國網(wǎng)電力職稱英語補全短文2016版

PassagelFunctionsofpowertransmission輸電的功能 P45ThefunctionofC：powertransmissionistosendpowerfrompowerplantstoloadcenterortoexchangepowerbetweennetworksinordertoattainthegeneration-consumptionbalanceorthesupply-demandbalancebetweenE：powernetworks.Powertransmissioniscompletedbystep-upsubstations,A：step-downsubstationsandconnectedtransmissionequipment.Thetransmissionlinemainlyconsistsofthetransmissionconductors(cables),polesortowers,insulators,overheadgroundwires,andgroundingdevices.TheD：transmissionathighvoltagecanreducethelinelossandthevoltagedrop,ensurethepowerquality,raisetheeconomyofB：powernetworkoperation.Theincreaseoftransmissionlinevoltagecannotonlyraisetheamountoftransmittedpower,butalsoreducethelinelossandlinevoltagedrop,andimprovethevoltagequality.C^力傳遞的功能是將來自發(fā)電廠的電力輸送到負載中心或進行電網(wǎng)之間的電力交換,以達到發(fā)電和用電或E：電網(wǎng)之間的供需平衡。動力傳遞是通過升壓變電站、A：降壓變電站和連接的傳輸設(shè)備完成。傳輸線主要由傳輸導(dǎo)體(線)，桿塔，絕緣子，架空地線和接地裝置等組成。采用D：傳輸在高電壓可以降低線路損耗和電壓降，保證電源質(zhì)量，提高B：電網(wǎng)運行經(jīng)濟性。傳輸線電壓的增加，不僅可以提高發(fā)送功率的量，同時也減少了線路損耗和線路壓降，并提高電壓質(zhì)量。Passage2Substationmisoperationanditspreventing變電站的誤操作及預(yù)防P55ThemisoperationthatcanleadtoC：accidentsintheelectricaloperationofthesubstationmainlyare:①on-loadswitchingofisolatingswitch;?connectingE:thegroundingwire(closingthegroundingswitch)withpoweron;③closingthecircuitbreaker(isolatingswitch)withgroundlines(groundswitch)earthed.The“fivepreventings”forA：preventingthemisoperationinsubstationincludes:①preventingthewrongopeningorclosingofcircuitbreaker;?preventingtheonloadopeningandclosingofisolatingswitch;③preventingB:theclosingofgroundingswitchwithpoweron;?preventingtheclosingofcircuitbreakerwithgroundingwireconnected;?preventingD：thepersonsfromillegalenteringthelivedbay.可能導(dǎo)致誤操作C：在變電站的電氣操作事故，主要有：①帶負荷拉合開關(guān);②E：帶電掛接地線(合接地開關(guān));③合斷路器(隔離開關(guān))與接地的接地線(接地開關(guān))?！拔宸馈睘锳：防止誤操作的變電站包括：①防止錯誤打開或關(guān)閉斷路器;②防止的負荷啟閉隔離開關(guān)；③防止B：接地開關(guān)關(guān)閉了電源;④防止斷路器的合閘與接地線連接；⑤防止D：人員誤入帶電間隔。Passage3Abriefintroductiononthedevelopmentofsupercriticalboilersandtheirmainadvantages超臨界鍋爐發(fā)展簡史及其優(yōu)勢P114InB:someadvancedcountriessuchasU.S.A,JapanandEuropeancountries,thesupercriticalboilerhasbeendevelopedsincethe60soflastcentury.Ithasbeenprovedbydataandexperience,thesupercriticalunithasD：greatadvantagesoneconomyandenvironmentalprotection.Asforitsreliability,becausethesteam-waterflowpassagesinsupercriticalboilerissameasthatintheE：subcriticalonce-throughboiler,thereisn’tanythingspecial,Butasfarashydrauliccharacteristic,asymbolofreliability,isconcerned,inasupercriticalboiler,undersupercriticalcondition,mediumisofsinglephaseandwaterphasewhichhasaA：goodhomogenizationofdistribution.Sothattheproblemcausedbyunevendistributionofsteamphaseandwaterphasecanbeavoided.Itisadmittedthat,ifC:wholeprocessmanagementisstrengthened,bothsupercriticalandsubcriticalunitscangetanexcellentreliabilityindex.B：一些先進國家如美國，日本和歐洲國家，超臨界鍋爐已自上世紀60年代開發(fā)的。它已被證明是由數(shù)據(jù)和經(jīng)驗，在超臨界部有D：經(jīng)濟和環(huán)保的巨大優(yōu)勢。至于它的可靠性，因為蒸汽的水流通道，在超臨界鍋爐是相同的E：亞臨界直流鍋爐，沒有什么特別的，但據(jù)水力特性，可靠性的象征，是而言，在超臨界鍋爐，超臨界條件下，媒體是單相和水相，其具有分布的A良好的均化。從而可避免因蒸汽相和水相的分布不均勻的問題。它承認，如果C：全過程管理得到加強，無論是超臨界和亞臨界機組可以得到一個很好的可靠性指標。Passage4Steamgenerationanduse蒸汽的發(fā)生與利用 P119Steamisoneofman,sdependableservants.Moreandmoreinthebackground,steamisdoingmoreandmoreworkforman.InB：anelectricallyheatedhomesteammaybeseenonlyattheteakettle,buttheelectricityusedmaybegeneratedbyburningcoalorgasandproducingsteamtoturnthegeneratorrotorsinthepowerplant.EvenifE：thefUelisuraniumandtheheatissuppliedbynuclearfission,thegenerationofelectricityisstillaccomplishedbyA：firstgeneratingsteam.IntheU.S.A.thedemandforelectricitydoubleseverytenyears.Forthemostpartwaterresourcessuitableforpowergenerationarealreadyinservice,exceptforemergencystandbyandpeak-loadunits;approximately90%ofD：thenewgeneratingcapacitybeinginstalledutilizessteam.TheC：useofsteamforelectricpowergenerationisexpandinginmostcountriesoftheworldexceptforthecountrieswhereavailablewaterpowerresourcesaregreaterthanpowerneeds.蒸汽是人的可靠的仆人。越來越多的領(lǐng)域里，蒸汽為人做越來越多的工作。在B匚個使用電熱的家庭中，可以僅在茶壺看出蒸汽，也可以通過燃燒煤或天然氣并產(chǎn)生蒸汽來轉(zhuǎn)動發(fā)電機轉(zhuǎn)子在發(fā)電廠中產(chǎn)生所使用的電力。即使E：燃料是鈾和熱是由核裂變供給，電力的產(chǎn)生由A：首先由蒸汽產(chǎn)生的。在美國，對電力的需求每十年增加一倍。大多數(shù)適于發(fā)電的水資源已經(jīng)用于發(fā)電，除緊急備用和峰值負載單元，大約90%的D：所安裝的新發(fā)電容量利用蒸汽。C：利用蒸汽發(fā)電的不斷擴大，在世界上大多數(shù)國家，除了這里提供的水力資源大于電力需求的國家。Passage5Circuitbreaker斷路器 P125Circuitbreakersareautomaticallyoperatedhighvoltage(orhighcurrent)switches.CircuitbreakersarerequiredB：tocontrolelectricalpowernetworksbyswitchingcircuitson,bycarryingloadandbyswitchingcircuitsoffundermanualorautomaticsupervision.Theirdutyisasfollows:Inclosedpositionthecircuitbreakermustbeagoodconductorforthenormalloadcurrent.Inoperatingthecircuitbreakermustbeablecontactsshallhavefullinsulationlevel.AtoperationthecircuitbreakermustclosebeableD：toswitchthecurrentwhichcanbefromafewamperestomanythousandsofamperes,andindependentlyofthecharacteristicsfrompurelyinductivetofullycapacitive.Atclosingoperationthecircuitbreakermustclosefastandbesafealsoagainstfullshortcircuitconditions.Theymust,therefore,beeffectiveinstantaneouslywhenarecalleduponA：toperformanyswitchingoperationafter10ngperiodswithoutmovement.Asthecircuitbreakeristhelastlinkinthechainofprotectiveequipment,thecircuitbreakerreliabilityisE:ofthehighestimportanceforhighreliabilityofthetotalelectricpowersystem.SotheimportanceC:ofthecircuitbreakercannotbeoveremphasized.斷路器是自動操作的高電壓(或高電流)的開關(guān)。斷路器被要求B：通過在開關(guān)電路，通過進行負載并通過手動或自動監(jiān)督下的開關(guān)電路斷開，以控制電力網(wǎng)絡(luò)。他們的職責(zé)是如下：在閉合位置，斷路器必須是良導(dǎo)體的正常負載電流。在操作斷路器必須能夠接觸，應(yīng)有充分的絕緣水平。在操作的斷路器必須密切能夠D：切換可以是從幾安培到幾千安培的電流，并獨立地由純感性到完全的電容的特性。在合閘時，關(guān)閉操作斷路器必須關(guān)閉快速并安全的合閘即使是全短路情況下。所以，他們必須能立即動作，即使是在A：長時間不動作后執(zhí)行任何切換操作。由于斷路器是在保護設(shè)備鏈中的最后一個環(huán)節(jié)，斷路器可靠性是E：最高重要性對于高可靠性的電力系統(tǒng)來說。因此，C：斷路器的重要性怎么強調(diào)也不過分。Passage6Therationofdistancetoheightofpumped-storagepowerplant抽水蓄能電站的距高比（口口）——P130Forpumped-storagepowerplant,generallytheratioofdistancetoheightB：isusedtoevaluatetopographicconditionofpowerplant.Distance-heightratioD：istherationofhorizontaldistancebetweenupperandlowreservoirtothedropbetweenupperandlowreservoirthatisL/H.Theheadofsimplepumped-storagepowerplantconsistsoftwoparts,theyarenaturaltopographicelevationdifferenceandelevationdifferenceformedbydam.Ofcourse,theheadderivedfromtopographicelevationdifferenceA：ismosteconomic,soinselectingplantsite,theconditionthatnotonlyaheightdifferenceisavailablebutalsonoveryhighdamofupperreservoirisnecessaryshouldbeconsidered.SmallerL/Hvalueindicatesashorterwatertransportationline,thentheengineeringconstructioncostcanbesaved.Butinmanycircumstances,topographicconditionC：isnotdesirable,sowecctnsaythesmallestL/HvalueE： isthebest.Innewlyconstructedthreelargecapacitypumped-storagepowerplantsinourcountry,theL/Hvaluerespectivelyare:7.12inGuangzhou,4.12inShisanling,2.40inTianhuangping.對于抽水蓄能電廠，距離一般以高度之比B：來評價發(fā)電廠的地形條件。距離和高度的比D：的上部和低容器之間的水平距離的上限和低容器之間的壓降即L/H的比值。簡單的抽水蓄能電站的頭由兩部分組成，它們是由大壩形成自然的地形高差和高程差。當然，頭部來源于地形高差A(yù)：是最經(jīng)濟的，所以在選擇廠址，這不僅是一個高度差可用狀態(tài)，而且上水庫沒有非常高的大壩是必要應(yīng)予以考慮。小L/H值表示一個較短的水上運輸線，那么，工程建設(shè)成本可以保存。但在許多情況下，地形條件C：是不可取的，所以我們不能說最小的L/H值E：是最好的。在我國新建的三個大容量的抽水蓄能電站，在L/H值分別是：在黃平田7.12在廣州，4.12在十三陵，2.40。Passage7Fuelcells燃料電池——P136Fuelcellsaredevicesthatwhenafuelsuchashydrogenorhydrogen-richcompoundsandoxygenaresuppliedtomaterialsarrangedliketheanodeandcathodeofaconventionalbattery,combinetoconvertchemicalenergydirectlyintoelectricalenergy.Unlikeconventionalbatterieswheretheconversionofchemicaltoelectricalenergyrequiresonlytheclosingofacircuitbetweenthecathodeandanodetoproduceandelectricalcurrent,B:thereisnostoragecapacityinafuelcell.Thesecellsrequirethefuelandoxygenthatwillproducethechemicalreactionsthatproduceanelectricaloutput.Fuelcellshavebeenmadethatwillsupplypowerinthemegawattrange,andA:furtherdevelopmentisunderway.Suchcellsarenotyetwidelyusedonpowersystems,butE：astheyarebeingdevelopedtherehavebeensomeapplicationstosupplyfuelcellpowertoisolatedloads.Asthevoltageoutputofacellisintheorderofto2.5V,C：manycellsareoperatedinseriestoobtainvoltagesandpoweroutputinrangesthatarenormallyrequired.InvertersareusedtoD：supplyalternatingcurrentfromfuelcellswhenandACoutputisdesired.燃料電池裝置，當燃料如氫氣或富含氫的化合物和氧氣供給到布置類似于傳統(tǒng)電池的陽極和陰極材料，結(jié)合到化學(xué)能直接轉(zhuǎn)換成電能。不同于傳統(tǒng)的電池，其中化學(xué)為電能的轉(zhuǎn)換需要在陰極和陽極，以產(chǎn)生與電流之間的電路的唯一閉合，B：沒有存儲容量中的燃料電池。這些細胞所需要的燃料和氧氣，這將產(chǎn)生該產(chǎn)生的電輸出的化學(xué)反應(yīng)。燃料電池已被制成，將電力提供在兆瓦范圍，和A：進一步發(fā)展正在進行。這些細胞還沒有廣泛應(yīng)用在電力系統(tǒng)中，但E：，因為他們正在開發(fā)已經(jīng)有一些應(yīng)用以提供燃料電池發(fā)電，以孤立的負載。作為一個單元的電壓輸出是在為2.5V的順序，C：多細胞串聯(lián)操作，得到的電壓和功率輸出放在于通常需要范圍。逆變器被用于D：供給的交流電流從燃料電池時和交流輸出是期望的。Passage8SubstationspaceintotheDigitalAge變電站步及數(shù)字化時代 P164Substationsconstitutethemainpartofpowertransmissionanddistributioninapowergrid.ThesubstationsC：composedofalargenumberofprimaryandsecondaryequipments,withtheresponsibilityfortheelectricpowertransmissionanddistributioninthegrid.Overmorethana『hasreachedacertainlevel.Indecadeofdevelopment,A:substationautomationtechnoltherebuildingandconstructingofpowergridinruralandurbanareas,automationtechnologyisnotonlyusedinlow-voltagesubstationstorealizeunattendedoperation,butalsointhe220kVandaboveextra-voltagesubstations,thusgreatlyenhancingthelevelofmodernizationofpowergridconstruction,strengtheningthepowertransmissionanddistributionandthepossibilityofpowergriddispatchingandreducingthetotalcostofsubstationconstruction,E：allofwhichhasbecomeanindisputablefact.However,thedevelopmentoftechnologyisnever-ending,andtheincreasingmaturationoftechnologylikeintelligentswitches,photoelectriccurrentandvoltagetransformers,onlineconditionmonitoringofprimaryequipments,『hasreachedacertainlevel.Intechnol『forsubstationoperation,aswellasthedevelopmentandapplicationofhigh-speedtechnolnetworkinreal-timesystem,isboundtohaveaprofoundimpactupontheexistingsubstationautomationtechnology,andD：afull-digitalautomationsystemisabouttoemerge.變電站構(gòu)成了輸配電的電網(wǎng)的主要組成部分。變電站C：組成的大量初級和次級設(shè)備，以用于在網(wǎng)格中的電功率傳輸和分配的責(zé)任。在十多年的發(fā)展，A：變電站自動化技術(shù)已經(jīng)達到了一定的水平。在重建和電網(wǎng)在農(nóng)村和城市地區(qū)的構(gòu)建，自動化技術(shù)不僅適用于低電壓變電站實現(xiàn)無人操作，而且在220kV及以上特高壓變電站，極大地提高了現(xiàn)代化水平電網(wǎng)建設(shè)，加強輸配電和電網(wǎng)調(diào)度的可能性，并降低了變電站建設(shè)的總成本，E：所有這一切都已經(jīng)成為不爭的事實。然而，技術(shù)的發(fā)展是沒有止境的，而技術(shù)的日益成熟如智能開關(guān)，光電式電流電壓互感器，在線狀態(tài)監(jiān)測的主要設(shè)備，（4）變電運行的模擬訓(xùn)練技術(shù)，以及開發(fā)和應(yīng)用在實時系統(tǒng)中的高速網(wǎng)絡(luò)，必然會有在現(xiàn)有變電站自動化技術(shù)產(chǎn)生深遠的影響，以及D：全數(shù)字自動化系統(tǒng)即將浮出水面。Passage9OvercomingtheProblemofWaste解決垃圾問題 P169Manylargecitiesareanythingbutbeautiful.Streetsarelitteredwithtrash.Inthistrash,however,C：thereisstillsomethingthatcanbeuseful.Ifpeoplewanttosolvetheproblemofwaste, A：thereisnotimetobe10st.Theymustworkoutwaysofmakinguseofgoodthingswhicharejustthrownawayaswaste.Whenacargetstooold,itmaynotrunanymore.Butifthemetalthatthecarwasmadeofisstillgood,D：itcanbeputtouseagain)bottleglasscanbegroundintosandandusedtopavestreets.Besides,garbagefromfoodcanbechangedintofertilizer.Butfirstyouhavetopickoutalltheglassandmetal.Furthermore,garbagecanalsobeagoodsourceformakingbuildingblocks,whicharethencoveredwithconcrete.Now,E：moreandmoremachinesaredesignedforthispurpose.Someday,peoplewillwatchfilmsinagreatcinemawhichhasbeenbuiltoutofgarbage.Futurebuildings,roads,andcitiesmaybemadefromgarbage.Butsofar,B：buildingbeautifulcitiesoutofgarbageisonlyadream.許多大城市是什么，但漂亮。街道上到處是垃圾。在這個垃圾，但是，C：還有東西,可以是有用的。如果人們想解決廢物問題，A：沒有時間可以丟失。他們必須制定出利用它只是當作廢物丟棄的好東西的方法。當汽車變得太舊，則可能無法運行了。但如果這輛車是由金屬還是不錯的，D：可以再次投入使用的玻璃瓶可以被磨成沙用來鋪路的街道。此外，由食物垃圾可以變成肥料。但首先，你必須挑選出所有的玻璃和金屬。此外，垃圾也可以是一個很好的來源，使得構(gòu)建模塊，然后將其覆蓋有混凝土?，F(xiàn)在，E：越來越多的機器是專為這一目的。有一天，人們會看到在一個偉大的電影院已建成了垃圾電影。未來的建筑物，道路和城市可以由垃圾制成。但迄今為止，B：用垃圾建造美麗的城市只是一個夢想。Passage10Hibernation休眠，冬眠Theweatherinwintercanbeverycold.Someanimalssleepduringthewinter,forit'sdifficultforthemtofindfoodthen.E：Theycansleepfora10ngtime.Forexample,theirsleepcanlastfromautumntospring.B：Wecallthiskindofsleepinwintertime“hibernation”，Animalsneedfoodinwintertokeepthemwarmandalive.Iftheymoveaboutmore,theyneedeatmore.D：Hibernatinganimalsdon’tneedtoeatmuchbecausetheydon’tmove.Theirheartbeatsslowly.Andtheybreatheslowly.Theyfindasafeplacetosleep.A：Sotheydon’tneedtoworryaboutbadweatherandotherdangerousanimalsInwarnwintersomeanimalslikebearsmaywakeup.Iftheyseethickno\\snowontheground,theywillgetbacktotheirsleep.C：Asitgetswarmerandwarmerinspring,thesleepinganimalsbegintowakeupand100karoundforfood.冬天天氣很冷。在冬季一些動物睡覺，因為這是他們很難找到食物后。E：他們可以睡很長一段時間。例如，他們的睡眠可以從秋天持續(xù)到春天。B：我們稱這種睡眠在冬季“冬眠”了。動物需要食物，冬季御寒，充滿活力。如果他們走動多了，他們需要吃得更多。D：冬眠的動物并不需要吃多少，因為他們不動。他們的心臟慢慢跳動。他們緩慢地呼吸。他們找到一個安全的地方睡覺。A：因此，他們不必擔(dān)心惡劣天氣和其他危險動物。在發(fā)出警告的冬天有些動物，如熊可能醒來。如果他們看到厚厚沒有積雪在地面上，他們將回到自己的睡眠。C：變得越來越暖和的春天，沉睡的動物開始蘇醒并到處尋找食物。Passage11Satellites衛(wèi)星 P174ThebodythatisneatesttotheEarthisthemoon.B:ItcirclestheEarthandisthereforeknowasasatelliteoftheEarth.Thissatelliteiscallednaturalsatellite.Man-madespacecraftwhichcircletheEartharecalledartificialsatellites.Naturalaswellasartificialsatellitescircletheplanetsinadefinitepathororbit.D：Asatellitestaysin0rbitbecausetheplanetgravitationalforcekeepspullingitintoacircle.Allthebodiesinspacelikethemoon,theplanetsandthestarsalsoexertanattractiveforceonobjects.A：Thebiggerandheavierabodyis,thegreaterisitsforceofgravity.Themoon'sgravitationalforceisonlyone-sixththatoftheEarth's.TheEarth,sgravitationalforceofpullkeepsusandeverythingelseonEarthfromfloatingawaytospace.C：TogetoutintospacewehavetoovercometheEarth'sgravitationalpull,TherearemanyartificialsatellitesorbitingaroundtheEarth.SomeartificialsatelliteshavebeensentuptoorbitthemoonandeventheplanetMars.E：Artificialsatellitecanbeusedforvariouspurposes.離地球最近的天體是月亮。B：它繞地球運行，因此被認為作為地球的衛(wèi)星。這顆衛(wèi)星被稱為天然衛(wèi)星。人訂做的飛船繞地球被稱為人造衛(wèi)星。天然以及人造衛(wèi)星繞在一定的路徑或軌道上的行星。D：一顆衛(wèi)星停留在軌道上，因為地球引力不斷拉扯它繞地球成一個圓圈飛行。所有的像月亮的空間機構(gòu)，行星和恒星也施加對象的吸引力。A：天體越大越重，重力越大。月球的引力只有六分之一的地球。地球引力的力量，使我們和一切地球上漂浮到空間中。^要飛向太空，我們必須克服地球的引力。有許多人造衛(wèi)星環(huán)繞地球的軌道。一些人造衛(wèi)星已經(jīng)派人來繞月球甚至火星。E：人工衛(wèi)星可用于各種用途。Passage12Secondaryequipmentinpowersystem電力系統(tǒng)二次設(shè)備 P43ThesecondaryequipmentsinpowersystemareB：theequipmentsthatprovideprotecting,monitoring,measuring,regulating,controllingprimaryequipments,theequipmentsthatsupplyinformation,workingconditionfortheoperatorormaintenancepersons,andD：theequipmentsthatsendthecommandsignals.TheelectriccircuitconnectedwiththesecondarywindingofCTorPTiscalledsecondarycircuit.Thesecondaryequipmentandsecondarycircuitbelongtosecondarysystem.ThevoltageandE：currentvaluesinsecondarysystemare:110V,22V,DCoperatingvoltages,100VratedvoltageofthepotentialtransformersecondarywindingandA：5Aratedcurrentofthecurrenttransformersecondarywinding.Therelatedparametervaluesofsecondarysystemafterweakelectrificationare:24V,48V,60VDCoperatingvoltages,C：50VratedvoltageofPTsecondaryside,0.5AratedcurrentofCTsecondaryside.在電力系統(tǒng)的二次設(shè)備是B：提供保護的設(shè)備，監(jiān)測，測量，調(diào)節(jié)，控制主設(shè)備，該提供信息的設(shè)備，工作條件，操作員或維護人員，以及D：表示發(fā)送的命令信號的設(shè)備。電路與次級繞組的CT或PT的連接被稱為次級電路。二次設(shè)備和二次回路屬于輔助系統(tǒng)。電壓和E：在二次系統(tǒng)當前值:110V，22V，直流工作電壓，100伏額定電壓互感器二次繞組和電壓：A：電流互感器二次側(cè)額定電流為5A。二次系統(tǒng)的薄弱電氣化后的相關(guān)參數(shù)值是：24V，48V，60V直流工作電壓，C：電壓互感器PT二次側(cè)額定電壓為50V，CT二次側(cè)的0.5A的額定電流。Passage13Switchingovervoltage操作過電壓 P48AsuddenchangeintheconfigurationoftransmissionnetworkcausedE：bytheoperationofacircuitbreakerorbytheappearanceofafaultcancausearapidsurgeknownasswitchingovervoltages,whichpropagatesthroughoutthenetwork.ItistheseswitchingovervoltageswhichingeneralA:determinetheinsulationrequirementsoftransmissionlines.Limitatingtheseovervoltagesisofextremelyimportance,becausetheyhaveanimportanteffectonbothB：thecostoftransmissionandlinefailurerate.TheseswitchingovervoltagescanoccurC：atbothopeningandclosingofcircuitbreakers.Ifnon-restrikingcircuitbreakersisnotused,itisattheinstantofclosing,andaboveall,re-closingofalinewhichhasheldaresidualcharge,thatthestrongestovervoltageswillappear.ThisswitchingovervoltagesisusuallylimitedD：bymeansofcircuitbreakerclosingresistorin500kVsystem.在傳輸網(wǎng)絡(luò)的結(jié)構(gòu)的突然變化造成的E：由斷路器的操作或故障的出現(xiàn)可能會導(dǎo)致快速飆升稱為開關(guān)過電壓，其傳播整個網(wǎng)絡(luò)。正是這些開關(guān)過電壓A：確定輸電線路的絕緣水平。移動限制這些過電壓是非常重要的，因為它們有兩個重要作用，B：傳輸成本和線路故障率。這些開關(guān)過電壓可能會出現(xiàn)C：在打開和關(guān)閉斷路器的過程中。如果是非再起，不使用斷路器，它是在關(guān)閉的瞬間，如果不再打斷路器不使用，它是在關(guān)閉的瞬間，因?qū)Ь€存在有殘余電荷，出現(xiàn)的過電硬度水平最高。這開關(guān)過電壓通常是有限制的，D：通過500千伏系統(tǒng)斷路器合閘電阻的手段。Passage14Transmissionlineanddistributionline輸電線路和配電線路 P51ThehighvoltagepowerlinethroughwhichpowerisA：transmittedfTompowerplant’sstep-upsubstationtostep-downsubstationiscalledpowertransmissionline.Thevoltageclassesof35kVandabovearegenerallyused.HighvoltagedistributionlineisD：thepowerlinethattransmitsthepowerfromstep-downsubstationtodistributiontransformers.Lowvoltagedistributionlineisthelinethattransmitspowerfromdistributiontransformertotheusers.Thenormalvoltageofpowerdistributionlineis380V.ThespecialsectionsofB:theoverheadtransmissionlinerefertothesectionswithlargespanning,seriouspollution,C:lightningfrequencyhappeningandheavyraining.Theoverheadlinesectionwhosespanis1000mandlongerortheheightofthepoleortoweris100mandhigheriscalledE：largespanninglinesection.高壓電力線，通過該功率是A：從發(fā)電廠的升壓變電站輸送到降壓變電站被稱為電力傳輸線傳送的。35kV及以上的電壓等級一般使用。高壓配電線是D：表示發(fā)送功率從步驟升降壓變電站的配電變壓器的電源線。低壓配電線是從配電變壓器向用戶發(fā)送功率的線路。配電線路的正常電壓為380V。B：架空輸電線路的特殊路段是指大跨越，污染嚴重，C：雷電頻繁發(fā)生和多雨地區(qū)。架空線部分，其跨度為千米和較長或桿的高度或塔為100m和更高稱為E：大跨越線路。Passage15Transformerinsulation變壓器的絕緣 P56Theinsulationofatransformercanbecategorizedintointernalinsulationandexternalinsulation.C：Theinternalinsulationreferstotheinsulationofvariouspartsinsidetheoiltank.Theexternalinsulationistheinsulationbetweentheupperpartofbushingsandthegroundandtheinsulationamongthebushings.Theinternalinsulationoftransformercanbefurthersubdividedintomaininsulationandlongitudinalinsulation.E：Themaininsulationreferstotheinsulationbetweenwindingsandgroundingpartsandtheinsulationbetweenwindings.Thelongitudinalinsulationreferstheinsulationbetweendifferentpartsofthesamewinding,suchasinsulationbetweendifferentsections,layersandturnsofthesamewinding.A：Themaininsulationmaterialsinsidetransformeraretransformeroil,insulatingpressboard,cablepaper,corrugatedpaper,etc.Theoilintransformerhastwofunctions,oneisinsulation,andtheotheriscooling,B:Thedegradationofinsulatingpropertiesofinsulationmaterialsunder10ngperiodofinfluencebythefactorssuchastemperatureiscalledinsulationaging.D:Ifthewindingtemperatureiswithinthescopeof80-140℃,forevery6℃temperaturerisetheinsulationlifetimeofthepaperusedintransformerwilldecreasebyhalf.變壓器的絕緣可分為內(nèi)部絕緣和外絕緣。C：內(nèi)部絕緣指油箱內(nèi)各部分的絕緣性。外部絕緣是套管的上端部和接地和襯套之間的絕緣之間的絕緣。變壓器的內(nèi)部絕緣可以進一步細分成主絕緣和縱絕緣。E：主要的絕緣是指繞組和接地部件和繞組之間的絕緣之間的絕緣。縱絕緣是指的同一個不同的部分繞組，如不同的部分，層和相同的繞組匝之間的絕緣之間的絕緣。A：內(nèi)部變壓器的主絕緣材料是變壓器油，絕緣壓板，電纜紙，瓦楞紙等中的變壓器。油具有兩個功能，一個是絕緣材料，而另一個冷卻，B：絕緣的絕緣性能的劣化下的因素,如溫度長時間的影響材料稱為絕緣老化。D：如果變壓器繞組溫度是80-140℃的范圍內(nèi)，對于每6℃的溫度上升，變壓器用于將一半減少絕緣壽命。Passage16Theelectricitymarket電力市場Theaimofintroducingmarketmechanismistobringvariouspartiesmoreeconomicbenefitthroughequitablecompetition,therebypromoteeconomicdevelopment.Likeothermarkets,itneeds(B.awholesalemarket)wherethesellersandbuyers(suppliers)cantradeelectricity,andneeds(D.aretailmarket)wherethesupplierscansellelectricitytofinalcustomers.Asinothermarkets,theparticipantsneed(A,toagreeonthepriceandquantitytobetraded).Competitionisintroducedintogenerationandretailsuppliedtocustomers.Customersarefree(E.tochooseelectricitysuppliers)..Ifacustomerchoosestobuyelectricityintheretailmarket,heshouldbeabletochooseelectricitysupp]yfromoneofseveralcompetingretailers.Ifacustomerdecidestopurchasedirectlyfromthewholesalemarket,hewillneed(C.toregisterasamarketcustomer).Powergenerationisdisaggregatedintoseparatecompaniestoensureadequatecompetition.引入市場機制的目的，是通過公平競爭，使各方面更大的經(jīng)濟效益，從而促進經(jīng)濟發(fā)展。像其他市場，它需要(B：批發(fā)市場)，其中賣家和買家(供應(yīng)商)可進行交易的電力和需求(D,零售市場)，那里的供應(yīng)商可以出售電力給最終客戶。至于在其他市場中，參與者需要(A,商定的價格和數(shù)量進行交易)。競爭被引入到產(chǎn)生和提供給客戶的零售?？蛻羰敲赓M的(E,選擇電力供應(yīng)商)。如果客戶選擇購買電力零售市場，他應(yīng)該可以從幾個相互競爭的零售商之一選擇電力增刊]年。如果客戶決定直接從批發(fā)市場進貨，他將需要必注冊成為市場的客戶)。發(fā)電是分解成獨立的公司，以確保有足夠的競爭力。Passage17Electricpower電力Electricpowerisamostconvenient,clean,safe,andusefulformofenergywhichsuppliesthemajorportionofenergyneedsofamodemsociety.Atthepresenttime(C,thelackofelectricity(ablackout))isnewsworthy.Electricpowerissovitaltothelivesofpeoplethat(B.itsunavailability)causesinconvenience,lossofproduction,anddangertomanyindividualswhoareinoperation(suchascardiacoperation)inhospital.Aprolongedblackout,whichisinevitablewhenagrowingloadiscombinedwithnogenerationadditions,couldleadto(D,socialdisorder,andevennationaltragedy).Withthedevelopingofindustryandimprovinginlivingstandard,theelectricpowerdemandisgrowingcontinuouslyand(A,itsgrowthrate)ismuchgreaterthanthatofallotherformsofenergy.Now(E,highelectricpowerconsumptionpercapita)hasbeenoneoftheindicationsofmodernizationofacountry.電力是一種最方便，干凈，安全，有用的能量形式，它提供了現(xiàn)代社會的能源需求的主要部分。目前(^缺電(停電))是有新聞價值。電力是人的生命的(B,它不可用)造成不便，生產(chǎn)損失，并危害到許多個人誰在操作(如心臟手術(shù))住院如此重要。長時間停電，這是不可避免的，當越來越多的負載結(jié)合不產(chǎn)生增加，可能會導(dǎo)致(D,社會動亂，甚至國家的悲劇)。隨著工業(yè)和提高生活標準的發(fā)展，電力需求不斷增長，(A,其增長速度)比所有其他形式的能量大得多?，F(xiàn)在電：人均高電力消耗)一直是一個國家現(xiàn)代化的標志之Passage18Copyrightpiracy盜版Therearenumerousexamplesofwhathasbecomeknownascopyrightpiracy.TheAmericanchemicalgiantDuPont,forexample,recentlyintroducedintooneAsiancountryitsfamousLondaxherbicide,whichkillsweedsinricefields.Thecompanyinvestedmillionsofdollarsin(B.theresearchanddevelopment)ofthisproductandploughedanotherUS$25millionintoopeningalocalproductionplant.Les8thanoneyearlater,however,verycheapbottlesofLondaxwereopenlyonsale.Theonlydifferencebetween（D,thefakeandrealitems）-otherthantheprice-wasthatthefakewascalledRondexandcameinablueratherthanagreenbottle.However,asitwassomuchcheaperthantheoriginal,iteffectivelydestroyedDuPont'sinvestment.ItalsomadethecompanylesswillingtoinvestinR&Dof（A,newchemicals）.The'-recipe"forLondaxshouldhavebeentreatedas（E,theintellectualproperty）ofDuPont.OthercompaniesmakingillegaluseofitarestealingjustassurelyasiftheystoleDuPont'smachinesoranyother（C.physicalproperty）oftheinventingcompany.有什么已成為被稱為盜版的例子不勝枚舉。美國化工巨頭杜邦公司為例，最近引進一個亞洲國家的著名Londax除草劑，殺死雜草的稻田。該公司投資數(shù)百萬美元在這個產(chǎn)品（以研究與發(fā)展）和另一撥2500萬美元為打開當?shù)氐纳a(chǎn)廠。Les8超過一年后，然而，很便宜的瓶子Londax分別為公開發(fā)售。（D滇的和假的項目）之間的唯一區(qū)別價格是假的被稱為Rondex排在一個藍色的，而不是一個綠色的瓶子。然而，由于它比原來要便宜得多，這有效地破壞了杜邦的投資。這也讓該公司不太愿意投資于研發(fā)（A.新化學(xué)品）。在“配方”的Londax應(yīng)該被視為杜邦公司（E,知識產(chǎn)權(quán)）。其他公司做非法使用它偷一樣肯定，如果他們偷了杜邦的機器或其他任何（C物理性質(zhì)）的發(fā)明公司。Passage19Electricalenergy電能Electricalenergyisthepresenceandflowofanelectriccharge.Theenergyportionofelectricityisfoundinavarietyofphenomenasuchas(D.staticelectricity),electromagneticfieldsandlightning.Humanshavefoundtheabilitytoharnessthesephenomenaandstorethe(E.electricalcharge)forlateruse.Theconceptof(B.electricalenergy)isdefinedusingavarietyofdifferentterminologiessuchascharge,currentandpotential.Electricalenergyistheresultoftheinteractionofsubatomicparticleswithelectromagneticforce.Withinanatom,electronsandprotonscreateacharge.Thischargecanbetransferredbetweenbodiesusingdirectcontactwithaconductivemateriallikeawire.Thecurrentreferstothemovementofthecharge.Withdirectcurrent,thisoccurswhentheelectricityisstoredinabatteryandtravelsinonedirectionoutofthebattery.(A.Alternatingcurrent)occurswhenthecurrentchangesdirectionrepeatedlywithinanelectricalsystem.Thealternatingcurrentformisusuallyusedtopowerlargerobjectssuchasresidencesandbuildings.(C.Electricalpotential)isessentialtotherangeandpowerofelectricenergy.Whenanelectricchargeexistswithinanobject,aforceisexertedfromitselectricalfield.Thisacceleratestheobjectinadirectioneithertowardsorawayfromthecharge,dependingontheelectromagneticpolarization.Generally,positively-chargedelectricitypushestheobjectaway,whilenegatively-chargedelectricitypullstheobjecttowardsthefield.電能是電荷的存在和流動。電的能量部分中的各種現(xiàn)象，例如(D超電)，電磁場和閃電找到。人類已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)利用這些現(xiàn)象，并存儲(E,電荷)以供以后使用的能力。(B,電能)的概念，使用各種不同的術(shù)語，如電荷，電流和電勢的限定。電能是與電磁力的亞原子粒子的相互作用的結(jié)果。在一個原子，電子和質(zhì)子產(chǎn)生的費用。此電荷可以使用具有類似的導(dǎo)線的導(dǎo)電材料直接接觸的物體之間進行傳輸。電流是指電荷的移動。用直流電，發(fā)生這種情況時，電力被存儲在電池和行進在一個方向上流出電池的。(A.交變電流)發(fā)生時的電氣系統(tǒng)內(nèi)的電流變化的方向上重復(fù)。該交變電流的形式，通常用于驅(qū)動大的物體，如住宅和建筑物。(C電勢)是必不可少的電能量的范圍和功率。當電荷的物體中存在，一個力從它的電場施加。這加速了在一個方向上的物體或者朝向或遠離充電，取決于電磁極化。一般地，帶正電的電力推動物件離開，而帶負電的電力拉向字段中的對象。Passage20Solarenergy太陽能 P166Manypeoplethinkofalternativesolarenergyasanewtechnology,buthumanshavebeenusingthisprocesstoheathomesandbathsforthousandsofyears.Alternativesolarenergyreferstoenergyfromthesunthatcanbecapturedandusedjustlikeenergycreatedbyfossilfuels.Thegreatbenefitofsolarenergyisthatitssource,thesun,isnotdiminishedbyuseoftheenergy,thereforemakingthistypeofpowersystem(A.sustainable).Thereareseveraldifferentmethodsofcollectingandusingalternativesolarenergy.Oneof(D,thebestknownisphotovoltaiccells),usuallyseenassolarpanels.Solarpanelscanbeaverygoodmeansofcollectingsolarenergy,butdohavesomedrawbacks.Whilepanelshavetheadvantageofquickly