新程轉(zhuǎn)本視頻-語(yǔ)法講解

一、完全倒裝herethereoutinupdownaway,off等標(biāo)志詞放在句首，句子用Herecomesthe Theregoesthe當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是人稱(chēng)代詞時(shí)，主謂語(yǔ)序不變。Hereit InshecomeliveliegoInsouthoftheriverliesasmallfactory.Fromthevalleycameacry.Onthetablearebooks.含有否定意義的副詞或短語(yǔ)如：few,little,never,not,notuntil,nowhere,rarely,seldomhardly/scarcely…when…，nosooner…(than)…，notonly…(butalso),atnotime,bynomeans等放在句首時(shí)，需用部分倒裝。LittledoesheknowabouttheBynomeanscanhecatchupinsuchashortNosoonerhadTomgothomethanthebellrangHardlyhadTomgothomewhenthebellrang.OnlywhentheyreturnedhomedidIknowwhathadhappened.Notonlydidherefusedthegifts,butalsoheseverelycriticizedtheneithernorsoassoasbe助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞)（用于肯定句neithernor)be助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞)（用于否定句—I'vegotanenormousamountofworktodo.—Sohaveyoucanswim,----socanI,.Youcantswim----neithercanI①“only(或狀語(yǔ)從句)”②onlyOnlyinthiswaycanyoulearnEnglishwell.Onlythatboycanworkouttheproblem.werehadshouldifwerehadshouldWereIyou,Iwouldn'tdo“so…that”such…that”“so＋adj和“such＋n提到句首時(shí)，獨(dú)立主格結(jié)Weatherpermitting，theywillgoonanoutingtothebeachtomorrow．Therebeingnobus,wehadtowalkhome. ernorponderingthematter，morestrikersgatheredacrosshisTheworkersworkedstillharder,theirlivingconditionsgreatlyimproved.Hewaslisteningattentivelyinclass,hiseyesfixedontheblackboard.Thefourofusagreedonadivisionoflabor,eachtotranslateaquarteroftheManytrees,flowers,andgrasstobeplanted,ournewly-builtschoolwilllookevenmoreTheTrojansasleep,theGreeksoldierscreptoutofthehollowwoodenhorse．Computersverysmall,wecanusethemwidely.Themeetingover,ourheadmastersoonleftthemeetingroom.Thelightsoff,wecouldnotgoonwiththework.三、with，withoutThegirlhidherboxwithoutanyoneknowingwhereitwas.Withoutawordmorespoken,sheleftthemeetingroom.ThekidfeelsexcitedwithsomanyplacesofinteresttoTheboywaswalking,withhisfatherHestoodatthedoorwithacomputerinhishand.HestoodatthedoorcomputerinWithhissonsodisappointing,theoldmanfeltTheassassinated,thewholecountrywasindeep2.動(dòng)詞不定式表示動(dòng)作沒(méi)有發(fā)生或即將發(fā)生，動(dòng)詞-ed形式表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)結(jié)束，動(dòng)詞-ing形Themanagerlooksworried，manythingsto經(jīng)理看上去很著急,有這么多的事情要處理（tosettle，表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間）Themanagerlooksrelaxed,manythings許多事情已經(jīng)處理好了，經(jīng)理看上去很輕松（settled表示Thefoodbeingcooked,theboywaswatching虛擬語(yǔ)從句主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反If+主語(yǔ)（be主語(yǔ)+should/would/與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反If+主語(yǔ)+had主語(yǔ)+should/would/could/might+havedone與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反If+主語(yǔ)If+主語(yǔ)+wereIf+主語(yǔ)主語(yǔ)+should/would/例句：1、對(duì)現(xiàn)在的虛擬：例：1IfIwereyouIwouldtakean2.IfIknewhisephonenumber,Iwouldlyou.3.Iftherewerenoairorwater,therewouldbenolivingthingsontheearth.4.IfIhadanymoneywithme,Icouldlendyousome.5.Ifhestudiedharder,hemightpasstheexam.2、對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬例：1.IfIhadgottenthereearlier,Ishould/couldhavemether.（事實(shí)：去晚了）2.Ifhehadtakenmyadvice,hewouldnothavemadesuchamistake.3對(duì)將來(lái)的虛擬例：1.Ifheshouldcomeheretomorrow,Ishould/wouldtalktohim.）2.IftherewereaheavysnownextSunday,wewouldnotgoskating.）3.IfsheweretobetherenextMonday,Iwouldlheraboutthematter.2、主句和從句的動(dòng)作若不是同時(shí)發(fā)生時(shí)，錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間虛擬如：IfIhadworkedhardatschool,Iwouldbeanengineer,too.果Iftheyhadinformedus,wewouldnotcomeherenow.Ifhewerefreetoday,wewouldhavesenthimtoBeijing.Ifheknewher,hewouldhavegreetedher.。3、當(dāng)虛擬條件句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞含有were,should,hadif以省略，這時(shí)條件從句wereshouldhad詞置于句首，如：Shouldheagreetogothere,wewouldsendhimthere.要是他答應(yīng)去的話，我們就派他去。Wereshehere,shewouldagreewithus.如果她在這兒的話，她會(huì)同意我們的。Hadhelearntaboutcomputers,wewouldhavehiredhimtoworkhere.如果他懂一些電腦知識(shí)的話，我們已經(jīng)聘用他來(lái)這里工作了。wish后的賓語(yǔ)從句a、表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的愿望，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式eg.IwishIhadyourbrains. 我希望我有你那樣的頭腦。(事實(shí)：我根本比不上你)b、表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的愿望，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞：had+done IwishIhadknownthetruthofthematter. 我希望我原來(lái)知道這件事的（事實(shí)：原來(lái)不知道）c、表示將來(lái)難以實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞：should/would+動(dòng)詞 IwishIshouldhaveachanceagain. asif(as如果從句表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般過(guò)去時(shí);表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反,"had+過(guò)去分詞";表示與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用"would(might,could)+動(dòng)詞"。例如:HelooksatmeasifIweremad.HespokeEnglishsofluentlyasifhehadstudiedEnglishinforfearthat,incase,lest引導(dǎo)的從句中，若用虛擬語(yǔ)氣時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)為：should+動(dòng)詞。并且should不能省略eg.Sheexaminedthedooragainforfearthatathiefshouldcomein.她又把門(mén)檢查了一遍，以防盜賊的進(jìn)入。Hestartedoutearlierlestheshouldbelate.他很早就出發(fā)了以防。、表示意愿的動(dòng)詞+that從句。如desirepreferorder,commandadvice.Suggest,proposedemand,require,request,desire,insist中，無(wú)論主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為何種時(shí)態(tài)，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都用“should+動(dòng)詞”或只用“動(dòng)詞。如：Hesuggestedthatwe(should)taketheteacher’sadvice.Heinsistedthatwe(should)taketheteachersadvice.Hedemandthatwe(should)taketheteacher’sadvice.Heorderedthatwe(should)taketheteachersadvice.insist如果翻譯成堅(jiān)持某種動(dòng)作才用虛擬語(yǔ)氣；翻譯成堅(jiān)持某種觀點(diǎn)就不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。如：Heinsistheisastudent. 他堅(jiān)持說(shuō)他是個(gè)學(xué)生。 這個(gè)語(yǔ)句表示的是事實(shí)，因此在這個(gè)語(yǔ)句中不能使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。suggest意為“建議”才用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，意為“暗示”則不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。 如：Hisfacesuggeststhathelooksworried. 他的表情暗含著他很擔(dān)心。 個(gè)句子本身是事實(shí)，因此它就沒(méi)有用到虛擬語(yǔ)氣。、表情緒.觀點(diǎn)的形容詞或名詞也要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣.如:necessary、important、impossible、natural、strange、surprising、funny、right、wrong、better、apity等。句型：Itis.......that+主語(yǔ)從句，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都要用should+原型或只用動(dòng)詞原型。evenif,eventhough所引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中，可用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，主句、從句的結(jié)構(gòu)與if所引導(dǎo)的條件從句結(jié)構(gòu)相同。如：Evenifhewereherehimself,heshouldnotknowwhattodo.即使他親自來(lái)也不知該怎么辦。（事實(shí)：他沒(méi)來(lái)）NobodycouldsavehimeventhoughHuaTuoshouldcomehere.即使華佗在世也救不了他（事實(shí)：華佗不在世）、一般wouldrather＋that從句：過(guò)去:had+過(guò)去分詞;現(xiàn)在:過(guò)去時(shí)(bewere);將來(lái):過(guò)去時(shí)(bewere)如：I’dratheryouhadseenthefilmyesterday.我倒想你昨天看過(guò)了這場(chǎng)。I’dratheryouwereherenow.我倒想你現(xiàn)在在這兒。We’dratheryouwentheretomorrow.我們倒想你明天去那兒Itis(high/about)timethat+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式/should+動(dòng)詞，即從句用虛擬過(guò)去式。如ItistimethatIwenttopickupmydaughteratschool.我該去學(xué)校接我的女兒了。Itishightimeyoushouldgotowork.你早該上班了。Ifonly+動(dòng)詞一般過(guò)去式（）Ifonly+had+done（對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+havedone”1.Itmusthaverainedlastnightforthegroundiswet.昨晚一定下雨了，因?yàn)榈孛孢€是Youmusthavebeenmadtospeaktotheservant.你和仆人說(shuō)話，一定是發(fā)瘋了。二、“can't+have+done1.MrSmithcan‘thavegonetoBeijing,forIsawhiminthelibraryjustnow.史密斯先生不可能去了，我剛才還在館見(jiàn)過(guò)他。2.Marycan'thavestolenyourmoneyShehasgonehome.瑪麗不可能偷你的錢(qián)，她1.ThereisnolightintheroomCantheyhavegoneout?屋里沒(méi)有燈，他們可能出去了2.ThereisnowheretofindthemWherecantheyhavegone?四“could+have+done Hecouldhavepassedtheexambuthewastoocareless.本來(lái)他能夠通過(guò)考試，但是—Whathashappenedto—Idon'tknow.Hemayhavegot六、“might+have+done表示對(duì)過(guò)去事情的推測(cè)，mightmay意思相同，但可能性更小。多用于虛擬語(yǔ)氣1.Hemighthavegivenyoumorehelp,eventhoughhewasbusy.(MET90)他或許會(huì)多2.Shemighthaveachievedgreaterprogress,ifyouhadgivenhermorechances.如果你1.Iwouldhavetoldyouallabouttheboy'sstorybutyoudidn'taskme.我本來(lái)會(huì)告訴你2.Withoutyourhelp,Iwouldn'thaveachievedsomuch.沒(méi)有你的幫助，我是不會(huì)取得1.TomyouaretoolazyTheworkshouldhavebeenfinishedyesterday.湯姆，你太懶惰2.Look,Tomiscrying.Ishouldn'thavebeensoharshonhim.看，湯姆哭了，我本來(lái)不ought表示過(guò)去應(yīng)該做而實(shí)際并沒(méi)有做，譯成理應(yīng)做……”，往往表示遺憾。與IoughttohavegonehomelastSunday.Yououghtnottohavegivenhimmorehelp.你不應(yīng)該幫助他那么多。十、“need+have+doneIneedn‘thaveboughtsomuchwine—onlyfivepeoplecame.我本來(lái)沒(méi)有必要買(mǎi)這么Heneedhavehurriedtothestation.Inthatcase,bewouldn'thavemissedthetrain.他本反義疑問(wèn)no。---Helikesplayingfootballdoesn’the?---YeshedoesNo,hedoesn’t.是的。/---Hissisterdidn’tattendthemeeting,didshe?---Yesshedid.No,shedidn’t.不，她參加了。/Iaren'tI'mastallasyoursister，aren't+Iwishtohaveawordwithyou,mayno,nothing,nobody,never,few,seldom,hardly,rarely,little等否定含義的詞TheSwedemadenoanswer,didhe/she?Someplantsneverblown開(kāi)花dotheyHeoughttoknowwhattodo,oughtn'the?/shouldn'thavetovhadtov.)don't主語(yǔ)（didn't主語(yǔ)Wehavetogetthereateighttomorrow,don'tusedtodidn'tusedn'tHeusedtotakepicturesthere,didn'the?/usedn'thadbetterv.hadn'tYou'dbetterreaditbyyourself,hadn'twouldratherv.wouldn'tHewouldratherreadittentimesthanreciteit,wouldn'tYou'dliketov.wouldn'tYou'dliketogowithme,wouldn'tmustHemustbeadoctor,isn'tYoumusthavestudiedEnglishforthreeyears,haven'tyou?/didn'tHemusthavefinishedityesterday,didn'tbeWhatcolours,aren'tthey?Whatasmell,isn'tit?neithernoreitheror連接的并列主語(yǔ)時(shí)，疑問(wèn)部分根據(jù)其實(shí)際邏輯意義而NeitheryounorIamengineer,areeverything,thatnothing,this,itEverythingisready,isn'tMr.SmithhadbeentoBeijingforseveraltimes,heshouldhavebeeninChinanow,shouldn'tHeisnotthemanwhogaveusatalk,ishe?HesaidhewantedtovisitJapan,didn'the?thinkbelieveexpectsupposeimagineIdon'tthinkheisbright,isWebelieveshecandoitbetter,can'teverybodyanyone,somebody,nobody,noone等，疑問(wèn)部分常用theyhe。Everyoneknowstheanswer,don'tthey?(doeshe?)Nobodyknowsaboutit,dothey?(doeshe?)dareneedneeddareWeneednotdoitagain,needwe?Hedarenotsayso,dareyou?dareneeddo+Shedoesn'tdaretogohomealone,doesDon'tdothatagain,willGowithme,willyou/won'tyouLet'sshallLetuswillyou?Let'sgoandlistentothemusicshallwe?Letuswaitforyouinthereading-room,willyou陳述部分是"therebe"thereThereissomethingwrongwithyourwatch,isn'tthere?Therewillnotbeanytrouble,willthere?Itisimpossible,isn'tHeisnotunkindtohisclassmates,is非謂分詞，不定式和動(dòng)名詞分詞 現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分1Thestudentswentoutoftheclassroomlaughingand paniedbyhisfriend,hewenttotherailwaystation.Givenbetterattention,theplantscouldgrowbetter.ThereareafewboysswimmingintheHeisamanlovedandrespectedby例如seehearcatch,find,keephave動(dòng)詞的后面.IseehimpassingmyhouseeveryIcaughthimstealingthingsinthatshop.Ismeltsomethingburning.ShekepthimworkingallHewasveryamusing.Thatbookwasratherboring. Hewasconfused.thequestionisconfusing.exciting,interesting,encouraging,disappointing,confusing,touching,puzzling.fallingleaves正在下落的樹(shù)葉fallenleaves已經(jīng)落下的樹(shù)葉boilingwater沸騰的水boiledwater燒開(kāi)過(guò)的水develocountries發(fā)展中國(guó)家developedcountries發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)二1see,watch,observe,hear,noticehave，get后面的賓補(bǔ)有三種形式，即動(dòng)詞（不帶to的不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞?，F(xiàn)在分詞表主動(dòng)或正在進(jìn)行，IheardhersinganEnglishsongjustIheardhersinginganEnglishsongwhenIpassedbyherroomIheardtheEnglishsongsungmany2It’swrongofyoutoleavethemachineTheguestsleftmostofthedishesuntouched,becausetheydidn’ttasteHeleft,leavingmetodoalltherestWehurriedlyendedourmeeting,leavingmanyproblemstobeⅠ動(dòng)名詞充當(dāng)句子成e.g.SeeingisReadingislikepermittingamantotalkalongtime,andrefusingyoutherighttoanswer.Havingasuccessfulmarriagetakeseffortsandpatience,andcommunicationisthekey.Orderingmealsfroman prehensibleChinese isadauntingexperienceforforeigners,butsometimesthemostexpedientmethodistoscannearbytablesandpointtodishesthattheywanttoorder.* bytransferringtheblametoothersisoftencalled A.TheeliminatedproblemsB.EliminatingproblemsC.EliminateD.Problemsare toinanimateobjects,suchasmachines,isaformofanimism.A.Whenattributingemotion B.AttributingemotionC.EmotionisattributedD.Ifemotionisattributed固定句英文中有幾個(gè)動(dòng)名詞后置作主語(yǔ)的固定句型1）Itisnogood/nousengsth.Isitanygoodtryingtoexplain?It’snousecryingoverspiltmilk.It’snotmuchusemybuyingsalmonifyoudon’tlikefish.It’ssimplyawasteoftimeandmoneyseeingthatmovie.Thereisnopoint/use/good(in)ngThereisnopointinmygoingouttodatesomeone,ImightreallylikeifIhimatthetime,butwho,rightnow,hasnochanceofbeinganythingtomebutatransitionalman.Thereis ng意思相當(dāng)于It’simpossibletodosth.Wecan’tdosomething.Thereisnodenyingthefactthat…ThereisnogainsayingthefactThereisno lingwhatwillhappentomorrow.There’snoknowingthefuture.動(dòng)名詞作賓1）下列動(dòng)詞或只能用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)admit,advise,anticipate,appreciate,avoid,consider,contemplate,delay,deny,detest,discuss,dislike,encourage,endure,enjoy,escape,excuse,fancy,favor,feellike,finish,forbid,forgive,giveup,can’thelp,imagine,involve,leaveoff,mention,mind,miss,overlook,permit,postpone,practice,prohibit,putoff,resent,resist,risk,can’tstand,suggest,tolerate,understand,ect.e.g.Iwilloverlookyourbeingsorudetomysisterthistimebutdon’tletithappenagain.Manyofthethingswedoinvolvetakingsomeriskinordertoachieveasatisfactoryresult.Beingabad-temperedman,hewouldnottoleratehavinghislectures*Peter,whohadbeendrivingallday,suggestedatthenextA.to B.stopC. D.having＊Puttinginanewwindowwill cuttingawaypartawaypartoftheA. B. C. D.Theyareconsidering beforethepricesgoA.ofbuyingthehouse B.buyingthehouseC.withbuyingthehouseD.tobuythehouseShewassoangrythatshefeltlike somethingatA.to B. C.tohave D.having2)特別關(guān)注的動(dòng)allow/advise/forbid/permit 這些動(dòng)詞后要接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，如: ng等但在有人作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，則后接動(dòng)詞不定式（用作賓補(bǔ) Wedon’tallowsmokinginthelectureWedon’tallowpeopletosmokeinthelectureIwouldn’tadvisetakingthe there’snowheretoIwouldn’tadviseyoutotakethecar. mendgoingbysubway.The mendedmetotakeafewdays’ 在英文中帶有to的固定短語(yǔ)，其后須接動(dòng)名詞lookforwardtoobjecttobe/getusedto,preferngtong,inadditionto,amounttong(意味著…),taketong(開(kāi)始喜歡做…),devote…tong,dedicate…tong,beopposedtong,getroundtong,theway/approach/solutiontong,etc.e.g.Iamlookingforwardtohearingfromyou.ThestudentsobjecttoincreasingtheirAfteralongdelayIfinallygotroundtomakinginquiriesintothis*Thechildrenareopposedto withouttheirA.haveaparty B.haveheldaparty C.takepartinapartyD.havinga＊Ihavenoobjection theeveningwithA.to B. C.of D.to其他動(dòng)名詞的結(jié)1）havedifficulty/trouble/problem/(alotof)fun/(lotsof)pleasure/ahardtime/agoodtime/adifficulttime +(in)ngsth.e.g.W:HowdoyoufindyournewM:Well,it’squitenicereally,althoughIhaveahardtimegettingusedtoinabigQ:Whatistheman’sA:HefindsthenewapartmenttoobigforIhavelearned,however,thatchangesalwaysseemmoredifficultattheoutset,andifIworkhardatremainingpositiveandviewchangesasopportunitiestogrow,Ihaveaneasiertimedealingwiththem.IworkedsolateintheofficelastnightthatIhardlyhadtimetheA.to B. C. D.havingTheteachershavehadsomeproblems whentheyshouldreturnthefinalpaperstothestudents.A.to B. C. D.havingcan’thelp can’tresist ng, can’tkeepfrom can’tholdbackfrom can’tkeepbackfrom 不過(guò)注意：can’thelpbutdocan’tbutdo/can’tchoosebutdo,e.g.NoonecanhelplikingTom;heissuchacutebeworthng主動(dòng)形式表示的意beworthofbeingdone/tobee.g.ThebookisworthThebookisworthyofbeingread.Thebookisworthytoberead.動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)（動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的，所以動(dòng)名詞的主語(yǔ)稱(chēng)之為邏輯主語(yǔ)，以區(qū)別于句子主語(yǔ)。構(gòu)成：myng/Tom’s物主代詞（如hismyyour等）或所有格名詞（如：Mary’sTom’s）與動(dòng)名詞連用，即構(gòu)成動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)（hisng,Mary’sng）,用來(lái)引出動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)子的主語(yǔ)并不是動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)就需要給名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)普通動(dòng)名動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)Cling堅(jiān)持要看信。（Clint看了信ClintinsistedonmyreadingtheClint堅(jiān)持要我看信。Wouldyoumindlingusthewholestory?你是否愿意把事情的經(jīng)過(guò)告訴我們？（你告訴WouldyoumindTom’s lingusthewholestory?=Wouldyoumindiflsusthewholestory你是否愿意讓Tom把事情經(jīng)過(guò)告訴（Tom告訴Hedislikedworking他不喜歡工作到很晚Hedislikedhiswife’sworking他不喜歡他老婆工作到很晚Iobjecttomakingprivatecallsonthisphone.我不贊成用這部機(jī)打私人話Iobjecttohismakingprivatecallsonthisphone.我不贊成他用這部打私人1）用作主e.gTom’scominghomeatlastwasagreatconsolation.e.g.DoyoumindmymakingaWouldyoumindTom’slingusthewhole3)作介詞e.g.Ourdiscussionofearthquakeswouldbe pleteifwedidn’traisethepossibilityoftheirbeingcausedbyexternalforces.ClintinsistedonmyreadingtheWhatarethechancesofasleepwalker’scommittingamurderorngsomethingelseextraordinaryinhissleep?WhenIwasachild,IwouldtakeaflashlighttobedwithmesothatIcouldreadcomicbookswithoutmyparents’knowingaboutit.普通格還是所有格面規(guī)定：1）若動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作主語(yǔ)，最好用所有格形式e.g.Tom’srefusingtoaccepttheinvitationupsetme.HisrefusingtoaccepttheinvitationupsetmeItwasagreatconsolationhiscominghomeatlast.(不宜用him動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，用普通格或所有格均可e.g.DoyoumindmetakingasuggestionIamannoyedaboutJohnforgettingto*Iremember tohelpusifweevergotintoA.once B.himonceofferingC.himto D.tooffer若動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)是無(wú)生命的“物”而不是“人”時(shí)，最好用普通格e.g.Thenoiseofthedesksbeingopenedandclosedcanbeheardoutinthestreet.Thereisanecessityforthistypeofhousesbeingbuilt.Intheeventoftheprojectnotbeingasuccess,theinvestorsstandtoloseupto$30million.若動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)是不定代詞時(shí)，最好用普通格e.g.Hewasawakenedbysomeoneknockingonthe若動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)由較長(zhǎng)的一組詞構(gòu)成時(shí)，最好用普通格a.ThereisnopointanyoneofusarguingwithI’vealwayshadinmymindadreamofmyfather,motherandIlivingDoyourememberJohnandhisfathercomingtoseeuslast動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)與語(yǔ)動(dòng)名詞的1）構(gòu)成：being2)意義與用法：當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞所修飾的名詞或代詞在意義上是充當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)作的承e.g.HenarrowlyescapedbeingrunoverIhavenottheleastobjectiontothechildbeingpunished.Istillrememberbeingtakentothezooforthefirsttime.＊Markoftenattemptstoescape wheneverhebreakstrafficA.havingbeenfined B.tobefined C.tohavebeenfined Dbeingfined1）構(gòu)成：having2)意義與用法：用動(dòng)名詞完成式表明動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前e.g.HedeniedhavingbeenIrepentedhavingshottheHeregrettednothavinggoneto＊Ihavealwaysregretted harderatA.tohavenot B.not C.nothaving D.notto alietothemanageroftheA.have B.be C.being D.having動(dòng)名詞的完成式構(gòu)成：havingbeen2)意義與用法：兼具有完成式和式的雙重特點(diǎn)e.g.Iappreciatehavingbeengiventheopportunitytostudyabroadtwoyearsago.Hepridedhimselfonhavingneverbeenbeateninchess.*Ourmoderncivilizationmustnotbethoughtofas inashortperiodofA.beingcreated B.tohavebeencreated C.havingbeencreatedD.tobeTherebe的動(dòng)名詞及不定式形Therebe的動(dòng)名詞形式therebeing(多用于介詞后面e.g.DonotbetontherebeingmanymarriagesinChinathatbeganwithlovewithfirstsight.MostChinesemarryforpractical—notromantic—reasons.ThatisNoonewouldhavedreamedoftherebeingsuchagood*NoonehadtoldSmithabout alecturethefollowingA.therebeB.therewouldbeC.therewasD.thereTherebe的不定式形Therebe的不定式形式為：theretobe.用在接不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞后面或用于介詞for后面。e.g.Fortheretobelife,theremustbeairandwater.=Inorderthattheremaybelife,theremustbeairandwater.ItwastoolatefortheretobeanyIdon’tmeantheretobeanyIdon’twanttheretobeanymisunderstandingonthis英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)態(tài)講語(yǔ)態(tài)的時(shí)be+done過(guò)去分詞)IwasgiventenminutestodecidewhetherIshouldrejectthehashave/hadbeendoneBytheendoflastyear,anothernewgymnasiumhadbeencompletedinam/is/are/was/werebeingdoneAnewcinemaisbeingbuilthere．AmeetingwasbeingheldwhenIwaswillwouldbedoneHundredsofjobswillbelostifthefactoryThenewswouldbesenttothesoldier'smotherassoonasit/willhavebeendoneTheprojectwillhavebeencompletedbeforeHetoldmethathisnewclotheswouldhavebeenmadevery語(yǔ)態(tài)的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)在使役have,make,get以及感官動(dòng)詞see,watch,notice,hear,feel,observe，在主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中不定式to要省略，但變?yōu)榻Y(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，要加to。Someonesawastrangerwalkintothebuilding.可改為Astrangerwasseentowalkintothe謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式表示意表達(dá)意義,主語(yǔ)通常是物。Thiskindofclothwashes試比較：Thedoorwon'tlock（指門(mén)本身有毛病Thedoorwon'tbelocked．（指不會(huì)有人來(lái)鎖門(mén),指“門(mén)沒(méi)有鎖”是人的原因happen,about,cometrue,runout,giveout,turnout等以主動(dòng)形式表示意義。Howdothenewspaperscomeout?。意義。Thehouseneedsrepairing（toberepaired．這房子需要修理。．例Thepicture-bookisworthreading（＝Thepicture-bookisveryworthyread5.在betodo結(jié)構(gòu)中的一些不定式通常應(yīng)用主動(dòng)表主動(dòng),表。然而,由于古英語(yǔ)的影響,下列動(dòng)詞rent,blame,let等仍用不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被Whoistoblameforstartingthe

動(dòng)詞不定式的基本形式是“to+動(dòng)詞”，有時(shí)可以不帶to。動(dòng)詞不定式?jīng)]有人（一）“to+動(dòng)詞”構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞不定式，是一種非謂語(yǔ)形式，在句子中不能作謂語(yǔ)，沒(méi)例如：TolearnEnglishwellisnot ItisnoteasytolearnEnglishitItisadj.+如果要說(shuō)明不定式的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者，可以用forItis+adj.+forsb.todosth.Mywishis eaMostofusliketowatchfootballHetoldmetobehereonIhavenothingtosayaboutthatHestoppedtohavea動(dòng)詞不定式的否定形式notto+動(dòng)詞Heaskedmenottomakesuchawhowhat,whichwhen,where,howwhy等后面可以接例如：(1)Hedoesn’tknowhowtousethe（不定式作賓語(yǔ)Howtousethemachineisa（不定式作主語(yǔ)Thequestioniswhentogo（不定式作表語(yǔ)（二）動(dòng)詞不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和形動(dòng)詞不定式是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的一種，由不定式符號(hào)(to)加動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成。不定式的一般式to例如：Iliketoread進(jìn)行式tobe例如：Heseemedtobereadingsomethingatthat完成式tohave例如：Heseemedtohavecleanedthe式tobe例如：Theworkistobedone完成式tohavebeen例如：Theboyissaidtohavebeensenttohospital例如：Isawtheyoungmanenterthehouse.（同時(shí)發(fā)生）Ihopetogotherenexttime.（之后發(fā)生）例如：I’msorrytohavebrokenyourglasses.例如：Whenhecamein,Ihappenedtobereadingatthe不定式的式有兩種形式：tobedone表示將要被做，tohavebeendone表示已被做。例如：Thenewcinematobeputupnextyearwillbeverylarge.Thecinemaissaidtohavebeenbuiltlastyear.like,lovehateprefer等后，用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)表示一would/shouldlike/love/prefer后要用不例如：IhateeatingthesamefoodeveryWouldyouliketowatchTVinthe在動(dòng)詞need,want,require后用動(dòng)名詞表示含義，相當(dāng)于動(dòng)詞不定式的例如：Thehouseneedscleaning.ThehouseneedstobeHeneedstocleanthehouse在介詞后一般用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，但在少數(shù)介詞，如but,except后用動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)，但要注意“to”的省略，如but前有“do”則省去“to”。例如：Ihavedonenothingbuthelphimwithhisluggage.Ihavenochoicebuttowaitforhimatthebusstop.例1、Thediscoveryofnewevidenceledto A.thethiefhaving B.catchtheC.thethiefbeing D.thethieftobe答案為C【解析】leadto這個(gè)詞組中to是介詞，后面跟名詞，于是B被排除，thethief是動(dòng)名詞邏輯上的主語(yǔ)，構(gòu)成動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，與catch之間應(yīng)是關(guān)系，故排除A。常見(jiàn)的帶介詞to的短語(yǔ)有：(get)beusedto,lookforwardto，lookupto,stickto,objectto,bedevotedto,payattentionto等。例2、Though money,hisparentsmanagedtosendhimtoA. B.lacking C. D.lacked答案為C【解析】lack是及物動(dòng)詞，后接賓語(yǔ)money。hisparentslack是邏輯上例3、Hegotwell-preparedforthejobinterview,forhecouldn’trisk goodopportunity.A.to B. C.tobe D.being【解析】risk后面只能帶動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)，含義為“冒……之險(xiǎn)”例4、 tosunlightfortoomuchtimewilldoharmtoone'sA.Exposed B.Havingexposed C.Beingexposed D.Afterbeingexposed答案為C【解析】在非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中，用動(dòng)名詞或不定式來(lái)作主語(yǔ)，而分詞和介詞短語(yǔ)不能作主語(yǔ)，因此A、D被排除。在這個(gè)句子中，willdo是謂語(yǔ)，缺少主語(yǔ)，要用動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)。expose與one'sskin是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，所以要用動(dòng)名詞的式beingexposed。譯文：在陽(yáng)光下曬太長(zhǎng)時(shí)間對(duì)人的皮膚有壞處。例5、 intouseinApril2000,thehotlinewasmeantforresidentsreportingwaterandheatingsupplybreakdowns.A. B. C.Having D.Being【解析】putsthintouse讓……投入使用”。顯然，put和句子主語(yǔ)thehotline構(gòu)成關(guān)系，所以用表示的過(guò)去分詞。例6、Itwasunbelievablethatthefanswaitedoutsidethegymforthreehoursjust alookatthesportsstars.A. B. C.to D.【解析】例7、Withalotofdifficultproblems ,thenewly-electedishavingahardtime.A. B. C.to D.being答案為【解析】動(dòng)詞不定式tosettle作為difficultproblems的定語(yǔ)表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)要解決的難題；過(guò)去分詞settle作定語(yǔ)表示已經(jīng)解決的難題，現(xiàn)在分詞的式beingsettled作定語(yǔ)表示正在解決的難題。8、MoreandmorepeoplearesigningupforYogaclasses advantageofthehealthandrelaxationA. B. C.havingtakenD.havingbeen【解析】takeadvantageof（利用）和句子主語(yǔ)Moreandmorepeople構(gòu)成主動(dòng)關(guān)系，且和句子謂語(yǔ)signupfor (報(bào)名參加)同時(shí)發(fā)生，所以選擇A。例9、Sandycoulddonothingbut tohisteacherthathewasA. B. C. D.to答案為A【解析】該句中的but是介詞，后接動(dòng)詞不定式。當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是do，does或did時(shí)，后接不帶to的不定式；是其他動(dòng)詞時(shí)，后接帶to的不定式。該句的謂語(yǔ)是coulddonothing，要填動(dòng)詞admit。譯文：山德不得不向老師承認(rèn)例10、Hesentmeane-mail, togetfurtherA. B.hoC.to D.答案為B【解析】現(xiàn)在分詞ho表示與sendmeane-mail同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。一些是：Hesentmeane-mailtogetfurtherinformation.hope一詞，如果要選擇“hoped”時(shí)，句子的正確形式是：Hesentmeane-mailandhopedtogetfurtherinformation。“hope”和“sent”作并列謂語(yǔ)。單數(shù)形式；主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：HisfatherisworkingonthefarmTostudyEnglishwellisnoteasy./Whathesaidisveryimportantforusall./Thechildrenwereintheclassroomtwohoursago./Readinginthesunisbadforyourwhat引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句，后面的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多數(shù)情況用單數(shù)形式，但若表語(yǔ)是復(fù)what從句是一個(gè)帶有復(fù)數(shù)意義的并列結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：WhatIboughtwerethreeEnglishbooks./WhatIsayanddois（are）helpfulto由連接詞andbothand連接起來(lái)的合成主語(yǔ)后面，要用復(fù)數(shù)形式的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。如：LucyandLilyaretwins./SheandIareclassmates./Theboyandthegirlweresurprisedwhentheyheardthenews./BothsheandheareYoung（1）數(shù)形式。如：Thewriterandartisthascome.（2）and連接的并列單數(shù)主語(yǔ)前如果分別有no，each，everymorethana（an），manya（an）修飾時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。如：EverystudentandeveryteacherwasintheroomNoboyandnogirllikes主語(yǔ)為單數(shù)名詞或代詞，盡管后面跟有with，togetherwith，except，but，likeaswellasratherthanmorethannolessthanbesides，including等引起的短語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)形式；若主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：Mr.Green，togetherwithhiswifeandchildren，hascometoChina./NobodybutJimandMikewasonplayground./She，likeyouandTom，isveryeitherneithereacheverynosomeanynoevery構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞，都作單數(shù)看待。如：Eachofushasanewbook.Everythingaroundusis（1）謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也可用復(fù)數(shù)。如：Neitherofthetextsis（are）interesting.（2）noneof后面用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)都可以。如：Noneofushas（have）beentothatwhowhich等作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與句中先行詞的數(shù)一致。如：Heisoneofmyfriendswhoareworkinghard./Heistheonlyoneofmyfriendswhoisworkingfamily，class，crowd，committee，population，audience等。如：ClassFourisonthethirdfloor./ClassFourareunabletoagreeupona注意：people，，cattle等名詞一般都用作復(fù)數(shù)。如：Thearelookingthelost由“alotoflotsof，plentyof，therestofthemajorityof+名詞”構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)以而定。如：TherearealotofpeopleintheclassroomTherestofthelectureiswonderful50%ofthestudentsinourclassare注意：anumberof“許多”，作定語(yǔ)修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)；thenumberof“……的數(shù)量”number，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。在倒裝句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與其后的主語(yǔ)一致。如：Therecomesthebus.Onthewallaremanypictures./Suchistheresult./Sucharethefacts.whatwhowhichanymoreall等代詞可以是單數(shù)，也可是復(fù)數(shù)，主要靠意思來(lái)決定。如：WhichisyourbagWhichareyourbagsAllisgoingwellAllhavegoneto式，這是由于作主語(yǔ)的名詞在概念上是一個(gè)整體，如：Thirtyminutesisenoughforthework.單數(shù)形式。如：“TheArabianNights”isaninterestingstory-book.（也可用復(fù)數(shù)。如：Oneandahalfapplesis（are）leftontheTwelvepluseightistwenty./Fifty-sixdividedbyeightis–ics結(jié)尾，如：mathematicspoliticsphysicsnews，works等，都屬于形式上是復(fù)數(shù)的名詞，實(shí)際意義為單數(shù)名詞，它們作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。如：Thepaperworkswasbuiltin1990.Ithinkphysicsisn‘teasytostudy.trousersglassesclothesshoesa（the）pairof等量詞修飾時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。如：Myglassesarebroken.Thepairofshoesunderthebedis“the+形容詞或分詞”，表示某一類(lèi)人時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。當(dāng)兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)由either……or，neither……nor，whether……or……，notonly……butalso連接時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和鄰近的主語(yǔ)一致。如：Eithertheteacherorthestudentsareourfriends.NeithertheynorheiswhollyrightIsneitherhenortheywhollytherebebeand連接的兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)，則應(yīng)與靠近的那個(gè)主語(yǔ)保持一致。如：Therearetwochairsandadeskintheroom.toto，取決于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的用法。to能直接跟帶to的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)詞主要有：want,ask, l,hope,learn,try,decide,forget,remember,like,love,stop,go,come等。如：IwanttogotothemovieswithDon’tforgettoturnoffthelightbeforeyou注意notnottodosth.Davetoldmenottowakeupto（1）hadbetter之后。注意：hadbetterhadbetternotdosth.。如：Youhadbettergohomenow.（2）letmakeseefeelwatch,hear等感官或使役動(dòng)詞后，要to的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)（3）whynot之后。Whynot+to的不定式是Whydon’tyoudo的省略，可以用來(lái)提出建議或勸告。It’scoldoutside.You’dbetternotgoout.Imadethemgivemethemoneyback.Ididn’tseeyoucomeWhynotstudywithWhynottakeaholiday?=Whydon’tyoutakeabutexceptbesidesdo的各種形toto。如：Ihavenochoicebuttoacceptthefact.WhatdoyouliketodobesidesI’mreallypuzzledwhattothinkorIplantoattendtheIamsorrytohavekeptyouTheyaresaidtobeworkingHeissaidtohavebeenworkinginthatfactoryfortwelve作主語(yǔ)如：ToliveistoTosavetimeistolengthenlife.it作形式主語(yǔ)，而把不定式結(jié)構(gòu)后置的形式。如：ItisimportantforstudentstostudyEnglish.IhavenothingtosayonthisGivemeapieceofpapertowriteOurteacherhadnotimetothinkabout作賓語(yǔ)Iwishtobeacollege有的及物動(dòng)詞要求跟復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)(賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))。如果其中的賓語(yǔ)是不定式短語(yǔ)，則必須將形式賓語(yǔ)t)IfndtuefulornEnglhwe.作動(dòng)詞ask,like,l等的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞不定式符號(hào)to不可以省略。如HeaskedmetotalkaboutEnglishlethavemakefeelhearseewatch等的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞to要省略。如：Theteachermadehimsaythewordlike作動(dòng)詞helptoCouldyouhelpmetocarrytheheavybox？Hestoppedtohavearest.HewokeuptofindeverybodyI’msorrytohearyourgrandmais在帶有enoughtooHeisoldenoughtogoto強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)詞不定式所表示的目的時(shí)，動(dòng)詞不定式可用inorderto或soasto+動(dòng)詞soastoThebusstoppedsoastopickup單數(shù)形式；主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：HisfatherisworkingonthefarmTostudyEnglishwellisnoteasyWhathesaidisveryimportantforusallThechildrenwereintheclassroomtwohoursago./Readinginthesunisbadforyoureyes.what引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句，后面的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多數(shù)情況用單數(shù)形式，但若表語(yǔ)是復(fù)IboughtwerethreeEnglishbooks./WhatIsayanddois（are）helpfultoyou.由連接詞and或bothand如：LucyandLilyaretwins.SheandIareclassmatesTheboyandthegirlweresurprisedwhentheyheardthenews./BothsheandheareYoungPioneers.（1）.eacheverymorethana（an）manya（an）修飾時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。如：Everystudentandeveryteacherwasintheroom./Noboyandnogirllikesit.主語(yǔ)為單數(shù)名詞或代詞，盡管后面跟有withtogetherwithexceptbutlike，aswellas，ratherthan，morethan，nolessthan，besides，including等引起的短語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)形式；若主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：Mr.Green，togetherwithhiswifeandchildren，hascometoChinaNobodybutJimandMikewasontheplayground.She，likeyouandTom，isverytall.eitherneithereachevery或nosomeanynoevery構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞，都作單數(shù)看待。如：Eachofushasanewbook.Everythingaroundusismatter.（1）eitherneither后跟有“of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞（或代詞）”作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也可用復(fù)數(shù)。如：Neitherofthetextsis（are）inte