呼吸系統(tǒng)-全英

呼吸系統(tǒng)—全英第1頁(yè)/共28頁(yè)Therespiratorysystemnosepharynxlarynxupperrespiratorytractlowerrespiratorytracttracheaprincipalbronchibranchesofprincipalbronchi1.respiratorytract2.lung/pulmo第2頁(yè)/共28頁(yè)TheexternalnoseNasalrootNasalbackApexofnoseAlaenasiNaresCartilagesSection1TheNoseExternalnoseRootofnoseBackofnoseApexofnoseAlaenasiNaresNasalcavityLeftnasalcavityReftnasalcavityNasalseptumParanasalsinusesFrontalsinusesMaxillarysinusesEthmoidalsinusesSphenoidalsinusesSection1TheNoseExternalnoseRootofnoseBackofnoseApexofnoseAlaenasiNaresNasalcavityLeftnasalcavityReftnasalcavityNasalseptumParanasalsinusesFrontalsinusesMaxillarysinusesEthmoidalsinusesSphenoidalsinusesSection1TheNoseExternalnoseRootofnoseBackofnoseApexofnoseAlaenasiNaresNasalcavityLeftnasalcavityRightnasalcavityNasalseptumParanasalsinusesFrontalsinusesMaxillarysinusesEthmoidalsinusesSphenoidalsinuses第3頁(yè)/共28頁(yè)RespiratoryregionOlfactoryregionPerpendicularplateofethmoidboneNasalboneSeptalcartilageVomerNasalcavityThepartnasalvestibulelinedbyskinpropernasalcavitylinedbymucosa.Themucosahastworegion:olfectoryregionandrespiratoryregion.Themedialwall:NasalseptumThelateralwall:Superior,middle,inferiornasalconchaSuperior,middle,inferiornasalmeatus第4頁(yè)/共28頁(yè)Theparanasalsinusesaresomeairspaceslyinginthebonearoundthenasalcavity.frontalsinusmaxillarysinusethmoidalsinusanteriorgroupmiddlegroupposteriorgroupsphenoidalsinusmiddlenasalmeatussuperiornasalmeatussphenoethmoidalrecessTheplaceoftheoppeningsofparanasalsinuses.Theparanasalsinusesaresomeairspaceslyinginthebonearoundthenasalcavity.frontalsinusmaxillarysinusethmoidalsinusanteriorgroupmiddlegroupposteriorgroupsphenoidalsinusmiddlenasalmeatussuperiornasalmeatussphenoethmoidalrecessTheplaceoftheopeningsofparanasalsinuses.FrontalsinusSphenoethmoidalrecessFrontalsinus第5頁(yè)/共28頁(yè)Section2ThelarynxLaryngealcartilagesLaryngealjointsLaryngealmusclesLaryngealcavity2.Thecomposition1.ThepositionandrelationThesagittalsectionoftheskullandnecklarynx第6頁(yè)/共28頁(yè)thyroidcartilage1cricoidcartilage1epiglotticcartilage1arytenoidcartilage21.Laryngealcartilages第7頁(yè)/共28頁(yè)ConuselasticusVocalligamentConuselasticusVocalligamentquadrangularmembrane

vestibularligament

EpiglotticcartilageHyoidboneThyrohyoidmembraneThyroidcartilageArytenoidcartilageCricoarytenoidjointCricothyroidjointLaminaofcricoidcartilageTrachealcartilageAnnularlig.Thelaryngealcavityandjoint2.ThelaryngealjointsThyrohyoidmembraneCricothyroidjointQuadrangularmembraneConuselasticusCricoarytenoidjointCricotrachealmembraneConuselasticusextendupwardfromthecricoidcartilagetothearytenoidcartilagesandtheposteriorsurfaceofthethyroidcartilage.Vocalligamentisthesuperioroftheconuselasticus.Vocalfoldisthemucosacoveringthevocalligament.第8頁(yè)/共28頁(yè)TransversearytenoidPosteriorcricoarytenoidObliquearytenoidcricothyroidThyroarytenoidLateralcricoarytenoid3.ThemuscleoflarynxCrinothyroidPosteriorcricoarytenoidTransversearytenoidObliquearytenoidThyroarytenoidPosteriorcricoarytenoidcanopentheglottis.Transversearytenoidandobliquearytenoidclosetheglottis.Posteriorcricoarytenoidandcrinothyroidcantenseandlenghtenthevocalfold.Thyroarytenoidcanrelaxandshortenthevocalfold.第9頁(yè)/共28頁(yè)ThefissureglottisConuselasticusLaryngealvestibuleRimavestibuliVestibularfoldVentricleoflarynxVocalfoldFissureofglottisInfraglotticcavityTrachealcavityEpiglottisApertureoflarynxAryepiglotticfoldInterarytenoidnotchObliquearytenoidTransversearytenoidThyroidcartilagePosteriorcricoarytenoidCricothyroidjointCricoidcartilageTrachealcartilage4.ThelaryngealcavityTheinlet:aperturelarynxThemucousfoldThepartsThevestibularfoldsThevocalfoldThelaryngealvestibuleTheintermedialcavityoflarynxTheinfraglotticcavityThefissureglottis第10頁(yè)/共28頁(yè)Section3Thetracheaandbronchi1.ThetracheaThecomposition:Thetrachealcartilages,smoothmuscle,connectivetissueandepithelium.Thepositionofthebifurcationoftrachea:thesternalangleorthelowerborderofthefourththoracicvertebraThecarinaoftrachea:2.ThebronchiPrincipalbronchi,lobarbronchi,segmentalbronchi,bronchiolesandterminalbronchioles.ThecarinaoftracheaRprincipalbronchusLarynxTracheaLprincipalbronchusBifurcation第11頁(yè)/共28頁(yè)LarynxTracheaRightprincipalbronchusSuperiorlobarbronchusMiddlelobarbronchusInferiorlobarbronchusBifurcationoftraceaLeftprincipalbronchusSup.lobarbronchusInf.lobarbronchusSection3Thetracheaandbronchi1.ThetracheaThecomposition:Thepositionofthebifurcationoftrachea:carinaoftrachea:2.ThebronchiPrincipalbronchilobarbronchisegmentalbronchi

bronchiolesterminalbronchioles.Thedifferencesofrightandleftprincipalbronchus:shorter,wider,morevertical第12頁(yè)/共28頁(yè)ApexoflungObliquefissurePulmonarya.leftprincipalbronchusPosteriorborderRightinf.pulmonaryv.inferiorlobeHilumoflungSuperiorpulmonaryv.SuperiorlobeCardiacimpressionCardiacnotchObliquefissurebaseoflungMedialsurfaceofleftlungApexoflungSuperiorlobarbronchusRightprincipalbronchusPosteriorborderRightinf.pulmonaryv.inferiorlobePulmonarya.HilumoflungSuperiorpulmonaryv.SuperiorlobeHorizontalfissureObliquefissureMiddlelobebaseoflungMedialsurfaceofrightlungLarynxtracheaApexSuperiorlobecardiacnotchobliquefissureinferiorlobeApexSuperiorlobeCostalsurfaceAnteriorborderHorizontalfissureObliquefissureMiddlelobeInferiorlobemedialsurfaceInferiorborderSection4lung/pulmo1.TheexternalfeaturesApexBaseordiaphragmaticsufaceTwosurface:costalandmedialsurfaceThreeborder：HilumoflungRootoflung:Thebronchi,pulmonaryarteryandveins,nerves,bronchialvessels,lymphaticsandlyphnodes第13頁(yè)/共28頁(yè)LarynxtracheaApexSuperiorlobecardiacnotchobliquefissureinferiorlobeApexSuperiorlobeCostalsurfaceAnteriorborderHorizontalfissureObliquefissureMiddlelobeInferiorlobemedialsurfaceInferiorborder2.ThelobeobliquefissurehorizontalfissureRightlungLeftlungSuperiorlobeMiddlelobeInferiorlobeSuperiorlobeInferiorlobeobliquefissure第14頁(yè)/共28頁(yè)3.Thesituationoflungs第15頁(yè)/共28頁(yè)4.Thebronchopulmonarysegments4.Thebronchopulmonarysegments第16頁(yè)/共28頁(yè)Section5Thepleura1.ThepartsParietalpleuraVisceralpleuraCostalpleuraDiaphrgmaticpleuraMediastinalpleuraCupulaofpleura2.Thepleuralcavityandthoraciccavity3.Thepleuralrecess：costodiaphragmaticrecess

第17頁(yè)/共28頁(yè)4.TheprojectionofinferiormarginsoflungsandpleuraTheinferiormarginsoflungsandpleura：inferiormarginoflungsinferiormarginofpleuramidclavicularlinemidaxillarylinescapularline6thrib10thrib8thrib8thrib11thrib10thrib第18頁(yè)/共28頁(yè)SernalangleAnteriormediastinumMiddlemediastinumHeartDiaphragmPosteriormediatinumSuperiormediatinumSection6ThemidiastinumSuperiormediastinumInferiormediastinumanteriormediastinummiddlemediastinumposteriormediastinumThesubsection:第19頁(yè)/共28頁(yè)Sumupthemainpointofrespiratorysystem1.Therespiratorysystemincludesrespiratorytractandpulmo.Theupperrespiratorytractincludesthenose,pharynx,larynx;andthetrachea,principalbronchiwiththeirbranchesbelongtothelowertract.Theprimaryfunctionofthissystemistosupplythebodywithoxygenandgetridofcarbondioxide.第20頁(yè)/共28頁(yè)2.Thenoseincludestheexternalnose,nasalcavityandparanasalsinuses.

Eachnasalcavityisdividedintonasalvestibuleandpropernasalcavity.Thenasalvestibuleislinedbyskin,andthepropernasalcavitybymucousmembrane.Accordingtothefunction,themucousmembraneisdividedintotwoparts:olfectoryandrespiratoryregion.Theparanasalsinusesincludesthefrontal,maxillary,ethmoidalandsphenoidalsinus.Theyallcommunicatewithnasalcavity.Thefrontal,maxillary,theanteriorandmiddleethmoidalsinusesopenintothemiddlenasalmeatuses;andtheposteriorethmoidalsinusintotheuppernasalmeatus;andthesphenoidalsinusintothesphenoethmoidalrecess.Thepositionsoftheopeningthemaxillarysinusesarehigherthanitsfloor.第21頁(yè)/共28頁(yè)3.Thelarynxconsistofaframeworkofcartilagesthatconnectedtogetherbyligament,membraneandjoint.Therearefivecartilages:onethyroid,onecricoid,oneepigrottic,andapairarytenoidcartilage.Thelaryngealcavitymaybedividedintothreepartsbythevestibularfoldsandthevocalfolds:thelaryngealvestibule,theintermedialcavityoflarynxandtheinfraglotticcavity.Here,thereareseveralnameswemustmemorize:Theconuselasticus:themembranebetweentheupperofthecricoidcartilage,theposteriorofthethyroidcartilage,andarytenoidcartilage.Thevocalligament:theupperoftheconuselasticusbetweenthethyroidcartilageandthevocalprojectionofthearytenoidcartilage.Thevocalfold:themucosacoveringthesurfaceofthevocalligamentandthearytenoidcartilage.Thefissureofglottis:thebetweentherightandleftvocalfolds.Theglottis:consistsofthevocalfoldsandthefissureofglottis.第22頁(yè)/共28頁(yè)4.TracheaandbronchiareallcomposedofC-shapedringofcartilages,smoothmuscleandconnectivetissue.Thelowerendofthetracheaiscalledthebifurcation.Thereisacarinaoftracheaontheinnersurfaceofthebifurcation.Thecarinaoftracheaisthemarkertoguidethebronchoscopetotheleftorrightbronchus.Therightprincipalbronchusisshorter,wider,andmoreverticalinpositionthantheleft.第23頁(yè)/共28頁(yè)5.Thelung/pulmoisrespiratoryorgan.Thelung/pulmoisconicalandhasanapex,abase,twosurfacesandthreeborders.Theapexofthelungextendstoabout2~3cmabovethelevelofthemedialone-thirdoftheclavicle.Theleftpulmoisdividedintosuperiorandinferiorlobesbyobliquefissure;andtherightpulmoisdividedintosuperior,middleandinferiorlobesbyobliqueandhorizontalfissuresThebranchesofthebronchiinthelungs:principalbronchuslobarbronchisegmentalbronchibronchiolesterminalbronchioles.Abronchopulmonarysegment:aunitoflungtissue,wherethebranches/ramificationsofasegmentalbronchusdistributesto.Thereare10segmentsoneachsidelung.第24頁(yè)/