高考總復(fù)習(xí)英語外研通用版教師用書語法專項(xiàng)突破3第三講形容詞和副詞

第三講形容詞和副詞題型分類考題印證命題解讀語法填空1.(2017·全國卷Ⅰ)Evenworse(bad)，theamountoffastfoodthatpeopleeatgoesup.2.(2016·全國卷Ⅰ)Thetitlewillbeofficially(official)giventomeataceremonyinLondon.1.考查形容詞和副詞的基本用法；2.考查形容詞和副詞比較等級的用法；3.考查詞類轉(zhuǎn)換短文改錯(cuò)1.(2017·全國卷Ⅱ)Intheirsparetime,theyareinterestinginplantingvegetablesintheirgarden,eresting→interested2.(2017·全國卷Ⅱ)Beside,theyoftengetsomeusefulinformationfromtheInternet.Beside→Besides1.形容詞之間或形容詞與副詞的錯(cuò)用；2.形近引起的錯(cuò)用；3.比較等級的錯(cuò)用形容詞和副詞的基本用法1．形容詞的基本用法形容詞在句中可作定語、表語、賓語補(bǔ)足語、主語補(bǔ)足語、狀語等?！?2016·全國卷Ⅲ)Althoughitdoesn’ttasteofanythingspecial,it’sstillworthatry.盡管它嘗起來沒有任何特殊的地方，但是還是值得一試?！?2016·北京卷)Conditionsweresobadthatitwasimpossibleforhimtofindthetrailagain.天氣狀況太差，他想找到軌跡是不可能的。eq\a\vs4\al()(1)形容詞作狀語主要表示原因、結(jié)果或伴隨等，其邏輯主語必須與句子主語保持一致?！?安徽卷)Light-heartedandoptimistic,sheisthesortofwomantospreadsunshinetopeoplethroughhersmile.她無憂無慮、積極樂觀，是那種用微笑給別人帶來快樂的人。(2)以-ly結(jié)尾的形容詞。常見的有：friendly,lovely,lively,lonely,elderly,deadly等。2．副詞的基本用法(1)副詞主要用來修飾動詞、形容詞、其他副詞或修飾整個(gè)句子，表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、程度、方式等?！?2015·安徽卷)Theygavemoneytotheoldpeople’shomeeitherpersonallyorthroughtheircompanies.他們要么是親自給敬老院錢要么是通過公司給敬老院錢?！?安徽卷)Thankfully,Imanagedtogetthroughthegameandthepainwasworthitintheend.謝天謝地，我終于打完比賽了，所有的辛苦最終都是值得的。(2)常考的連接性副詞：though“然而，可是”(用于句末)；meanwhile“在此期間”；therefore/thus/consequently“因此，所以”；moreover/furthermore“此外”；besides“另外，還有”；however“然而”；instead“相反，代替”；anyway/anyhow“盡管，即使這樣”；otherwise“否則”?！?天津卷)Theyoungmancouldn’taffordanewcar.Instead,heboughtausedone.那個(gè)年輕人買不起新車，便買了一輛二手的?！?江西卷)Thehousewastooexpensiveandtoobig.Besides,I’dgrownfondofourlittlerentedhouse.這個(gè)房子太貴、太大了，而且，我已經(jīng)越來越喜歡我們租的這間小屋了。eq\a\vs4\al()易用錯(cuò)的幾類副詞(1)意義有別的同根副詞。如：free(免費(fèi)地)/freely(自由地);hard(努力地)/hardly(幾乎不);late(晚，遲)/lately(最近);most(很，最)/mostly(主要地);fair(公平地)/fairly(相當(dāng)?shù)?;near(臨近)/nearly(幾乎)等。(2)有些副詞都有兩種形式，以-ly結(jié)尾時(shí)表示抽象意義，與形容詞同形的表示具體意義。如：close接近/closely密切地；wide寬地/widely廣泛地；high高地/highly高度地；deep深地/deeply深深地。[對點(diǎn)演練]——單句語法填空1．(2018·吉林省實(shí)驗(yàn)中學(xué)模擬)Theyinvitedallthemostexperienced(experience)expertsinthisfieldtodiscussandquiteafewsuggestionswereputforward.2．(2018·湖南長沙六校聯(lián)考)Surprisingly(surprise),whenIgothome,IfoundawetU．S.$20billstucktotheground.3．(2018·鄭州一中調(diào)研)Theycanalsomaketheirownspecialsoundstokeepthestoryinteresting(interest)andattractive.形容詞和副詞的比較等級1．比較級和最高級的構(gòu)成(1)規(guī)則變化單音節(jié)的詞一般在后面加-er和-esttall→taller→tallestquick→quicker→quickest以“輔音字母＋-e”結(jié)尾的詞，在后面加-r和-stlate→later→latestpale→paler→palest以“輔音字母＋y”結(jié)尾的詞，將y改為i，再加-er和-estearly→earlier→earliestheavy→heavier→heaviest以一個(gè)輔音字母結(jié)尾的重讀閉音節(jié)詞，則雙寫這個(gè)輔音字母，再加-er，-estthin→thinner→thinnesthot→hotter→hottest其他雙音節(jié)和多音節(jié)的詞都在前面加more和mostcareful→morecareful→mostcarefuleq\a\vs4\al()有少數(shù)幾個(gè)雙音節(jié)以及-ow,-er,-le結(jié)尾的詞，既可以加-er和-est,又可以加more和most構(gòu)成比較級和最高級。?？嫉脑~：common,clever,simple,quiet,stupid等。(2)不規(guī)則變化good/well→better→best;bad/ill→worse→worst;many/much→more→most;far→farther/further→farthest/furthest;old→older/elder→oldest/eldest;little→less→least2．比較等級的用法(1)同級比較①as＋adj./adv.(原形)as...as...“和……一樣”；notas/so＋adj./adv.(原形)＋as...“和……不一樣”◆(2018·河南中原名校聯(lián)考)Sincepeoplearefondofhumor,itisaswelcomeinconversationasanywhereelse.因?yàn)槿藗兿矚g幽默，所以在談話中或其他任何地方它都是受歡迎的。②當(dāng)as...as結(jié)構(gòu)中有名詞時(shí)，可用以下結(jié)構(gòu)：as＋形容詞原級＋a(n)＋n.＋as...as＋many＋可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)＋as...as＋much＋不可數(shù)名詞＋as...◆(2018·湖南長郡中學(xué)月考)I’mnotalittletiredtodayaftergivingtheroomathoroughcleaningandIhaveneverhadastiringadayastoday.今天對房間進(jìn)行了大掃除之后我很累，我從來沒有過比今天更累的一天了。(2)比較級“形容詞/副詞比較級＋than”表示“兩者中一方比另一方更……”?！發(fā)ess＋形容詞/副詞原級＋than”結(jié)構(gòu)，表示“一方不及另一方……”。◆(2018·大連二十中月考)Iknowmysisterbetterthananyoneelse.Onceshehasmadeuphermind,nothingcanchangeit.我比其他任何人更了解我姐姐。她一旦下定決心，沒有什么能夠改變。eq\a\vs4\al()修飾比較等級的副詞：much,even,still,far,alittle,alot,rather等。more,very等副詞不可修飾比較級，這也是短文改錯(cuò)常出現(xiàn)的錯(cuò)誤之一。(3)最高級①表示三者或三者以上的比較，常見的結(jié)構(gòu)：“the＋最高級＋表示比較范圍的短語或從句”，表示“……是……中最……的”?！?2015·四川卷)Andyiscontentwiththetoy.Itisthebesthehasevergot.安迪很滿意這個(gè)玩具。這是他至今得到的最好的玩具。②最高級的其他表達(dá)法a．否定詞＋比較級b．比較級＋than＋anyother＋單數(shù)名詞比較級＋than＋alltheother＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞比較級＋than＋anyoftheother＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞比較級＋thananything/anyoneelse◆Yourstoryisperfect；I’veneverheardabetteronebefore.你的故事太完美了，我以前從來沒有聽過比這更好聽的故事?！鬞heYangtzeRiverislongerthananyotherriver/thanalltheotherrivers/thananyoftheotherriversinChina.長江比中國的其他任何一條河都長。eq\a\vs4\al()有些詞本身就含有最高級含義，不能再用最高級，常見的有：favorite，wonderful，exhausted等；有些詞不與than連用可用于比較，如beseniorto等。(4)含有比較等級的特殊句型①“the＋adj./adv.-er，the＋adj./adv.-er” “越……，越……”②“adj./adv.-er＋and＋adj./adv.-er” “越來越……”③“the＋adj.-er＋ofthetwo＋名詞” “某人或某物是兩者中較……的那 個(gè)”④nomorethan “僅僅”notmorethan “至多；不超過”⑤more...than... “與其說……不如說……”⑥no＋比較級＋than “和……一樣不……”⑦not＋比較級＋than “不比……更……”⑧倍數(shù)句型a．Ais＋倍數(shù)＋比較級＋than＋Bb．Ais＋倍數(shù)＋as＋原級＋as＋Bc．Ais＋倍數(shù)＋the＋名詞(size,length,height等)＋of＋B◆(2016·全國卷Ⅲ)Themorepositiveanarticle,themorelikelyitwastobeshared.一篇文章越積極樂觀，就越有可能被大眾分享。◆Moreandmorepeoplerealizetheimportanceoflearningaforeignlanguagewell.越來越多的人認(rèn)識到學(xué)好一門外語的重要性。◆(2015·江蘇卷)Theelectronicwastestreamisincreasingthreetimesfasterthantraditionalgarbageasawhole.總的來說，電子廢棄物正以比傳統(tǒng)垃圾快三倍的速度增加。[對點(diǎn)演練]——單句語法填空1．(2018·廣東湛江調(diào)研)Themoresupportyouwinfromothers,thefaster(fast)youwillmovetowardyourgoal.2．(2018·浙江金、溫、臺三市聯(lián)考)Iftheyhavebeencaughtseveraltimesplayingvideogamesatwork,theirsalarymaybecut,andevenworse(bad),theymaylosetheirjobs.3．FourfifthsofthepeopleontheNetbelieveChina’seconomyisamongthestrongest(strong)intheworld.形容詞和副詞的詞性轉(zhuǎn)換形容詞和副詞的詞形變化及詞性轉(zhuǎn)換是形容詞和副詞的考查熱點(diǎn)。如果用來修飾名詞或在系動詞后作表語，應(yīng)用形容詞形式；如果用來修飾形容詞、副詞、動詞或整個(gè)句子，則應(yīng)用副詞形式。正確分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，判斷設(shè)空處在句中所作的句子成分，并牢記轉(zhuǎn)換形容詞和副詞的規(guī)則及構(gòu)詞法，是解答此類題目的關(guān)鍵。1．常見的形容詞后綴(1)-able：reasonable,comfortable,enjoyable,suitable,adjustable；(2)-al：natural,additional,educational,traditional,national；(3)-ant/-ent：significant,important,excellent,different,convenient；(4)-ish：foolish,selfish,childish；(5)-ive：active,impressive,decisive,attractive,effective,instructive；(6)-ly：manly,scholarly,friendly,lively,deadly；(7)-ful：beautiful,wonderful,helpful,useful,successful,meaningful,thankful,powerful；(8)-ous：dangerous,generous,courageous,various；(9)-less：endless,aimless,powerless；(10)-y：sunny,windy,funny,cloudy,rainy,healthy,wealthy；(11)-d/-ed：united,organized,closed,wounded,developed,appreciated，used，crowded,polluted,worried,married,terrified,satisfied；(12)-ing：developing,living,sleeping2．形容詞轉(zhuǎn)換為副詞的變化規(guī)則一般情況，在詞尾加-lykind→kindlyimmediate→immediately以-y結(jié)尾的形容詞y讀音為/?/的，先將y改為i,再加-lyeasy→easilyangry→angrilynoisy→noisily輔音字母＋e結(jié)尾的形容詞，直接加-lywide→widelypolite→politely(例外：true→truly)以-ble或-le結(jié)尾的形容詞，去e加-ypossible→possiblyterrible→terriblycomfortable→comfortablysimple→simply以-ic結(jié)尾的形容詞，加-allybasic→basicallyscientific→scientifically以-ll結(jié)尾的形容詞，在詞尾加-ydull→dullyfull→fully[對點(diǎn)演練]——單句語法填空/短文改錯(cuò)1．(2018·云南玉溪一中月考)Increaseyourexerciselevelsnaturally(nature)bywalkingorbikingshortdistancesinsteadofdriving,orbytakingthestairsinsteadoftheelevator.2．SeeingJack,sherantohimandaskedhimtoplaywithherforawhile.“Sorry,Jane,butI’mterribly(terrible)busytonight.”3．(2016·北京卷)Wudly→proud形容詞副詞與語法填空eq\a\vs4\al()準(zhǔn)確理解句意，分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，判斷空格處要填的詞在句中作什么成分。如果用來修飾名詞或位于系動詞后作表語，應(yīng)為形容詞；如果用來修飾動詞、副詞、形容詞或整個(gè)句子，則為副詞。觀察空格后是否有表示比較的提示詞than，表示比較范圍的in/of短語、定語從句或含有比較級的固定句式，如“the＋比較級……，the＋比較級……”結(jié)構(gòu)等，以此判斷是否需要填形容詞或副詞的比較等級。另外，解題時(shí)還需注意上下文提供的一些暗示信息。形容詞副詞與短文改錯(cuò)注意形容詞和副詞之間的誤用：①如果修飾名詞，要用形容詞；如果修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子，要用副詞；②作定語、表語或賓補(bǔ)，要想到用形容詞；作狀語應(yīng)用副詞；看比較范圍，判斷形式是否正確。如果是兩者之間的比較，則用比較級；如果是三者或三者以上的比較，則用最高級；看比較級前是否誤加了more；看含有比較等級的固定句式是否準(zhǔn)確；注意一些習(xí)慣表達(dá)，查看形容詞或副詞的形式。如：soonerorlater;what’smore/worse等。eq\a\vs4\al(Ⅰ)單句語法填空1．(2016·浙江卷)Asuddenstopcanbeaveryfrighteningexperience，especially(especial)ifyouaretravellingathighspeed.2．(2018·銀川一中模擬)Anotherpossiblereasonisthatonaverage,theBritishpeopledon’ttakethemselvestooseriously(serious)．3．(2018·長春市實(shí)驗(yàn)中學(xué)模擬)Ineachcase,theweightoftheglassdoesn’tchange,butthelonger(long)Iholdit,theheavieritbecomes.4．(2018·黑龍江哈六中月考)Ofthetwosisters,Bettyistheyounger(young)one,andsheisalsotheonewholovestobequiet.5．(2018·安徽滁州中學(xué)模擬)Obviously(obvious),agoodhabitcanhelpustospeeduptoreachourdestinations.6．—WhatdoyouthinkofyournewPad?—Good.Idon’tthinkIcanfindabetter(good)one.7．Oneofthebest(good)thingsaboutherlessonswasthatwedidn’talwayshavetostudyinanordinaryway.8．(2018·威海模擬)Butthatdidn’tpreventtheboyfrombecomingoneofthegreatest(great)composersofalltime.9．(2018·湖北重點(diǎn)中學(xué)聯(lián)考)Chineseauthorswouldmakeanefforttousealanguagethatissuitable(suit)fortranslation,andacommunicationstylethatcanbeunderstoodbytheentire.10．Hardlycanyousucceedindoingsomethingperfectlythefirsttimeyoudoit.Therefore/Thus,__whenyoudosomethingforthefirsttime,itistimetogiveuptheideaofperfection.eq\a\vs4\al(Ⅱ)單句改錯(cuò)1．Thegovernmentshoulddosomethingtopreventtheearthfrombecomingwarm,suchascallingonlow-carboneconomy.warm→warmer2．(2016·全國卷Ⅲ)Atonetime,Ievenfeltmyparentscouldn’tunderstandmesoIhopedIcouldbefreelyfromthem.freely→free3．ThoughIamastudentnow,Iwillworkhardlytomakemydreamcometrue.hardly→hard__4．(2018·河南八市質(zhì)檢)Foranother,mostbooksaresoldatalowpricethanwhatthebookstoreoffers.low→lower5．(2018·江西九江一中模擬)I’llstudymoreharderthaneverbeforesothatIcanmakemoremoneyinthefuture.去掉第一個(gè)more或?qū)⒌谝粋€(gè)more改為mucheq\a\vs4\al(Ⅲ)語法填空(2018·云南11校調(diào)研)WeallknowthattheFridayafterThanksgivingmeansamaddashtotheshoppingcentreforridiculoussales.Buthowdidthisbargainshoppingget(it)start?ThefirstBlackFridayactuallyhadnothing(do)withThanksgivingorshopping.TheoriginofBlackFridayasweknowittodaystartedinPhiladelphiaduringthe1950sand1960s.CrowdsofpeoplewouldcometotownthedayafterThanksgivingfortheannualArmy-Navyfootballgame(hold)thefollowingSaturday.Streetsand(store)werealwayscrowded,whichwasgreatforbusinessbutmadeeasy-pickingsforshoplifters(行竊者).Localpolicecalledthis“BlackFriday”.Notonlydidtheyhavetodealwithextratraffic5.____________shoplifting,buttheyhadtoworkextrahoursandcouldn’trequestthedayoff.Thetermdidn’tgonationalthelate1980s,butthe7.____________(explain)changed.Whileshopkeepers(general)sufferedfinanciallossesmostoftheyear,theincreaseofholidayshoppersmarkedthefirstdayofrealprofit.Intraditionalaccounting(會計(jì))practicesafewyearsago,losses9.____________(record)inredink,andprofitsinblackink.Andso,thedayafterThanksgiving,10.____________companiesgo“intotheblack”andmakeaprofit,becameBlackFriday.【解題導(dǎo)語】本文介紹了黑色星期五的起源。1．its解析：考查代詞。根據(jù)空后的名詞start可知，此處應(yīng)用形容詞性物主代詞its。2．todo解析：考查固定用法。havenothingtodowith意為“與……沒有關(guān)系”，為固定用法。3．tobeheld解析：考查非謂語動詞。game與hold之間是動賓關(guān)系，故此處可用tobeheld。4．stores解析：考查名詞復(fù)數(shù)。store作“商店”講時(shí)，為可數(shù)名詞，根據(jù)前面的Streets可知，空處用復(fù)數(shù)形式。5．a(chǎn)nd解析：考查連詞。extratraffic與shoplifting是并列的，所以用and連接。6．until解析：考查固定用法。not...until...表示“直到……才”。7．explanation解析：考查名詞。因?yàn)榍懊媸莟he且空處作主語，所以用名詞形式。8．generally解析：考查副詞。此處應(yīng)用副詞修飾動詞。9．wererecorded解析：考查動詞時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)。根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語afewyearsago可知，應(yīng)用一般過去時(shí)；record與losses之間是動賓關(guān)系，所以應(yīng)用被動語態(tài)。10．when解析：考查定語從句。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空處引導(dǎo)定語從句，且在從句中作時(shí)間狀語，故填when。eq\a\vs4\al(Ⅳ)短文改錯(cuò)(2018·東北三省四市模擬)Asthesayinggoes,chancefavoredthepreparedmind.Ilearnedthisfromoneofmyexperience.Iwasnotchosenasmemberofthevolleyballteamofoursch