考研英語歷年真題97-02

2002年全國碩士研究生入學統(tǒng)一考試英語試題

SectionIIUseofEnglish

Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusion

ofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened21Aswasdiscussedbefore,it

wasnot22the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic23,

followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe24oftheperiodical.Itwasduring

thesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution25up,beginningwithtransport,therailway,and

leading26throughthetelegraph,thetelephone,radio,andmotionpictures27the

20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin28Itis

importanttodoso.

Itisgenerallyrecognized,29,thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury,

30bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960s,radicallychangedtheprocess,

31itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately32Astimewentby,computersbecame

smallerandmorepowerful,andtheybecame“personal"too,aswellas33,withdisplaybecoming

sharperandstorage34increasing.Theywerethoughtof,likepeople,35generations,with

thedistancebetweengenerationsmuch36.

Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterm"informationsociety”begantobewidelyusedtodescribe

the37withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas38bothworkand

leisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtime,buttherehavebeen39viewsaboutits

economic,political,socialandculturalimplications."Benefits”havebeenweighed40"harmful”

outcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.

21.[A]between[B]before[C]since[D]later

22.[A]afterIB]by[C]during[D]until

23.[A]means[B]method[C]medium[D]measure

24.[A]process[B]company[C]light[D]form

25.[A]gathered[B]speeded[Clworked[D]picked

26.[A]on[B]out[C]over[D]off

27.[A]of[B]for[C]beyond[D]into

28.[A]concept[B]dimension[C]effect[DJperspective

29.[AJindeed[BJhence[C]however[D]therefore

30.[A]brought[B]followed[C]stimulated[D]characterized

31.[A]unless[B]since[C]lest[D]although

32.[A]apparent[B]desirable[C]negative[D]plausible

33.[A]institutional[BJuniversal[C]fundamental[D]instrumental

34.[A]ability[B]capability[C]capacity[D]faculty

35.[A]bymeansof[B]intermsof[C]withregardto[D]inlinewith

36.[A]deeper[B]fewer[C]nearer[D]smaller

37.[A]context[B]range[C]scope[D]territory

38.[A]regarded[B]impressed[C]influenced[D]effected

39.[A]competitive[BJcontroversial[CJdistracting[D]irrational

40.[A]above[B]upon[C]against[D]with

SectionIIIReadingComprehension

Text1

Ifyouintendusinghumorinyourtalktomakepeoplesmile,youmustknowhowtoidentifyshared

experiencesandproblems.Yourhumormustberelevanttotheaudienceandshouldhelptoshowthemthat

youareoneofthemorthatyouunderstandtheirsituationandareinsympathywiththeirpointofview.

Dependingonwhomyouareaddressing,theproblemswillbedifferent.Ifyouaretalkingtoagroupof

managers,youmayrefertothedisorganizedmethodsoftheirsecretaries;alternativelyifyouare

addressingsecretaries,youmaywanttocommentontheirdisorganizedbosses.

Hereisanexample,whichIheardatanurses9convention,ofastorywhichworkswellbecausethe

audienceallsharedthesameviewofdoctors.AmanarrivesinheavenandisbeingshownaroundbySt.

Peter.Heseeswonderfulaccommodations,beautifulgardens,sunnyweather,andsoon.Everyoneisvery

peaceful,politeandfriendlyuntil,waitinginalineforlunch,thenewarrivalissuddenlypushedasidebya

maninawhitecoat,whorushestotheheadoftheline,grabshisfoodandstompsovertoatablebyhimself.

“Whoisthat?”thenewarrivalaskedStPeter.uOh,thafsGodJcamethereply,Ubutsometimeshethinks

he'sadoctor.^^

Ifyouarepartofthegroup,whichyouareaddressing,youwillbeinapositiontoknowthe

experiencesandproblemswhicharecommontoallofyouandif11beappropriateforyoutomakea

passingremarkabouttheinediblecanteenfoodorthechairman'snotoriousbadtasteinties.Withother

audiencesyoumustn'tattempttocutinwithhumorastheywillresentanoutsidermakingdisparaging

remarksabouttheircanteenortheirchairman.Youwillbeonsafergroundifyousticktoscapegoatslike

thePostOfficeorthetelephonesystem.

Ifyoufeelawkwardbeinghumorous,youmustpracticesothatitbecomesmorenatural.Includeafew

casualandapparentlyoff-the-cuffremarkswhichyoucandeliverinarelaxedandunforcedmanner.Often

it'sthedeliverywhichcausestheaudiencetosmile,sospeakslowlyandrememberthataraisedeyebrowor

anunbelievinglookmayhelptoshowthatyouaremakingalight-heartedremark.

LookforthehumorItoftencomesfromtheunexpected.Atwistonafamiliarquote“Ifatfirstyou

don'tsucceed,giveup”oraplayonwordsoronasituation.Searchforexaggerationandunderstatements.

Lookatyourtalkandpickoutafewwordsorsentenceswhichyoucanturnaboutandinjectwithhumor.

41.Tomakeyourhumorwork,youshould.

[A]takeadvantageofdifferentkindsofaudience[B]makefunofthedisorganizedpeople

[C]addressdifferentproblemstodifferentpeople[D]showsympathyforyourlisteners

42.Thejokeaboutdoctorsimpliesthat,intheeyesofnurses,theyare.

[A]impolitetonewarrivals[B]veryconsciousoftheirgodlikerole

[C]entitledtosomeprivileges[D]verybusyevenduringlunchhours

43.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthatpublicservices?

[A]havebenefitedmanypeople[B]arethefocusofpublicattention

[C]areaninappropriatesubjectforhumor[D]haveoftenbeenthelaughingstock

44.Toachievethedesiredresult,humorousstoriesshouldbedelivered.

[A]inwell-wordedlanguage[B]asawkwardlyaspossible

[C]inexaggeratedstatements[D]ascasuallyaspossible

45.Thebesttitleforthetextmaybe.

[A]UseHumorEffectively[B]VariousKindsofHumor

[C]AddHumortoSpeech[D]DifferentHumorStrategies

Text2

Sincethedawnofhumaningenuity,peoplehavedevisedevermorecunningtoolstocopewithwork

thatisdangerous,boring,burdensome,orjustplainnasty.Thatcompulsionhasresultedinrobotics—the

scienceofconferringvarioushumancapabilitiesonmachines.Andifscientistshaveyettocreatethe

mechanicalversionofsciencefiction,theyhavebeguntocomeclose.

Asaresult,themodernworldisincreasinglypopulatedbyintelligentgizmoswhosepresencewebarely

noticebutwhoseuniversalexistencehasremovedmuchhumanlabor.Ourfactorieshumtotherhythmof

robotassemblyarms.Ourbankingisdoneatautomatedtellerterminalsthatthankuswithmechanical

politenessforthetransaction.Oursubwaytrainsarecontrolledbytirelessrobot-drivers.Andthankstothe

continualminiaturizationofelectronicsandmicro-mechanics,therearealreadyrobotsystemsthatcan

performsomekindsofbrainandbonesurgerywithsubmillimeteraccuracy—fargreaterprecisionthan

highlyskilledphysicianscanachievewiththeirhandsalone.

Butifrobotsaretoreachthenextstageoflaborsavingutility,theywillhavetooperatewithless

humansupervisionandbeabletomakeatleastafewdecisionsforthemselves—goalsthatposeareal

challenge.uWhileweknowhowtotellarobottohandleaspecificerror,“saysDaveLavery,managerofa

roboticsprogramatNASA,uwecan'tyetgivearobotenough'commonsense9toreliablyinteractwitha

dynamicworld.”

Indeedthequestfortrueartificialintelligencehasproducedverymixedresults.Despiteaspellof

initialoptimisminthe1960sand1970swhenitappearedthattransistorcircuitsandmicroprocessorsmight

beabletocopytheactionofthehumanbrainbytheyear2010,researcherslatelyhavebeguntoextendthat

forecastbydecadesifnotcenturies.

Whattheyfound,inattemptingtomodelthought,isthatthehumanbrain'sroughlyonehundred

billionnervecellsaremuchmoretalented—andhumanperceptionfarmorecomplicated-thanpreviously

imagined.Theyhavebuiltrobotsthatcanrecognizetheerrorofamachinepanelbyafractionofa

millimeterinacontrolledfactoryenvironment.Butthehumanmindcanglimpsearapidlychangingscene

andimmediatelydisregardthe98percentthatisirrelevant,instantaneouslyfocusingonthemonkeyatthe

sideofawindingforestroadorthesinglesuspiciousfaceinabigcrowd.Themostadvancedcomputer

systemsonEarthcan'tapproachthatkindofability,andneuroscientistsstilldon'tknowquitehowwedo

it.

46.Humaningenuitywasinitiallydemonstratedin.

[A]theuseofmachinestoproducesciencefiction

[B]thewideuseofmachinesinmanufacturingindustry

[C]theinventionoftoolsfordifficultanddangerouswork

[D]theelite'scunningtacklingofdangerousandboringwork

47.Theword"gizmos”(Line1,Paragraph2)mostprobablymeans.

[A]programs[B]experts[C]devices[D]creatures

48.Accordingtothetext,whatisbeyondman'sabilitynowistodesignarobotthatcan?

[A]fulfilldelicatetaskslikeperformingbrainsurgery[B]interactwithhumanbeingsverbally

[C]havealittlecommonsense[D]respondindependentlytoachangingworld

49.Besidesreducinghumanlabor,robotscanalso,

[A]makeafewdecisionsforthemselves[B]dealwithsomeerrorswithhumanintervention

[C]improvefactoryenvironments[D]cultivatehumancreativity

50.Theauthorusestheexampleofamonkeytoarguethatrobotsare,

[A]expectedtocopyhumanbrainininternalstructure[B]abletoperceiveabnormalitiesimmediately

[C]farlessablethanhumanbraininfocusingonrelevantinformation

[D]bestusedinacontrolledenvironment

Text3

Couldthebadolddaysofeconomicdeclinebeabouttoreturn?SinceOPECagreedtosupply-cutsin

March,thepriceofcrudeoilhasjumpedtoalmost$26abarrel,upfromlessthan$10lastDecember.This

near-triplingofoilpricescallsupscarymemoriesofthe1973oilshock,whenpricesquadrupled,and

1979-80,whentheyalsoalmosttripled.Bothpreviousshocksresultedindouble-digitinflationandglobal

economicdecline.Sowherearetheheadlineswarningofgloomanddoomthistime?

TheoilpricewasgivenanotherpushupthisweekwhenIraqsuspendedoilexports.Strengthening

economicgrowth,atthesametimeaswintergripsthenorthernhemisphere,couldpushthepricehigher

stillintheshortterm.

Yettherearegoodreasonstoexpecttheeconomicconsequencesnowtobelessseverethaninthe1970s.

Inmostcountriesthecostofcrudeoilnowaccountsforasmallershareofthepriceofpetrolthanitdidin

the1970s.InEurope,taxesaccountforuptofour-fifthsoftheretailprice,soevenquitebigchangesinthe

priceofcrudehaveamoremutedeffectonpumppricesthaninthepast.

Richeconomiesarealsolessdependentonoilthantheywere,andsolesssensitivetoswingsintheoil

price.Energyconservation,ashifttootherfuelsandadeclineintheimportanceofheavy,energy-intensive

industrieshavereducedoilconsumption.Software,consultancyandmobiletelephonesusefarlessoilthan

steelorcarproduction.ForeachdollarofGDP(inconstantprices)richeconomiesnowusenearly50%less

oilthanin1973.TheOECDestimatesinitslatestEconomicOutlookthat,ifoilpricesaveraged$22abarrel

forafullyear,comparedwith$13in1998,thiswouldincreasetheoilimportbillinricheconomiesbyonly

0.25-0.5%ofGDP.Thatislessthanone-quarteroftheincomelossin1974or1980.Ontheotherhand,

oil-importingemergingeconomies-towhichheavyindustryhasshifted-havebecomemore

energy-intensive,andsocouldbemoreseriouslysqueezed.

Onemorereasonnottolosesleepovertheriseinoilpricesisthat,unliketherisesinthe1970s,ithas

notoccurredagainstthebackgroundofgeneralcommodity-priceinflationandglobalexcessdemand.A

sizableportionoftheworldisonlyjustemergingfromeconomicdecline.TheEconomisescommodityprice

indexisbroadlyunchangingfromayearago.In1973commoditypricesjumpedby70%,andin1979by

almost30%.

51.Themainreasonforthelatestriseofoilpriceis.

[A]globalinflation[B]reductioninsupply[C]fastgrowthineconomy[DJIraq'ssuspensionof

exports

52.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthattheretailpriceofpetrolwillgoupdramaticallyif?

[A]priceofcruderises[B]commoditypricesrise[C]consumptionrises[D]oiltaxesrise

53.TheestimatesinEconomicOutlookshowthatinrichcountries,

[A]heavyindustrybecomesmoreenergy-intensive

[B]incomelossmainlyresultsfromfluctuatingcrudeoilprices

[C]manufacturingindustryhasbeenseriouslysqueezed

[D]oilpricechangeshavenosigniHcantimpactonGDP

54.Wecandrawaconclusionfromthetextthat?

[A]oil-priceshocksarelessshockingnow[B]inflationseemsirrelevanttooil-priceshocks

[C]energyconservationcankeepdowntheoilprices

[DJthepriceriseofcrudeleadstotheshrinkingofheavyindustry

55.Fromthetextwecanseethatthewriterseems?

[A]optimistic[B]sensitive[C]gloomy[D]scared

Text4

TheSupremeCourfsdecisionsonphysician-assistedsuicidecarryimportantimplicationsforhow

medicineseekstorelievedyingpatientsofpainandsuffering.

Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assistedsuicide,theCourtineffect

supportedthemedicalprincipleof“doubleeffect,“acenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanaction

havingtwoeffects-agoodonethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen-ispermissibleifthe

actorintendsonlythegoodeffect.

Doctorshaveusedthatprincipleinrecentyearstojustifyusinghighdosesofmorphinetocontrol

terminallyillpatients9pain,eventhoughincreasingdosageswilleventuallykillthepatient.

NancyDubler,directorofMontefioreMedicalCenter,contendsthattheprinciplewillshielddoctors

who“untilnowhavevery,verystronglyinsistedthattheycouldnotgivepatientssufficientmediationto

controltheirpainifthatmighthastendeath.”

GeorgeAnnas,chairofthehealthlawdepartmentatBostonUniversity,maintainsthat,aslongasa

doctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurpose,thedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthe

patientusesthedrugtohastendeath."It'slikesurgery/9hesays."Wedon'tcallthosedeathshomicides

becausethedoctorsdidn'tintendtokilltheirpatients,althoughtheyriskedtheirdeath.Ifyou'rea

physician,youcanriskyourpatient'ssuicideaslongasyoudon'tintendtheirsuicide.”

Onanotherlevel,manyinthemedicalcommunityacknowledgethattheassisted-suicidedebatehas

beenfueledinpartbythedespairofpatientsforwhommodernmedicinehasprolongedthephysicalagony

ofdying.

JustthreeweeksbeforetheCourfsrulingonphysician-assistedsuicide,theNationalAcademyof

Science(NAS)releasedatwo-volumereport,ApproachingDeath:ImprovingCareattheEndofLife.It

identifiestheundertreatmentofpainandtheaggressiveuseof^ineffectualandforcedmedicalprocedures

thatmayprolongandevendishonortheperiodofdying”asthetwinproblemsofend-of-lifecare.

Theprofessionistakingstepstorequireyoungdoctorstotraininhospices,totestknowledgeof

aggressivepainmanagementtherapies,todevelopaMedicarebillingcodeforhospital-basedcare,andto

developnewstandardsforassessingandtreatingpainattheendoflife.

Annassayslawyerscanplayakeyroleininsistingthatthesewell-meaningmedicalinitiativestranslate

intobettercare."Largenumbersofphysiciansseemunconcernedwiththepaintheirpatientsare

needlesslyandpredictablysuffering,totheextentthatitconstitutes“systematicpatientabuse."Hesays

medicallicensingboards“mustmakeitclear...thatpainfuldeathsarepresumptivelyonesthatare

incompetentlymanagedandshouldresultinlicensesuspension.^

56.Fromthefirstthreeparagraphs,welearnthat.

[A]doctorsusedtoincreasedrugdosagestocontroltheirpatients9pain

[B]itisstillillegalfordoctorstohelpthedyingendtheirlives

[C]theSupremeCourtstronglyopposesphysician-assistedsuicide

[D]patientshavenoconstitutionalrighttocommitsuicide

57.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtothetext?

[A]Doctorswillbeheldguiltyiftheyrisktheirpatients9death.

[B]Modernmedicinehasassistedterminallyillpatientsinpainlessrecovery.

[C]TheCourtruledthathigh-dosagepain-relievingmedicationcanbeprescribed.

[DJAdoctor'smedicationisnolongerjustifiedbyhisintentions.

58.AccordingtotheNAS'sreport,oneoftheproblemsinend-of-lifecareis.

[A]prolongedmedicalprocedures[Blinadequatetreatmentofpain

[CJsystematicdrugabuse[D]insufficienthospitalcare

59.Whichofthefollowingbestdefinestheworduaggressive^^(Line3,Paragraph7)?

[A]Bold[B]Harmful[C]Careless[D]Desperate

60.GeorgeAnnaswouldprobablyagreethatdoctorsshouldbepunishedifthey?

[A]managetheirpatientsincompetently[B]givepatientsmoremedicinethanneeded

[C]reducedrugdosagesfortheirpatients[D]prolongtheneedlesssufferingofthepatients

Almostallourmajorproblemsinvolvehumanbehavior,andtheycannotbesolvedbyphysicaland

biologicaltechnologyalone.Whatisneededisatechnologyofbehavior;butwehavebeenslowtodevelop

thesciencefromwhichsuchatechnologymightbedrawn.61)Onedifficultyisthatalmostallefwhatis

calledbehavioralsciencecontinuestotracebehaviortostatesofmind,feelings,traitsofcharacter,human

nature,andsoon.Physicsandbiologyoncefollowedsimilarpracticesandadvancedonlywhenthey

discardedthem.62)Thebehavioralscienceshavebeenslowtoehancepertlybecausetheexplanatoecitems

oftenseemtobedirectlyobservedandpartlybecauseotherkindsofexplanationshavebeenhardto行nd.

Theenvironmentisobviouslyimportant,butitsrolehasremainedobscure.Itdoesnotpushorpull,it

selects,andthisfunctionisdifficulttodiscoverandanalyze.63)Therslenfnaturalselectioninevolution

wasformulatedonlyalittlemorethanahundredyearsago,andtheselectiveroleoftheenvironmentin

shapingandmaintainingthebehavioroftheindividualisonl、begimiinetoberecognizedandstudied.As

theinteractionbetweenorganismandenvironmenthascometobeunderstood,however;effectsonce

assignedtostatesofmind,feelings,andtraitsarebeginningtobetracedtoaccessibleconditions,anda

technologyofbehaviormaythereforebecomeavailable.Itwillnotsolveourproblems,however,untilit

replacestraditionalprescientificviews,andthesearestronglyentrenched.Freedomanddignityillustrate

thedifficulty.64)Theyarethepossessionsoftheautonomous(self-goveminR)manoftraditionaltheon;

andtheyareessentialtopracticesinwhichapersonisheldresponsibleforhisconductandgivencreditfor

hisachievements.Ascientificanalysisshiftsboththeresponsibilityandtheachievementtotheenvironment.

Italsoraisesquestionsconcerning“values."Whowilluseatechnologyandtowhatends?65)Untilthese

issuesareresolved,atechnolocyofbehaviorwillcontinuet。berejected,andwithitpossiblytheonl、way

tosolveourproblems.

61.難題在于所謂的行為科學幾乎全都依然從心態(tài)、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去尋找行為的根源。

62.行為科學之所以發(fā)展緩慢，部分原因是用來解釋行為的依據似乎往往是直接觀察到的，部分原因是其

他的解釋方式一直難以找到。

63.自然選擇在進化中的作用僅在一百多年前才得以闡明，而環(huán)境在塑造和保持個體行為時的選擇作用則

剛剛開始被認識和研究。

64.自由和尊嚴（它們）是傳統(tǒng)理論定義的自主人所擁有的，是要求一個人對自己的行為負責并因其業(yè)績

而給予肯定的必不可少的前提。

65.（如果）這些問題得不到解決，研究行為的技術手段就會繼續(xù)受到排斥，解決問題的唯一方式可能也隨

之繼續(xù)受到排斥。

SectionIV:Writing(20points)

2001年全國碩士研究生入學統(tǒng)一考試英語試題7

2001年全國碩士研究生入學統(tǒng)一考試英語試題

SectionIIClozeTest

Thegovernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeopleinvolvedin

prominentcases31thetrialofRosemaryWest.

Inasignificant32oflegalcontrolsoverthepress,LordIrvine,theLordChancellor,will

introducea33billthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnesses34andwillstrictly

controltheamountof35thatcanbegiventoacase36atrialbegins.

InalettertoGeraldKaufman,chairmanoftheHouseofCommonsMediaSelectCommittee,Lord

Irvinesaidhe37withacommitteereportthisyearwhichsaidthatselfregulationdidnot38

sufficientcontrol.

39ofthelettercametwodaysafterLordIrvinecauseda40ofmediaprotestwhenhe

saidthe41ofprivacycontrolscontainedinEuropeanlegislationwouldbelefttojudges42

toParliament.

TheLordChancellorsaidintroductionoftheHumanRightsBill,which43theEuropean

ConventiononHumanRightslegally44inBritain,laiddownthateverybodywas45to

privacyandthatpublicfigurescouldgotocourttoprotectthemselvesandtheirfamilies.

“Pressfreedomswillbeinsafehands46ourBritishjudges,“hesaid.

Witnesspaymentsbecamean47afterWestwassentencedto10lifesentencesin1995.Upto19

witnesseswere48tohavereceivedpaymentsfortellingtheirstoriestonewspapers.Concernswere

raised49witnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourtto50guilty

verdicts.

31.[A]asto[B]forinstance[Clinparticular[D]suchas

32.[A]tightening[B]intensifying[C]focusing[D]fastening

33.[A]sketch[B]rough[C]preliminary[D]draft

34.[A]illogical[BJillegal[C]improbable[DJimproper

35.[A]publicity[B]penalty[C]popularity[D]peculiarity

36.[A]since[B]if[C]before[D]as

37.[A]sided[B]shared[C]complied[D]agreed

38.[A]present[B]offer[C]manifest[D]indicate

39.[A]Release[B]Publication[C]Printing[D]Exposure

40.[A]storm[BJrage[C]flare[DJflash

41.[A]translation[B]interpretation[C]exhibition[D]demonstration

42.[A]betterthan[B]otherthan[C]ratherthan[D]soonerthan

2001年全國碩士研究生入學統(tǒng)一考試英語試題8

43.[A]changes[BJmakes[CJsets[DJturns

44.[A]binding[B]convincing[C]restraining[DJsustaining

45.[A]authorized[B]credited[C]entitled[D]qualified

46.[A]with[B]to[C]from[D]by

47.[A]impact[B]incident[C]inference[D]issue

48.[A]stated[B]remarked[C]said[D]told

49.[A]what[B]when[C]which[D]that

50.[A]assureIB]confide[C]ensure[D]guarantee

SectionHIReadingComprehension

Specializationcanbeseenasaresponsetotheproblemofanincreasingaccumulationofscientific

knowledge.Bysplittingupthesubjectmatterintosmallerunits,onemancouldcontinuetohandlethe

informationanduseitasthebasisforfurtherresearch.Butspecializationwasonlyoneofaseriesofrelated

developmentsinscienceaffectingtheprocessofcommunication.Anotherwasthegrowing

professionalisationofscientificactivity.

Noclear-cutdistinctioncanbedrawnbetweenprofessionalsandamateursinscience:exceptionscan

befoundtoanyrule.Nevertheless,theword“amateur”doescarryaconnotationthatthepersonconcerned

isnotfullyintegratedintothescientificcommunityand,inparticular,maynotfullyshareitsvalues.The

growthofspecializationinthenineteenthcentury,withitsconsequentrequirementofalonger,more

complextraining,impliedgreaterproblemsforamateurparticipationinscience.Thetrendwasnaturally

mostobviousinthoseareasofsciencebasedespeciallyonamathematicalorlaboratorytraining,andcan

beillustratedintermsofthedevelopmentofgeologyintheUnitedKingdom.

AcomparisonofBritishgeologicalpublicationsoverthelastcenturyandahalfrevealsnotsimplyan

increasingemphasisontheprimacyofresearch,butalsoachangingdefiniti