氫氣分子彌漫在大多數(shù)星系星際空間中。Whilethephysicsofstarformationiscomplex,recentyearshaveseensubstantialprogresstowardsunderstandinghowstarsforminagalacticenvironment.雖然恒星形成的物理過程很復(fù)雜，但近年來在理解恒星如何在星系環(huán)境中形成方面已經(jīng)取得了實質(zhì)性進展。Whatultimatelydeterminesthelevelofstarformationingalaxies,however,remainsanopenquestion.然而，最終決定星系恒星形成水平的因素仍然是一個懸而未決的問題。Inprinciple,twomainfactorsinfluencethestarformationactivity:原則上，影響恒星形成活動的兩個主要因素是：theamountofmoleculargasthatispresentingalaxiesandthetimescaleoverwhichthegasreservoirisdepletedbyconvertingitintostars.星系中存在的分子氣體的數(shù)量，以及將氣體儲層轉(zhuǎn)化為恒星而耗盡的時間尺度。Whilethegasmassofgalaxiesisregulatedbyacompetitionbetweengasinflows,outflows,andgasconsumption,thephysicsofthegas-to-starconversioniscurrentlynotwellunderstood.雖然星系的氣體質(zhì)量是由氣體流入、流出和氣體消耗之間的競爭來調(diào)節(jié)的，但氣體到恒星的轉(zhuǎn)換的物理原理目前尚不清楚。Givenitspotentiallycriticalrole,manyeffortshavebeenundertakentodeterminethegasdepletiontimescaleobservationally.鑒于其潛在的關(guān)鍵作用，已經(jīng)作出了許多努力，以確定氣體消耗的時間尺度的觀測。However,theseeffortsresultedinconflictingfindingspartlybecauseofthechallengeinmeasuringgasmassesreliablygivencurrentdetectionlimits.然而，這些努力導致了相互矛盾的發(fā)現(xiàn)，部分原因是在目前的檢測極限下，在可靠地測量氣體質(zhì)量方面存在挑戰(zhàn)。Figure1.VisualizationofgasinandaroundaMilky-Way-likegalaxy(center)intoday’sUniverseaspredictedbyacosmologicalsimulationrunbytheauthor.圖1。在今天的宇宙中，像銀河系一樣的星系（中心）和周圍的氣體的可視化，正如作者所做的宇宙模擬所預(yù)測的那樣。Dense,atomicandmolecularhydrogentypicallyformsanextendeddisk,hereseeninbluish-purpleatthecenteroftheimage.密集、原子和分子氫通常形成一個擴展的圓盤，在圖像的中心呈藍紫色。Stars(white)formthroughoutthegasdisk.恒星（白色）在整個氣盤中形成。Additionalstarformationmaytakeplaceinsatellitegalaxies,hereseenatthetoprightandbottomleftpositions.更多的恒星形成可能發(fā)生在衛(wèi)星星系，在這里看到的右上角和左下角的位置。Hot,lowdensitygas(greenandredhues)canbefoundatlargedistances,outtotheedgeofthedarkmatterhalosurroundingthemaingalaxy(whitecircle).熱的，低密度的氣體（綠色和紅色的色調(diào))可以在很遠的地方找到，延伸到主星系周圍的暗物質(zhì)暈的邊緣(白色圓圈）。Theimagealsoshowsalargenumberofdarkmattersubstructures(purple)mostofwhicharedevoidofgasandstars.圖像還顯示了大量的暗物質(zhì)子結(jié)構(gòu)（紫色），其中大部分沒有氣體和恒星。學分：蘇黎世大學Typicalstarformationislinkedtotheoverallgasreservoir典型的恒星形成與整個氣藏相連ThepresentstudyusesanewstatisticalmethodbasedonBayesianmodelingtoproperlyaccountforgalaxieswithundetectedamountsofmolecularoratomichydrogentominimizeobservationalbias.本研究使用了一種基于貝葉斯建模的新的統(tǒng)計方法來正確地解釋含有未檢測到的分子或原子氫的星系，以盡量減少觀測偏差。Thisnewanalysisrevealsthat,intypical,starforminggalaxies,molecularandatomichydrogenareconvertedintostarsoverapproximatelyconstanttimescalesof1and10billionyears,respectively.這一新的分析表明，在典型的恒星形成星系中，分子和原子氫分別在大約10億年和100億年的恒定時間尺度上轉(zhuǎn)化為恒星。However,extremelyactivegalaxies(`starbursts’)arefoundtohavemuchshortergasdepletiontimescales.然而，極端活躍的星系（`星暴）被發(fā)現(xiàn)有更短的氣體耗盡時間尺度。Thesefindingssuggestthatstarformationintypicalgalaxiesisindeeddirectlylinkedtotheoverallgasreservoirandthussetbytherateatwhichgasentersorleavesagalaxy.這些發(fā)現(xiàn)表明，典型星系中的恒星形成確實與整個氣藏直接相關(guān)，因此取決于氣體進入或離開星系的速率。Incontrast,thedramaticallyhigherstarformationactivityofstarburstshaslikelyadifferentphysicalorigin,suchasgalaxyinteractionsorinstabilitiesingalacticdisks.相反，恒星形成活動明顯較高，可能有不同的物理起源，如星系相互作用或星系盤的不穩(wěn)定性。Thisanalysisisbasedonobservationaldataofnearbygalaxies.這一分析是基于附近星系的觀測數(shù)據(jù)。ObservationswiththeAtacamaLargeMillimeter/submillimeterArray,theSquareKilometerArray,andotherobservatoriespromisetoprobethegascontentoflargenumbersofgalaxiesacrosscosmichistory.用阿塔卡馬大毫米/次毫米陣列、方千米陣列和其他觀測站進行的觀測有望探測宇宙歷史上大量星系的氣體含量。Itwillbeparamounttoco