呼吸系統(tǒng)-全英

呼吸系統(tǒng)—全英第1頁/共28頁Therespiratorysystemnosepharynxlarynxupperrespiratorytractlowerrespiratorytracttracheaprincipalbronchibranchesofprincipalbronchi1.respiratorytract2.lung/pulmo第2頁/共28頁TheexternalnoseNasalrootNasalbackApexofnoseAlaenasiNaresCartilagesSection1TheNoseExternalnoseRootofnoseBackofnoseApexofnoseAlaenasiNaresNasalcavityLeftnasalcavityReftnasalcavityNasalseptumParanasalsinusesFrontalsinusesMaxillarysinusesEthmoidalsinusesSphenoidalsinusesSection1TheNoseExternalnoseRootofnoseBackofnoseApexofnoseAlaenasiNaresNasalcavityLeftnasalcavityReftnasalcavityNasalseptumParanasalsinusesFrontalsinusesMaxillarysinusesEthmoidalsinusesSphenoidalsinusesSection1TheNoseExternalnoseRootofnoseBackofnoseApexofnoseAlaenasiNaresNasalcavityLeftnasalcavityRightnasalcavityNasalseptumParanasalsinusesFrontalsinusesMaxillarysinusesEthmoidalsinusesSphenoidalsinuses第3頁/共28頁RespiratoryregionOlfactoryregionPerpendicularplateofethmoidboneNasalboneSeptalcartilageVomerNasalcavityThepartnasalvestibulelinedbyskinpropernasalcavitylinedbymucosa.Themucosahastworegion:olfectoryregionandrespiratoryregion.Themedialwall:NasalseptumThelateralwall:Superior,middle,inferiornasalconchaSuperior,middle,inferiornasalmeatus第4頁/共28頁Theparanasalsinusesaresomeairspaceslyinginthebonearoundthenasalcavity.frontalsinusmaxillarysinusethmoidalsinusanteriorgroupmiddlegroupposteriorgroupsphenoidalsinusmiddlenasalmeatussuperiornasalmeatussphenoethmoidalrecessTheplaceoftheoppeningsofparanasalsinuses.Theparanasalsinusesaresomeairspaceslyinginthebonearoundthenasalcavity.frontalsinusmaxillarysinusethmoidalsinusanteriorgroupmiddlegroupposteriorgroupsphenoidalsinusmiddlenasalmeatussuperiornasalmeatussphenoethmoidalrecessTheplaceoftheopeningsofparanasalsinuses.FrontalsinusSphenoethmoidalrecessFrontalsinus第5頁/共28頁Section2ThelarynxLaryngealcartilagesLaryngealjointsLaryngealmusclesLaryngealcavity2.Thecomposition1.ThepositionandrelationThesagittalsectionoftheskullandnecklarynx第6頁/共28頁thyroidcartilage1cricoidcartilage1epiglotticcartilage1arytenoidcartilage21.Laryngealcartilages第7頁/共28頁ConuselasticusVocalligamentConuselasticusVocalligamentquadrangularmembrane

vestibularligament

EpiglotticcartilageHyoidboneThyrohyoidmembraneThyroidcartilageArytenoidcartilageCricoarytenoidjointCricothyroidjointLaminaofcricoidcartilageTrachealcartilageAnnularlig.Thelaryngealcavityandjoint2.ThelaryngealjointsThyrohyoidmembraneCricothyroidjointQuadrangularmembraneConuselasticusCricoarytenoidjointCricotrachealmembraneConuselasticusextendupwardfromthecricoidcartilagetothearytenoidcartilagesandtheposteriorsurfaceofthethyroidcartilage.Vocalligamentisthesuperioroftheconuselasticus.Vocalfoldisthemucosacoveringthevocalligament.第8頁/共28頁TransversearytenoidPosteriorcricoarytenoidObliquearytenoidcricothyroidThyroarytenoidLateralcricoarytenoid3.ThemuscleoflarynxCrinothyroidPosteriorcricoarytenoidTransversearytenoidObliquearytenoidThyroarytenoidPosteriorcricoarytenoidcanopentheglottis.Transversearytenoidandobliquearytenoidclosetheglottis.Posteriorcricoarytenoidandcrinothyroidcantenseandlenghtenthevocalfold.Thyroarytenoidcanrelaxandshortenthevocalfold.第9頁/共28頁ThefissureglottisConuselasticusLaryngealvestibuleRimavestibuliVestibularfoldVentricleoflarynxVocalfoldFissureofglottisInfraglotticcavityTrachealcavityEpiglottisApertureoflarynxAryepiglotticfoldInterarytenoidnotchObliquearytenoidTransversearytenoidThyroidcartilagePosteriorcricoarytenoidCricothyroidjointCricoidcartilageTrachealcartilage4.ThelaryngealcavityTheinlet:aperturelarynxThemucousfoldThepartsThevestibularfoldsThevocalfoldThelaryngealvestibuleTheintermedialcavityoflarynxTheinfraglotticcavityThefissureglottis第10頁/共28頁Section3Thetracheaandbronchi1.ThetracheaThecomposition:Thetrachealcartilages,smoothmuscle,connectivetissueandepithelium.Thepositionofthebifurcationoftrachea:thesternalangleorthelowerborderofthefourththoracicvertebraThecarinaoftrachea:2.ThebronchiPrincipalbronchi,lobarbronchi,segmentalbronchi,bronchiolesandterminalbronchioles.ThecarinaoftracheaRprincipalbronchusLarynxTracheaLprincipalbronchusBifurcation第11頁/共28頁LarynxTracheaRightprincipalbronchusSuperiorlobarbronchusMiddlelobarbronchusInferiorlobarbronchusBifurcationoftraceaLeftprincipalbronchusSup.lobarbronchusInf.lobarbronchusSection3Thetracheaandbronchi1.ThetracheaThecomposition:Thepositionofthebifurcationoftrachea:carinaoftrachea:2.ThebronchiPrincipalbronchilobarbronchisegmentalbronchi

bronchiolesterminalbronchioles.Thedifferencesofrightandleftprincipalbronchus:shorter,wider,morevertical第12頁/共28頁ApexoflungObliquefissurePulmonarya.leftprincipalbronchusPosteriorborderRightinf.pulmonaryv.inferiorlobeHilumoflungSuperiorpulmonaryv.SuperiorlobeCardiacimpressionCardiacnotchObliquefissurebaseoflungMedialsurfaceofleftlungApexoflungSuperiorlobarbronchusRightprincipalbronchusPosteriorborderRightinf.pulmonaryv.inferiorlobePulmonarya.HilumoflungSuperiorpulmonaryv.SuperiorlobeHorizontalfissureObliquefissureMiddlelobebaseoflungMedialsurfaceofrightlungLarynxtracheaApexSuperiorlobecardiacnotchobliquefissureinferiorlobeApexSuperiorlobeCostalsurfaceAnteriorborderHorizontalfissureObliquefissureMiddlelobeInferiorlobemedialsurfaceInferiorborderSection4lung/pulmo1.TheexternalfeaturesApexBaseordiaphragmaticsufaceTwosurface:costalandmedialsurfaceThreeborder：HilumoflungRootoflung:Thebronchi,pulmonaryarteryandveins,nerves,bronchialvessels,lymphaticsandlyphnodes第13頁/共28頁LarynxtracheaApexSuperiorlobecardiacnotchobliquefissureinferiorlobeApexSuperiorlobeCostalsurfaceAnteriorborderHorizontalfissureObliquefissureMiddlelobeInferiorlobemedialsurfaceInferiorborder2.ThelobeobliquefissurehorizontalfissureRightlungLeftlungSuperiorlobeMiddlelobeInferiorlobeSuperiorlobeInferiorlobeobliquefissure第14頁/共28頁3.Thesituationoflungs第15頁/共28頁4.Thebronchopulmonarysegments4.Thebronchopulmonarysegments第16頁/共28頁Section5Thepleura1.ThepartsParietalpleuraVisceralpleuraCostalpleuraDiaphrgmaticpleuraMediastinalpleuraCupulaofpleura2.Thepleuralcavityandthoraciccavity3.Thepleuralrecess：costodiaphragmaticrecess

第17頁/共28頁4.TheprojectionofinferiormarginsoflungsandpleuraTheinferiormarginsoflungsandpleura：inferiormarginoflungsinferiormarginofpleuramidclavicularlinemidaxillarylinescapularline6thrib10thrib8thrib8thrib11thrib10thrib第18頁/共28頁SernalangleAnteriormediastinumMiddlemediastinumHeartDiaphragmPosteriormediatinumSuperiormediatinumSection6ThemidiastinumSuperiormediastinumInferiormediastinumanteriormediastinummiddlemediastinumposteriormediastinumThesubsection:第19頁/共28頁Sumupthemainpointofrespiratorysystem1.Therespiratorysystemincludesrespiratorytractandpulmo.Theupperrespiratorytractincludesthenose,pharynx,larynx;andthetrachea,principalbronchiwiththeirbranchesbelongtothelowertract.Theprimaryfunctionofthissystemistosupplythebodywithoxygenandgetridofcarbondioxide.第20頁/共28頁2.Thenoseincludestheexternalnose,nasalcavityandparanasalsinuses.

Eachnasalcavityisdividedintonasalvestibuleandpropernasalcavity.Thenasalvestibuleislinedbyskin,andthepropernasalcavitybymucousmembrane.Accordingtothefunction,themucousmembraneisdividedintotwoparts:olfectoryandrespiratoryregion.Theparanasalsinusesincludesthefrontal,maxillary,ethmoidalandsphenoidalsinus.Theyallcommunicatewithnasalcavity.Thefrontal,maxillary,theanteriorandmiddleethmoidalsinusesopenintothemiddlenasalmeatuses;andtheposteriorethmoidalsinusintotheuppernasalmeatus;andthesphenoidalsinusintothesphenoethmoidalrecess.Thepositionsoftheopeningthemaxillarysinusesarehigherthanitsfloor.第21頁/共28頁3.Thelarynxconsistofaframeworkofcartilagesthatconnectedtogetherbyligament,membraneandjoint.Therearefivecartilages:onethyroid,onecricoid,oneepigrottic,andapairarytenoidcartilage.Thelaryngealcavitymaybedividedintothreepartsbythevestibularfoldsandthevocalfolds:thelaryngealvestibule,theintermedialcavityoflarynxandtheinfraglotticcavity.Here,thereareseveralnameswemustmemorize:Theconuselasticus:themembranebetweentheupperofthecricoidcartilage,theposteriorofthethyroidcartilage,andarytenoidcartilage.Thevocalligament:theupperoftheconuselasticusbetweenthethyroidcartilageandthevocalprojectionofthearytenoidcartilage.Thevocalfold:themucosacoveringthesurfaceofthevocalligamentandthearytenoidcartilage.Thefissureofglottis:thebetweentherightandleftvocalfolds.Theglottis:consistsofthevocalfoldsandthefissureofglottis.第22頁/共28頁4.TracheaandbronchiareallcomposedofC-shapedringofcartilages,smoothmuscleandconnectivetissue.Thelowerendofthetracheaiscalledthebifurcation.Thereisacarinaoftracheaontheinnersurfaceofthebifurcation.Thecarinaoftracheaisthemarkertoguidethebronchoscopetotheleftorrightbronchus.Therightprincipalbronchusisshorter,wider,andmoreverticalinpositionthantheleft.第23頁/共28頁5.Thelung/pulmoisrespiratoryorgan.Thelung/pulmoisconicalandhasanapex,abase,twosurfacesandthreeborders.Theapexofthelungextendstoabout2~3cmabovethelevelofthemedialone-thirdoftheclavicle.Theleftpulmoisdividedintosuperiorandinferiorlobesbyobliquefissure;andtherightpulmoisdividedintosuperior,middleandinferiorlobesbyobliqueandhorizontalfissuresThebranchesofthebronchiinthelungs:principalbronchuslobarbronchisegmentalbronchibronchiolesterminalbronchioles.Abronchopulmonarysegment:aunitoflungtissue,wherethebranches/ramificationsofasegmentalbronchusdistributesto.Thereare10segmentsoneachsidelung.第24頁/