2023年大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)語(yǔ)法考點(diǎn)透析

動(dòng)詞的時(shí)與體(Tense&Aspect)時(shí)（tense）是個(gè)語(yǔ)法范疇，它是表達(dá)時(shí)間區(qū)別的動(dòng)詞形式。英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞只有“現(xiàn)在時(shí)”和“過去時(shí)”，而沒有“將來(lái)時(shí)”（在英語(yǔ)中，表達(dá)“將來(lái)”手段多種多樣，但沒有一種獨(dú)特的、能與“現(xiàn)在時(shí)”和“過去時(shí)”平起平坐的專一表達(dá)“將來(lái)”的動(dòng)詞形式----“將來(lái)時(shí)”）。體（aspect）也是一個(gè)語(yǔ)法范疇，它表達(dá)動(dòng)作或過程在一定期間內(nèi)處在何種狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞形式。英語(yǔ)有進(jìn)行體(progressiveaspect)和完畢體(perfectiveaspect)。進(jìn)行體是由助動(dòng)詞be的一定形式加積極詞的-ing分詞構(gòu)成；完畢體由助動(dòng)詞have的一定形式加積極詞的-ed分詞構(gòu)成。現(xiàn)在時(shí)和過去時(shí)既可以單獨(dú)使用，也可以和進(jìn)行體或完畢體結(jié)合使用，也可以同時(shí)與完畢體和進(jìn)行體結(jié)合使用。這樣，英語(yǔ)的限定動(dòng)詞詞組便有8種時(shí)、體形式。它們分別是：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)(simplepresent)、一般過去時(shí)(simplepast)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行體(presentprogressive)、過去進(jìn)行體(pastprogressive)、現(xiàn)在完畢體(presentperfective)、過去完畢體(pastperfective)、現(xiàn)在完畢進(jìn)行體(presentperfectiveprogressive)、過去完畢進(jìn)行體(pastperfectiveprogressive)。在這一章中，我們單獨(dú)挑出完畢體來(lái)加以詳述。1．1必須使用完畢體的結(jié)構(gòu)1）It(This,Thisevening,yesterday...)is(was,willbe)first(second,third...)time(day,month…)…結(jié)構(gòu)中的分句，規(guī)定用完畢體。Isthisthefirsttimeyou'vebeentoBeijing?ThiswasthefirsttimehehadbeentoBeijing.ThisistheeighthmonththatIhavebeenoutofwork..ThiswastheeighthmonththatIhadbeenoutofwork.ThisisthesecondtimethatthegoodsproducedbyourfactoryhavebeenshownintheInternationalExhibition.ThiswasthesecondtimethatthegoodsproducedbyourfactoryhadbeenshownintheInternationalExhibition.2）在nosooner…than,hardly/barely/scarcely…when,等的句型中，主句要用過去完畢體。Hehadnosoonerseenmethanhelefttheroom.Nosoonerhadheseenmethanhelefttheroom.Thehelicopterhadhardlylandedwhenthewaitingcrowdrantowardit.ScarcelyhadIseenthelightningwhenIheardaclapofthunder.3）將來(lái)完畢體用來(lái)表達(dá)在將來(lái)某一時(shí)間以前已經(jīng)完畢或一直連續(xù)的動(dòng)作。經(jīng)常與before+將來(lái)時(shí)間或by+將來(lái)時(shí)間連用，也可與before或bythetime引導(dǎo)的現(xiàn)在時(shí)的分句連用。Iwillhavefinishedalltheworkbythetimeyouarebackthisevening.IamsurehewillhaveleftParisbythistimetomorrow.Ihopewewillhavegotalltheinformationbeforeyoucometomorrow.BythetimeyougettoNewYork,I_______forLondon.（2023年1月）A)wouldbeleavingB)amleavingC)havealreadyleftD)shallhaveleft本題時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)為by+將來(lái)時(shí)間，考察將來(lái)完畢體用法，應(yīng)選擇D)。BythetimehearrivesinBeijing,we________herefortwodays.（2023年6月）A)havebeenstayingB)havestayedC)shallstayD)willhavestayed將來(lái)完畢體用來(lái)可以表達(dá)在將來(lái)某一時(shí)間以前一直連續(xù)的動(dòng)作，本句話的意思是：我們將在這里呆兩天，因此謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用將來(lái)完畢體，答案為D)。1．2現(xiàn)在完畢體與現(xiàn)在完畢進(jìn)行體現(xiàn)在完畢進(jìn)行體兼有現(xiàn)在完畢體和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行體兩者基本特點(diǎn)。由于它有現(xiàn)在完畢體的特點(diǎn)，所以它可以表達(dá)某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或影響。由于它有現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行體的特點(diǎn)，所以它也可以表達(dá)某一動(dòng)作的延續(xù)性、臨時(shí)性、反復(fù)性、生動(dòng)性乃至感情色彩。1）現(xiàn)在完畢進(jìn)行體和現(xiàn)在完畢體皆可表達(dá)動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果，但前者所表達(dá)的結(jié)果是直接的，而后者所表達(dá)的則是最后的結(jié)果。Wehavebeencleaningtheclassroom．（a）Wehavecleanedtheclassroom．（b）（a）句可譯為“我們打掃教室來(lái)著”。其直接結(jié)果也許是：我們身上都是灰。（b）句可以譯為“我們把教室打掃過了”。其結(jié)果是：現(xiàn)在教室很清潔，可以用了。此外（a）句表達(dá)教室剛剛打掃過，（b）句則也許表達(dá)教室是昨天打掃的。再看下面兩個(gè)句子：Becareful!Johnhasbeenpaintingthedoor．（a）Johnhaspaintedthedoor．（b）（a）句表達(dá)約翰剛剛把門油漆過，現(xiàn)在油漆尚未干，所以你要小心。（b）句則無(wú)此含義，油漆也許已干了。2）現(xiàn)在完畢進(jìn)行體有時(shí)有延續(xù)性；現(xiàn)在完畢體往往沒有。Theyhavebeenwideningtheroad．（a）Theyhavewidenedtheroad．（b）（a）句的意思是他們?cè)诩訉採(cǎi)R路，但尚未竣工。（b）句的意思則是已竣工了。有時(shí)現(xiàn)在完畢體有延續(xù)性（如一些屬于連續(xù)體的動(dòng)詞），但無(wú)臨時(shí)性質(zhì)。Mr.SmithhasbeenlivinginLondonsince1978．（a）Mr.SmithhaslivedinLondonsince1979．（b）（a）句有“史密斯先生在倫敦久居”的含義，（b）句則沒有。3）但現(xiàn)在完畢進(jìn)行體并不總是具有臨時(shí)的性質(zhì)。MymotherhasbeenteachingEnglishfortwentyyears．（a）MymotherhastaughtEnglishfortwentyyears.（b）(a)句在此并無(wú)臨時(shí)性質(zhì)，但較口語(yǔ)化。（b）句則較為正式。此外，（a）句表達(dá)動(dòng)作現(xiàn)在仍在繼續(xù)．并將延續(xù)下去；（b）句的動(dòng)作是否延續(xù)下去，須由上下文決定，但在一般情況下都是延續(xù)下去的。在完畢進(jìn)行體往往表達(dá)動(dòng)作在反復(fù)；現(xiàn)在完畢體則經(jīng)常不帶反復(fù)性。Haveyoubeenmeetingherlately？（a）Haveyoumetherlately？（b）（a）句有“經(jīng)常相會(huì)”之意，（b）句則沒有。（b）句如與often，everyday等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，當(dāng)然也表達(dá)動(dòng)作在反復(fù)。在否認(rèn)結(jié)構(gòu)中，現(xiàn)在完畢體所否認(rèn)的是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞；現(xiàn)在完畢進(jìn)行體所否認(rèn)的是狀語(yǔ)。Hehasn'tbeenspeakingsincethreeo'clock．（a）Hehasn'tspokensincethreeo'clock．（b）（a）句中所否認(rèn)的不是hasbeenspeaking，而是sincethreeo'clock，其結(jié)構(gòu)等于Hehasbeenspeakingnotsincethreeo'clockbutsincehalfpastthree．這是由于現(xiàn)在完畢進(jìn)行體自身是沒有否認(rèn)結(jié)構(gòu)的原故。（b）句用的是現(xiàn)在完畢體，而現(xiàn)在完畢體是有否認(rèn)結(jié)構(gòu)的，所以（b）句中所否認(rèn)的自然是hasspoken，意即“從三點(diǎn)起他一直沉默不語(yǔ)，未發(fā)一言”。1．3情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+行為動(dòng)詞完畢體must+have+V-ed指現(xiàn)在對(duì)過去已發(fā)生的事或也許出現(xiàn)的情況進(jìn)行推斷和猜測(cè)，表達(dá)推測(cè)過去某事“一定”發(fā)生了。因此，Youmustseeherlastnight的說法是錯(cuò)誤的。Shemusthavemetaghostyesterday.她昨天一定碰見過鬼了。Hemusthavebeentherelastweek.他上周一定在那兒。HisscoreontheEnglishtestisthehighestintheclass;hemusthavestudiedlastnight.他這次英語(yǔ)測(cè)試的成績(jī)?nèi)嘧罡?。他昨晚一定在好好學(xué)習(xí)。can’t/couldn’t+have+V-edcan’t/couldn’t+have+V-ed為must+have+V-ed的否認(rèn)形式，指現(xiàn)在對(duì)過去已發(fā)生的事或也許出現(xiàn)的情況進(jìn)行推斷和猜測(cè)，表達(dá)過去不也許發(fā)生某事。Theycan’thavecomehereintheircaryesterday,foritwasthenunderrepair.他們昨天不也許開車到這里，由于那時(shí)他們的車還正在修理當(dāng)中。Theroomisinamess;itcan’t/couldn’thavebeencleaned.may/might+have+V-ed表達(dá)推測(cè)過去某事“也許”發(fā)生了。Hemay/mighthavechosenanothercareerifhehadhadenoughmoneytofurtherhiseducation.假如他那時(shí)有足夠的錢繼續(xù)受教育，他也許會(huì)選擇另一個(gè)職業(yè)。Imighthavefulfilledtheworkearlier.我本可以早一些完畢這件工作的。oughtto/should+have+V-ed和oughtnot/shouldn’t+have+V-ed對(duì)以發(fā)生的情況表達(dá)“不滿”、“責(zé)備”，分別表達(dá)“本應(yīng)當(dāng)…”和“本不應(yīng)當(dāng)”Iwonderwhytheyhaven’tarrivedyet.Itoldthemhowtogetthere,butperhapsIought/shouldgivethemamap.（具有“后悔”或“自責(zé)”之意）Yououghttohavetoldmethatyesterday.你早在昨天就該把那件事告訴我了。needn’t+have+V-ed表達(dá)過去做了某事，但沒有做的必要，意為“本沒必要…”。Youneedn’thavehurried.Sheneedn’thavecomeinperson---aletterwouldhavebeenenough.Youneedn’thavedoneallthosecalculations.Wehaveacomputertodothatsortofthing.4用在was/were,planned,intended,hoped,wished+不定式完畢體表達(dá)事實(shí)上并未實(shí)現(xiàn)的計(jì)劃或行為。（詳見3.3不定式完畢體）Weweretohavestartedat8lastnight,butitsnowedheavily.Theyintendedtohavegonecamping,buttheylatercancelledit.Ihopedtohavefinisheditlastweek,butIwastoobusy.練習(xí)1.Suchcrimesmaybesocomplexthatmonthsoryearsgobybeforeanyonethem.（2023年12月）A)discoversB)discoveredC)willdiscoverD)wouldhavediscovered2.Infact，PeterwouldratherhaveleftforSanFranciscothan_______inNewYork.（2023年6月）A)tostayB)stayingC)stayedD)havingstayed3.Therehasbeenagreatincreaseinretailsales，_______？（2023年6月）A)doesthereB)hasn'tthereC)isn'titD)isn'tthere4.TheboyspentasmuchtimewatchingTVashe________studying.（2023年1月）A)doesB)hadC)wasD)did5.Thearticlesuggeststhatwhenaperson_______underunusualstressheshouldbeespeciallycarefultohaveawell-balanceddiet.（2023年1月）A)isB)wereC)beD)was6.Bytheendofthismonth,wesurely____asatisfactorysolutiontotheproblem.A)havefoundB)willbefoundC)willhavefoundD)arefinding7.Theconference____afullweekbythetimeitends.A)musthavelastedB)willhavelastedC)wouldlastD)haslasted8.---"MayIspeaktoyourmanagerMr.Williamsatfiveo'clocktonight?"---"I'msorry.M.Williams_______toaconferencelongbeforethen."（2023年6月）A)hadgoneB)wouldhavegoneC)hasgoneD)willhavegone9.Sheoughttostopwork;shehasaheadachebecauseshe________toolong.（2023年1月）A)hasbeenreadingB)hadreadC)isreadingD)read10.Thecarelessmanreceivedaticketforspeeding.Hehavedrivensofast.（2023年12月）A)can’tB)mustn’tC)wouldn’tD)shouldn’t11.Investigatorsagreedthatpassengersontheairliner____attheverymomentofthecrash.（2023年6月）A)oughttodieB)musthavediedC)mustbedyingD)shouldhavedied12.You_______himsoclosely;youshouldhavekeptyourdistance.（2023年6月）A)shouldn'thavebeenfollowingB)couldn'thavebeenfollowingC)mustn'tfollowD)shouldn'tfollow13.Theconstructionofthelaboratorybytheendofthisyear.willhavecompletedB)willhavebeencompletedC)willbecompletedD)willcompleted14.JackhasjustphonedtosaythathebacktillSundaynextweek.doesn’tcomeB)willcomeC)hasn’tcomeD)isn’tcoming15.Taketheumbrellaincaseit.A)israiningB)isgoingtorainC)rainsD)willrain16.Bytheendoflastyear,Iinthisuniversityfortenyears.A)hadworkedB)workedC)wasworkingD)wouldwork17.Pickmeupat9o’clock.Imybathbythen.A)canhavehadB)willhavehadC)willbehavingD)mayhave18.IaglasswhileIthedinner.A)broke…wascookingB)wasbreaking…wascookingC)wasbreaking…cookedD)broke…cooked19.“MichaelleftforNewYorkthismorning.”“Oh,Ithoughtheuntilnextweek.”A)hadn’tbeengoingB)wasn’tgoingC)isn’tgoingD)won’tbegoing20.Ithasbeenalongtimesincetheylasteachother.A)weremeetingB)weretomeetC)metD)meet21.Eversincethefamilymovedtothesuburbslastyear,theybetterhealth.A)hadenjoyedB)areenjoyingC)havebeenenjoyingD)couldhaveenjoyed22.Youshouldhaveputthemilkintheice-box;Iexpectitundrinkablebynow.A)hadbecomeB)becomeC)hasbecomeD)became23.Thisisoneoftherarestquestionsthatatsuchameeting.A)areraisedB)haveeverbeenraisedC)israisedD)haseverbeenraised24.Whenhehurriedtotheairport,hefound,tohisgreatdisappointment,histicketathome.A)tohavebeenleftB)hadleftC)wereleftD)hadbeenleft25.ThenovelissaidintosevenlanguagesincludingRussian.A)tohavebeentranslatedB)tobetranslatedC)havetranslatedD)havingtranslated26.Weourownbusiness,butweneverhadenoughmoney.A)hopedtohavestartedB)hopedtostartC)hopetostartedD)hopetohavestarted27.whenshestartedcomplaining.A)NosoonerhadhearrivedB)ScarcelydidhearriveC)HardlyhadhearrivedD)Notuntilhearrived28.Therewasaknockatthedoor,itwasthesecondtimesomeonemethatevening.A)wouldhaveinterruptedB)tobeinterruptedC)tohaveinterruptedD)hadinterrupted29.Turnonthetelevisionoropenamagazineandyouadvertisementsshowinghappy,balancedfamilies.A)haveoftenseenB)willoftenseeC)oftenseeD)areoftenseeing30.Theyhurriedthereonlytofindthemeetingcancelled.Infact,theyatall.A)needtohavegoneB)wouldn’thavegoneC)needn’thavegoneD)mustn’thavegone第二章被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(PassiveVoice)2．1積極態(tài)表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義1）一般說來(lái)，表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義要用被動(dòng)態(tài)，構(gòu)成被動(dòng)態(tài)的動(dòng)詞必須是及物動(dòng)詞，不及物動(dòng)詞是沒有被動(dòng)態(tài)的。但是，英語(yǔ)里有些不及物動(dòng)詞在SV(A)結(jié)構(gòu)中卻具有被動(dòng)意義，用來(lái)表達(dá)主語(yǔ)的某種特性、屬性。Enamelwarescleaneasily.搪瓷器皿容易弄干凈。Thisboxdoesn'tcloseproperly.這箱子關(guān)不攏。Theseapplescookwell．這些蘋果適于烹煮。Thismetalcutseasily.這種金屬容易切削。Thepipedoesnotdrawwell.這煙斗不大暢通。Nylondriesquickly.尼龍織物干得快。Thismaterialdoesnotdyewell.這料子染不好。Iteatswell.這東西吃上去味道好。Thehallsoonfilled．那大廳不久便坐滿了人。DampWoodwillnotfire.潮濕的木頭不會(huì)著火。Thiswheatgrindswell.這種麥子很好磨。Thebrakedoesnotgripproperly.剎車不靈。Thiscarhandleswell.這車很好駕駛。Thedoorwon'tlock．門鎖不上。Thecowmilkswell.這頭母牛出奶率高。Thesebookspackeasily.這些書易于包裝。Thesepotatoespeeleasily.這些土豆皮很容易剝。Hisnewnovelissellingwell.他的新小說銷路良好。Thewindowwon'tshut．這窗關(guān)不上。Somekindsofwoodspliteasily.有些木材容易劈開。Somekindsoffoodsoonspoil.有些食物很容易變壞。Thislinenc1othspotseasily.這麻布容易沾污。Whiteclothesstaineasily.白色衣服容易弄臟。Thedampmatchwon'tstrike.這潮濕的火柴擦不著。Thispapertearseasily．這種紙一撕就破。Noteveryidiomtranslateswithsuchease.不是每個(gè)習(xí)語(yǔ)都能這樣容易地譯出來(lái)。Theclothwasheswell.這布很耐洗。Thismaterialwon'twear.這種材料不耐久。Thedoorwon'topen.這門打不開。從以上的例子可以看出，句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞具有下面的三個(gè)特點(diǎn)之一：謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用否認(rèn)式；動(dòng)詞之后有副詞或小品詞；動(dòng)詞之后有形容詞或介詞短語(yǔ)。2）當(dāng)need,want,require,beworth后面接doing時(shí)，表達(dá)的是被動(dòng)意義。Thedoorneedsrepairing.=Thedoorneedstoberepaired.門該修了。Thisbookisworthreading.這本書值得一讀。Yourhairwantscutting.你的頭發(fā)該理了。Thefloorrequireswashing.=Thefloorrequirestobewashed.地板需要沖洗。2．2帶賓語(yǔ)分句的句子轉(zhuǎn)換成被動(dòng)態(tài)帶賓語(yǔ)分句（重要是that分句）的句子可以轉(zhuǎn)換為兩種被動(dòng)句型。【例如】Peoplethinkthatsheishonest.(a)→Itisthoughtthatsheishonest.(b)→Sheisthoughttobehonest.(c)(b)以it作形式主語(yǔ)，將(a)中的動(dòng)詞變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)態(tài)，保存(a)中的that分句；(c)將分句的主語(yǔ)變成被動(dòng)句中的主語(yǔ)，將(a)中的動(dòng)詞變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)態(tài)，再將(a)中的that分句改為不定式短語(yǔ)，放在被動(dòng)態(tài)后面。能這樣用的動(dòng)詞重要有：think,consider,assume,suppose,say,report,acknowledge,feel,believe,find,presume,know,understand,etc.假如that分句的動(dòng)詞是進(jìn)行體，這時(shí)分句要改為不定式進(jìn)行體。Theysupposethatsheiscoming.→Itissupposedthatsheiscoming.→Sheissupposedtobecoming.Theysupposedthatshewascoming.→Itwassupposedthatshewascoming.→Shewassupposedtobecoming.假如that分句的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在主句之前，這時(shí)分句要改為不定式完畢體。Peoplefeelthatlittlewasdonetopreventtheaccident→Itisfeltthatlittlewasdonetopreventtheaccident.→Littleisfelttohavebeendonetopreventtheaccident.Theyreportthatbothsideshavereachedanagreement.→Itisreportedthatbothsideshavereachedanagreement.→Bothsidesarereportedtohavereachedanagreement.Peoplethinkthatshewashonest.→Itisthoughtthatshewashonest.→Sheisthoughttohavebeenhonest.2．3短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常被視為一個(gè)整體，轉(zhuǎn)化為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，詞組內(nèi)的介詞、副詞、名詞等不能拆散或省略。Theoldhousewillbepulleddowntomorrow.Thelittleboywasmadeuseofbythedrug-pushertocarrydrugsforhim.Thatsortofthingshouldbedoneawaywith.Thesportsmeetistobeputoff.此外，有些短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不能用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，如：takeplace,looklike,belongto,dependon,consistof,agreewith等。Theaccidenttookplaceyesterdayontheexpressway.Helookslikeanoldman.Thehonorbelongstous.Heisthepersontodependon.練習(xí)1.Theshirtsmooth.A)isfeltB)isfeelingC)feelsD)istobefelt2.Largesumsofmoney______eachyearinpaintingthesteelworkofbridges,ships,andotherexposedstructures.A)havetobespentB)havespentC)havetospendD)spend3.Theproblem.nowisadifficultone.isdiscussedB)istobediscussedC)beingdiscussedD)tobediscussed4.Heissaidhomefromabroadlastweek.A)tocomebackB)comebackC)tohavecomebackD)comingback5.Theradiobymyyoungersisterrightnow.A)isbeingrepairedB)repairedC)beenrepairedD)beingrepaired6.Hislatestnovel.well.A)issoldB)soldC)istosellingD)sells7.Bytheendoflastyearthegymnasium______.wasbeingcompletedB)hadbeencompletedC)hadcompletedD)wouldbecompleted

8.Shetoldmethatherproposal______.A)neededtobetakenintoconsiderationB)neededtohavetakenintoconsiderationC)neededtotakeintoconsiderationD)neededtobetakingintoconsideration9.Weallsuggestthathisadvice.adoptsB)isadoptedC)wasadoptedD)beadopted10.It’spayday,andwe’rewaiting.A)tobepaidB)tohavepaidC)tobepayingD)

forpaying11.ThislawthenumberofaccidentscausedbychildrenrunningacrosstheroadwhentheygotofftheendsreducingB)intendedreducingC)intendingtoreduceD)

isintendedtoreduce12.Thenewtypeofmachine______theyearafternext.isgoingtoturnoutB)isgoingtobeingturnedoutC)isgoingtohaveturnedoutD)isgoingtobeturnedout13.Thework______,wehadagooddrinkforcelebration.A)haddoneB)hadbeendoneC)havingdoneD)havingbeendone14.IsupposethatwhenIcomebackinfiveyear’stime,alotofbuildingshere.A)willhavebeenbuiltB)willbebuiltC)willhavebuiltD)willbebuilding15.Jack______ajobinafactory,butherefusedtotakeit.hasbeenofferedB)wasofferedC)offeredD)

hadoffered16.Hesaidsuchathing______tohappen.oughtnottohaveallowedB)oughtnottobeallowedC)oughtnottobeallowingD)

oughttobenotallowed17.HehasmadeitknowthatmuchofhiscollectiontotheNationalLibrary.hasleftB)istoleaveC)leavesD)istobeleft18.Beforeliberation,myfatherwasmadeallday.A)toworkB)workingC)workD)worked19.Shein1970.marriedB)gotmarriedC)wasmarriedD)didmarry20.Ontheruinsoftheoldbombedsiteagoodmanymodernbuildingsandasupermarket.arestoodB)havebeenstoodC)standD)standing第三章不定式(Infinitive)3．1不定式在句子中充當(dāng)?shù)淖饔?）作主語(yǔ)不定式作主語(yǔ)：一般表達(dá)具體的某次動(dòng)作。Tocompletethe30-storiedbuildinginoneyearwasquiteadifficulttask.Todothatimpliestakingresponsibility.Fortheretobesomodernalibraryinthisruralareaissurprising.當(dāng)主語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng)，謂語(yǔ)較短時(shí)，常用it做形式主語(yǔ)，而將不定式放到謂語(yǔ)的后面。Itisimportantformodernyoungpeopletomasteratleasttwoforeignlanguages.It做形式主語(yǔ)，不定式放在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后常用于下列結(jié)構(gòu)中：a)Itis＋形容詞(easy,important,difficult,foolish,inconvenient,unnecessary,right,wrong...)＋(for/ofsb.)＋不定式ItisessentialtoreserveatableinadvanceofChristmasEve.Itishardtoputmyhopesintowords.Itisnoteasytocatchfishwithyourhandsonly.ItisimportantforusyoungpeopletolearnEnglishandmasterit.b)Itis＋名詞(apleasure,apity,apleasantthing,one'sduty,anhonor,ashame,acrime,noeasyjob...)＋不定式Itisasheerwasteoftimetoreadthatkindoftrash.Itisapitytohavetogowithouther.Itisagloriousdeathtodieforthepeople.c)Ittakes/took(sb.)sometime(hours,months,days,alotoftime,patience...)＋不定式IttakesmethreehourstolearnEnglisheachday.Ittookthemhalfthenighttogethomeinthesnow.2）作表語(yǔ)不定式作表語(yǔ)，常表達(dá)將來(lái)的動(dòng)作，主語(yǔ)經(jīng)常是表達(dá)意向、打算、計(jì)劃的詞，如wish,idea,ask,purpose,duty,job等。Themostimportantthingforone'shealthistohaveplentyofexercise.Mychiefpurposehasbeentopointoutthedifficultiesofthematter.Thepurposeoftheorganizationistogreetallnewcomerstothecityandtoprovidethemwithanynecessaryinformation.WhatIwantedwastogettheworkdoneasquicklyaspossible.注意：當(dāng)主語(yǔ)中有do的任何形式時(shí)，作表語(yǔ)的不定式中的to通常省略。Whathewantstodomostis(to)enjoyhimselfeveryday.Whattheydidlastnightwas(to)playcardstotheirheart’scontent.3）作賓語(yǔ)不定式作賓語(yǔ)，通常用在下列結(jié)構(gòu)中：a)“動(dòng)詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)：不定式直接跟在動(dòng)詞后面。這類動(dòng)詞有：afford,agree,apply,arrange,ask,attempt,beg,begin,care,choose,claim,consent,demand,decide,desire,determine,expect,fail,hope,hesitate,hate,intend,learn,like,manage,mean,neglect,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,resolve,seek,tend,threaten,want等。Iliketogooutforwalksinthewarmsunshineinspring.Mymotherhatestomovefromplacetoplace,forshefeelstired.Idecidetoworkhardandgetadoctor'sdegree.Shefailedtofinishtheassignmentintime,andshewasworriedaboutit.ThereisamanatthereceptiondeskwhoseemsveryangryandIthinkhemeanstomaketrouble.I’dliketheretobearoomofmyown.Idon’twanttheretobeanymisunderstandingbetweenus.b)不定式作賓語(yǔ)還常用在下面結(jié)構(gòu)中“主語(yǔ)＋動(dòng)詞＋it＋形容詞＋不定式”Wefounditimpossibletogeteverythingreadyintime.IthinkitimportanttolearnEnglishwellincollege.使用這種句型的常見動(dòng)詞有：believe,consider,declare,feel,find,guess,imagine,prove,realize,suppose,think,等。c)“wh-＋不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)不定式前加一個(gè)疑問代詞(what,which,who,whom,whose)或疑問副詞(where,when,how,why)，以及連詞whether構(gòu)成特殊的不定式短語(yǔ)，其作用相稱于一個(gè)分句，這樣的不定式短語(yǔ)常在某些動(dòng)詞后面作賓語(yǔ)。常見的可以接這種不定式短語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：know,see,decide,tell,ask,consider,discover,explain,findout,forget,guess,hear,imagine,inquire,learn,observe,perceive,remember,think,understand,wonder等。Icouldn'tdecidewhichbooktochoose.Icantellyouwheretogetthisbook.TheyfoundithardtodecidewhethertogoswimmingnextSundayortovisitAuntSally.“wh-+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)除了作賓語(yǔ)外，還可以在句中作主語(yǔ)或者表語(yǔ)。Whentostarttheprogramremainsundecided.Thequestionishowtoputtheplansintopractice.4）作狀語(yǔ)a)不定式作狀語(yǔ)表達(dá)目的?；蛴糜趕oas(not)to和inorder(not)to之后，來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)這種目的。Tolearnaforeignlanguagewell,youmustmakepainstakingefforts.Mothersavedeverycentshecouldsparetopayformyschooling.Wemustdevelopscienceandtechnologyathighspeedsoastoraisescientificandculturallevelofourcountry.InordertogetahighmarkinBand4,hedidalotofexercisesbothingrammarandreadingcomprehension.b)不定式表達(dá)結(jié)果，特別是在so...asto,such...asto,onlyto...以及too...to等結(jié)構(gòu)中的不定式表達(dá)結(jié)果。IrushedtothestationasfastasIcould,onlytofindthetrainalreadygone.Sheleftherhometownwithherbelovedman,nevertoreturn.Nooneistoooldtolearn.Wouldyoubesokindastocarrytheluggageforme?c)不定式常用來(lái)修飾形容詞，構(gòu)成下列詞組：beableto,beafraidto,beaptto,beboundto,becertainto,beeasyto,beeagerto,befitto,belikelyto,bereadyto,besureto,beunableto,beunwillingto,bewillingto等。ChineseteamisboundtowintheWorldCupthistime.Itislikelytoraintoday,foritisverycloudy.Iamwillingtohelpyouwithyourhomework,forwearefriends.5）作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)a)不定式常跟在下列動(dòng)詞之后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：ask,advise,allow,beg,cause,compel,command,enable,encourage,expect,feel,force,find,hear,have,inform,invite,let,make,mean,notice,order,permit,persuade,remind,require,request,teach,tell,urge,watch,warn,watch等。Becauseofthecomplexityofthemodernequipment,mostofficesrequiresecretariestohavespecifiedtraining.Heaskedyoutocallhimatteno'clock.ThenoteremindsmetobecarefulwhateverIdo.I'dneverallowmychildrentobehavelikethat.b)當(dāng)不定式在let,make,have,hear,lookat,listento,feel,observe,watch,notice,perceive（感覺到）等動(dòng)詞后面作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，不定式不帶to。Wheneversomethingiswrongwithyou,pleasedoletmeknow.IwillhavethestudentswriteapassageaboutInternet.Isawmymothershedtearsatthenewsthattheneighborgirlgotseriouslyhurtinacaraccident.Itseemedsolongbeforeheheardthestonehitthewater.6）作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)帶有賓語(yǔ)及賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)詞變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，本來(lái)的賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)，賓補(bǔ)則變?yōu)橹餮a(bǔ)。加主補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞重要有：assume,believe,know,report,say,suppose等。Mr.BrownissaidtohaveleftforItalylastweek.(ItissaidthatMr.BrownleftforItalylastweek.)Personshavebeensaidtoclimbonroofs,solvemathematicalproblems,composemusic,walkthroughwindowsandcommitmurderintheirsleep.Heisreportedtohavewonthe100-meterrunningraceintheOlympicgames.7）作定語(yǔ)a)不定式作定語(yǔ)通常要放在其所修飾的名詞或代詞之后。不定式常作下列名詞的定語(yǔ)：attempt,ability,anything,chance,desire,determination,decision,effort,failure,intention,need,opportunity,plan,promise,pressure,right,tendency,time,way等。Hiseffortstocarryouttheplanweresuccessful.Ihavenointentiontogotothecinemawithyou.Thereisnoneedtobotherhimwithsuchtrifles.Thereisatendencytowritequitelongsentencesincommercialcorrespondence.ThepressuretocompetecausesAmericanstobeenergetic,butitalsoputthemunderaconstantemotionalstrain.注意：不定式與其修飾的名詞有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)，要根據(jù)句子的需要在不定式后加適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~，這個(gè)介詞的選用取決于被修飾的名詞或不定式自身的規(guī)定。Sheisaverynicepersontoworkwith.Thisisanimportantissuetotalkabout.b)由only,last,next,序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)修飾的名詞常用不定式作定語(yǔ)。Mr.Zhangisalwaysthefirstmantoarriveattheofficeandthelastmantoleave.Idon'tthinkheisthebestonetodothework.3．2不帶to的不定式(BareInfinitive)在下列詞組后面的不定式不帶to：wouldrather...than(寧愿……也不),hadbetter...(最佳)，can'thelpbut...(不得不),hadrather...(寧愿)，cannotbut...(不得不，必然)，may/mightaswell...(不妨)，letalone(更不用說),candonothingbut…(只能)。You'dbetterreturnthebookstothelibraryontime.Otherwise,youwillbefined.Ican'thelpbutwishthatnothingwouldgowrong.Theyhadneverseensuchdeliciousfood,letaloneeatit.3．3不定式的完畢體不定式的完畢體表達(dá)不定式的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)表達(dá)的動(dòng)作(狀態(tài))之前完畢。Iamsorrytohavekeptyouwaitingforsuchalongtime.Sheseemstohavereadthebookbefore.ThebookisreportedtohavebeentranslatedintoEnglish.HeissaidtohavewrittenanewbookaboutbusinessEnglish.Thebankisreportedinthelocalnewspaper_______inbroaddaylightyesterday.（2023年12月）A)robbedB)tohavebeenrobbedC)beingrobbedD)havingbeenrobbed本句意為：據(jù)地方報(bào)紙報(bào)道，昨天這家銀行在光天化日之下遭搶劫。不定式的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作之前，故選擇不定式的完畢體，答案為B)。tohavebeenrobbed在句子中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。不定式完畢體用在was/were,planned,intended,hoped,wished等之后，表達(dá)事實(shí)上并未實(shí)現(xiàn)的計(jì)劃或行為；intend,wish,hope,mean,plan等動(dòng)詞的過去完畢體與不定式一般式連用，也可表達(dá)事實(shí)上并未實(shí)現(xiàn)的行為。Thesecondnovelwastohavebeencompletedby1963,buttwoyearslater,theendwastillnowhereinsight.JapanhopedtohaveextendeditspowertowholeAsia,butitdidn’tsucceed.(=JapanhadhopedtoextenditspowertowholeAsia,butitdidn’tsucceed.)Weplannedtohavefinishedtheworkbeforesupper.(=Wehadplannedtofinishtheworkbeforesupper.)3．4不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)在表達(dá)人物情況、特性等的形容詞后面，常用of引導(dǎo)不定式邏輯主語(yǔ)，表達(dá)對(duì)邏輯主語(yǔ)的評(píng)價(jià)；假如形容詞僅僅修飾不定式，與邏輯主語(yǔ)無(wú)關(guān)，則用for引導(dǎo)不定式邏輯主語(yǔ)。Itisverykindofyoutohavehelpedme.Itisfoolishofhimtohavewastesomuchtimeintrivialities.Itisveryimportantforustoholdameetingassoonaspossible.Itwouldbesurprisingfortherenottobeanyobjectionstotheproposal.3．5不定式與分詞作定語(yǔ)的區(qū)別根據(jù)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表達(dá)的時(shí)間概念擬定具體的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式（不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞）。涉及將來(lái)動(dòng)作時(shí)用不定式；表達(dá)已完畢的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，用過去分詞；表達(dá)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或目前的狀態(tài)時(shí)，用現(xiàn)在分詞。Theproblemtobediscussedtomorrowisanurgentone.（“討論”是將來(lái)的行為，所以用不等式）Theproblemdiscussedyesterdayisanurgentone.（“討論”是完畢了的行為，所以用過去分詞）Theproblembeingdiscussednowisanurgentone.（“討論”是現(xiàn)在的行為，所以用現(xiàn)在分詞）3．6不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的區(qū)別動(dòng)詞不定式只說明賓語(yǔ)的一個(gè)動(dòng)作，而現(xiàn)在分詞則說明賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。Justthenheheardsomeonesinginthenextroom.(在那時(shí)，他聽見有人在隔壁房間里唱歌。)Justthenheheardsomeonesinginginthenextroom.(在那時(shí)，他聽見有人正在隔壁房間里唱歌。)練習(xí)1.TheancientEgyptiansaresupposed______rocketstothemoon.A)tosendB)tobesendingC)tohavesentD)tohavebeensending2.I’msorry______youwaitingforsolong.tokeepB)tobekeepingC)tohavekeptD)tohavebeenkeeping3.You’relucky______atickettotheshow.A)tohavegotB)togetC)gettingD)got4.I______thebooktoyoubymail,butIlaterdecidedtocallyou.meantohavesentB)meantosendC)meanttosendD)meanttohavesent5.Iwish______himaboutit.nottellB)nottotellC)tonottellD)nottohavetold6.I______toseeyou,butIwasjusttoobusy.hadintendedtocomeoverB)intendedtocomeoverC)intendtocomeoverD)intendtohavecome7.Theyaresaid______the3000target.toalreadyhitB)tobealreadyhitC)tohavealreadyhitD)bealreadyhit8.Hereisanotherletter______.tohavebeentypedB)typeC)typingD)tobetyped9.Theyallwish______asordinarypersons.beingtreatedB)betreatedC)tobetreatedD)treated10.Ifeelitanhonor______tospeakhere.tobeaskedB)beingaskedC)askingD)asked11.Youarefortunate______asaregularstudenthere.toacceptB)acceptedC)tohavebeenacceptedD)accepting12.Hedoesn’tseem______aboutit.A)tonotifyB)tonotifyC)notifyingD)tohavebeennotified13.Don’tlethim______therealone.A)goB)togoC)goingD)gone14.Wehavenoidea______.wheretogoB)towheregoC)wheregoD)wheregoing15.Wehadthelight______allnight.burntB)tobeburntC)tobeburningD)burning16.Hewasgoingtotown______.havinghiswatchrepairB)haverepairedhiswatchC)tohavehiswatchrepairedD)tohaverepairedhiswatch17.I’mstarvingtodeath.We’dbetterfindarestaurant______.toeatinB)toeatC)eatingD)tohaveeaten18.TherearetimeswhenIfinditdifficult______.tomakemyselfunderstandB)makingmyselfunderstandC)tomakemyselfunderstoodD)makingmyselfunderstood19.Scientistsconsiderlaser______oneofthemostusefultoolsinusetoday.A)tobeB)beingC)beD)asbe20.Ratherthan______everythingtothelastminute,healwayspreferstostartearly.havingleftB)leaveC)leavingD)