2006完2002考研英語(yǔ)一真題

WeWeLearnSection ListeningThisSectionisdesignedtotestyourabilitytounderstandspokenEnglish.Youwillhearaselectionofrecordedmaterialsandyoumustanswerthequestionsthat panythem.Therearethreepartsinthissection,PartA,PartBandPartC.Remember,whileyouarengthetest,youshouldfirstputdownyouranswersinyourtestbooklet.Attheendofthelisteningcomprehensionsection,youwillhave5minutestotransferallyouranswersfromyourtestbooklettoANSWERSHEET1.NowlookatPartAinyourtestPartAForQuestions1-5,youwillhearanintroductionaboutthelifeofMargaretWelch.Whileyoulisten,filloutthetablewiththeinformationyou’veheard.Someoftheinformationhasbeengiventoyouinthetable.Writeonly1wordornumberineachnumberedbox.Youwillheartherecordingtwice.Younowhave25secondstoreadthetablebelow.(5points) alceofYearofMajoratFinalGrowingUpInNewGuineaPublishedFieldStudyintheSouthPacificMainDeathBForquestions6-10,youwillhearBForquestions6-10,youwillhearatalkbyawell-knownU.S.journalist.Whileyoulisten,thesentencesoranswerthequestions.Usenotmorethan3wordsforeachanswer.Youwilltherecordingtwice.Younowhave25secondstoreadthesentencesandquestionsbelow.(56fordaysoutsidethespeaker’s7 7ThespeakerbelievedThespeakerbelievedthereporterwantedpictureofherWhereisacorrectiontoafalsestoryAccordingtothespeaker,thepresswillreadersunlesstheeditorsandthenewsPartYouwillhearthreepiecesofrecordedmaterial.Beforelisteningtoeachone,youwillhavetimereadthequestionsrelatedtoit.Whilelistening,answereachquestionbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].Afterlistening,youwillhavetimetocheckyouranswers.Youwillheareachpieceonce(10 wTopaeQuestions11-13arebasedonareportaboutchildren’shealthydevelopment.Younowhave15secondstoreadQuestions11-13.Whatunusualquestionmaydoctorsaskwhengivingkidsacheckupnexttime?[A]Howmuchexercisetheygeteveryday.WhattheyaremostworriedHowlongtheir panythemTheacademysuggeststhatchildrenunderagetwo getenoughhavemorereceiveearlyhaveregularAccordingtothereport,children’sbedroomsshould be ce benearacommonhavenoTVhaveacomputerforQuestions14-16arebasedonthefollowingtalkabouthowtosavemoney.Younowhave15secondstoreadQuestions14-16.Accordingtothespeaker,whatshouldonepayspecialattentiontoifhewantstosaveSpendingSpending15.Howmuchcansavebyretirementifhegivesuphispack-a-dayWhatshouldonedobeforepayingmonthlybills,ifhewantstoaccumulateInvestintoamutualUsethediscountQuithiseating-outUseonlypaperbillsandsaveQuestions17-20arebasedonaninterviewwithHerbertA.Glieberman,adomestic-relationslawyer.Younowhave20secondstoreadQuestions17-20.Whichwordbestdescribesthelawyer’spredictionofthechangeindivorceV-V-WhatdopeoplenowadaysdesiretodoconcerningtheirToreturntothepracticeinthe‘60sandTocreatestabilityintheirWhydidsomepeoplechoosenottodivorce20yearsTheyfearedthecomplicatedTheywantedtogoagainsttheTheywereafraidoflosingtheywerewillingtostay20.Yearsagoadivorcedmaninwouldhave beenshiftedaroundthehaddifficultybeingenjoyedahappiertastedlittlebitternessofTHISISTHEENDOFSECTIONDONOTREADORWORKONTHENEXTSECTIONUNTILYOUARETOLDTOCONTINUE入學(xué)考試英語(yǔ)試題(二)NationalEntranceTestofEnglishforMA/MSCandidates2002)本試題為試題(二)，共11頁(yè)(5～15頁(yè))，含有英語(yǔ)知識(shí)運(yùn)用、閱讀理解、寫作三個(gè)部分。英語(yǔ)知識(shí)運(yùn)用、閱讀理解A2B1上，如要改動(dòng)，必須用橡皮擦干凈。閱讀理解B節(jié)和寫作部分必須用藍(lán)(黑)圓珠筆在答題卡2上答題，注意字跡清楚。Section UseofReadthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentofevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened21.Aswasdiscussedbefore,itwasnot22the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic23,followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe24oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution25up,beginningwithtransport,therailway,andleading26throughtheegraph,theephone,radio,andmotionpictures27the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairne.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin28.Itisimportanttodoso.Itisgenerallyrecognized,29,thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury,大30家bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960s,radicallychangedtheprocess,大31itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediay32.Astimewentby,computersbecamesmallerandmorepowerful,andtheybecame“ al”too,aswellas33,withdisy ingsharperandstorage34increasing.Theywerethoughtof,likepeople,35generations,withthedistancebetweengenerationsmuch36.Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterm“informationsociety”begantobe bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelboth ceandtime,but bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelboth ceandtime,buthavebeen39viewsaboutitseconomic,political,socialandculturalimplications.havebeen es.Andgeneralizationshaveproved21.[A][B][C][D][A][B] [C] [D][A][B] [C] [D][A][B][C] [D][A][B] [C] [D][A][B] [C] [D][A][B] [C] [D][A][B] [C] [A][B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C]stimulated[D][A] [B] [C] [D][A][B][C][D][A][B][C][D][A][B][C][D][A][B][C][D][A][B][C][D]32.[A]32.[A][B][C] 33.[A][B][C]fundamental[D]34.[A][B][C][D]35.[A]bymeans[B]interms [C]withregardto[D]inlineSection Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Ifyouintendusinghumorinyourtalktomakepeoples,youmustknowhowtoidentifysharedexperiencesandproblems.Yourhumormustberelevanttotheaudienceandshouldhelptoshowthemthatyouareoneofthemorthatyouunderstandtheirsituationandareinsympathywiththeirpointofview.Dependingonwhomyouareaddressing,theproblemswillbedifferent.Ifyouaretalkingtoagroupofmanagers,youmayrefertothedisorganizedmethodsoftheirsecretaries;alternativelyifyouareaddressingsecretaries,youmaywanttocommentontheirdisorganizedbosses.Hereisanexample,whichIheardatanurses’convention,ofastorywhichworkswellbecausetheaudienceallsharedthesameviewofdoctors.AmanarrivesinheavenandisbeingshownaroundbySt.Peter.Heseeswonderful modations,beautifulgardens,sunnyweather,andsoon.Everyoneisverypeaceful,politeandfriendlyuntil,waitinginalineforlunch,thenewarrivalissuddenlypushedasidebyamaninawhitecoat,whorushestotheheadoftheline,grabshisfoodandstompsovertoatablebyhimself.“Whoisthat?”thenewarrivalaskedSt.Peter.“Oh,that’sGod,”camethereply,“butsometimeshethinkshe’sadoctor.”Ifyouarepartofthegroup,whichyouareaddressing,youwillbeinapositiontoknowtheexperiencesandproblemswhicharecommontoallofyouandit’llbeappropriateforyoutomakeapassingremarkabouttheinediblecanteenfoodorthechairman’snotoriousbadtasteinties.Withotheraudiencesyoumustn’tattempttocutinwithhumorastheywillresentanoutsidermakingdisparagingremarksabouttheircanteenortheirchairman.YouwillbeonsafergroundifyousticktoscapegoatslikethePostOfficeortheephonesystem.Ifyoufeelawkwardbeinghumorous,youmustpracticesothatit esmorenatural.Includeafewcasualandapparentlyoff-the-cuffremarkswhichyoucandeliverinarelaxedandundmanner.Oftenit’sthedeliverywhichcausestheaudiencetos,sospeakslowlyandrememberthataraisedeyebroworanunbelievinglookmayhelptoshowthatyouaremakingalight-heartedremark.Lookforthehumor.Itoftencomesfromtheunexpected.Atwistonafamiliarquote“Ifatfirstyoudon’tsucceed,giveup”orayonwordsoronasituation.Searchforexaggerationandunderstatements.Lookatyourtalkandpickoutafewwordsorsentenceswhichyoucanturnaboutandinjectwithhumor.Tomakeyourhumorwork,youshould makefunofthedisorganizedshowsympathyforyourThejokeaboutdoctorsimpliesthat,intheeyesofnurses,theyare impolitetonewentitledtosomeverybusyevenentitledtosomeverybusyevenduringlunchItcanbeinferredfromthetextthatpublicservices havebenefitedmanyarethefocusofpublicareaninappropriatesubjectforhaveoftenbeenthelaughingToachievethedesiredresult,humorousstoriesshouldbedelivered asawkwardlyasinexaggeratedascasuallyasThebesttitleforthetextmaybe UseHumorAddHumortoSincethedawnofhumaningenuity,peoplehavedevisedevermorecunningtoolstocopewithworkthatisdangerous,boring,burdensome,orjustinnasty.Thatcompulsionhasresultedinrobotics--thescienceofconferringvarioushumancapabilitiesonmachines.Andifscientistshaveyettocreatethemechanicalversionofsciencefiction,theyhavebeguntocomeAsaresult,themodernworldisincreasinglypopulatedbyinligentgizmoswhosepresencewebarelynoticebutwhoseuniversalexistencehasremovedmuchhumanlabor.Ourfactorieshumtotherhythmofrobotassemblyarms.Ourbankingisdoneatautomatedlerterminalsthatthankuswithmechanicalpolitenessforthetransaction.Oursubwaytrainsarecontrolledbytirelessrobot-drivers.Andthankstothecontinualminiaturizationofelectronicsandmicro-mechanics,therearealreadyrobotsystemsthatcanperformsomekindsofbrainandbonesurgerywithsubmillimeteraccuracy--fargreaterprecisionthanhighlyskilledphysicianscanachievewiththeirhandsalone.Butifrobotsaretoreachthenextstageoflaborsavingutility,theywillhavetooperatewithlesshumansupervisionandbeabletomakeatleastafewdecisionsforthemselves--goalsthatposearealchallenge.“Whileweknowhowtolarobottohandleaspecificerror,”saysDaveLavery,managerofaroboticsprogramatNASA,“wecan’tyetgivearobotenough‘commonsense’toreliablyinctwithadynamicworld.”Indeedthequestfortrueartificialinligencehasproducedverymixedresults.Despiteaspellofinitialoptimisminthe1960sand1970swhenitappearedthattransistorcircuitsandmicroprocessorsmightbeabletocopytheactionofthehumanbrainbytheyear2010,researcherslayhavebeguntoextendthatforecastbydecadesifnotcenturies.Whattheyfound,inattemptingtomodelthought,isthatthehumanbrain’sroughlyonehundredbillionnervecellsaremuchmoretalented--andhumanperceptionfarmorecomplicated--thanpreviouslyimagined.Theyhavebuiltrobotsthatcanrecognizetheerrorofamachinepanelbyafractionofamillimeterinacontrolledfactoryenvironment.Butthehumanmindcanglimpsearapidlychangingsceneandimmediaydisregardthe98percentthatisirrelevant,instantaneouslyfocusingonthemonkeyatthesideofawinding roadorthesinglesuspiciousfaceinabigcrowd.ThemostadvancedcomputersystemsonEarthcan’tapproachthatkindofability,andneuroscientistsstilldon’tknowquitehowwedoit.Humaningenuitywasinitiallydemonstratedin theuseofmachinestoproducesciencethewideuseofmachinesinmanufacturingtheinventionoftoolsfordifficultanddangeroustheelite’scunningtacklingofdangerousandboringTheword“gizmos”(Line1,Paragraph2)mostprobablymeans Accordingtothetext,whatisbeyondman’sabilitynowistodesignarobotthat fulfilldelicatetaskslikeperformingbrain ctwithhumanbeingshavealittlecommonrespondindependentlytoachangingBesidesreducinghumanlabor,robotscanalso makeafewdecisionsfordealwithsomeerrorswithhumanimprovefactorycultivatehumanTheauthorusestheexampleofamonkeytoarguethatrobotsare expectedtocopyhumanbrainininternalabletoperceiveabnormalities farlessablethanhumanbraininfocusingonrelevantbestusedinacontrolledCouldthebadolddaysofeconomicdeclinebeabouttoreturn?SinceOPECagreedtosupply-cutsinMarch,thepriceofcrudeoilhasjumpedtoalmost$26abarrel,upfromlessthan$10lastDecember.Thisnear-triplingofoilpricescallsupscarymemoriesofthe1973oilshock,whenpricesquadrupled,and1979-80,whentheyalsoalmosttripled.Bothpreviousshocksresultedindouble-digitinflationandglobaleconomicdecline.Sowherearetheheadlineswarningofgloomanddoomthistime?TheoilpricewasgivenanotherpushupthisweekwhenIraqsuspendedoilexports.Strengtheningeconomicgrowth,atthesametimeaswintergripsthenorthernhemisphere,couldpushthepricehigherstillintheshortterm.Yettherearegoodreasonstoexpecttheeconomicconsequencesnowtobelessseverethaninthe1970s.Inmostcountriesthecostofcrudeoilnowaccountsforasmallershareofthepriceofpetrolthanitdidinthe1970s.InEurope,taxesaccountforuptofour-fifthsoftheretailprice,soevenquitebigchangesinthepriceofcrudehaveamoremutedeffectonpumppricesthaninthepast.Richeconomiesarealsolessdependentonoilthantheywere,andsolesssensitivetoswingsintheoilprice.Energyconservation,ashifttootherfuelsandadeclineintheimportanceofheavy,energy-intensiveindustrieshavereducedoilconsumption.Software,consultancyandephonesusefarlessoilthansteelorcarproduction.ForeachdollarofGDP(inconstantprices)richeconomiesnowusenearly50%lessoilthanin1973.TheOECDestimatesinits$13in1998,thiswouldincreasetheoilimportbillinricheconomiesbyonly0.25-0.5%ofGDP.Thatislessthanone-quarterofthe elossin1974or1980.Ontheotherhand,oil-importingemergingeconomies--towhichheavyindustryhasshifted--have emoreenergy-intensive,andsocouldbemoreseriouslysqueezed.Onemorereasonnottolosesleepovertheriseinoilpricesisthat,unliketherisesinthe1970s,ithasnotoccurredagainstthebackgroundofgeneralcommodity-priceinflationandTheEconomist’scommoditypriceindexisbroadlyunchangingfromayearago.In1973commoditypricesjumpedby70%,andin1979byalmost30%.Themainreasonforthelatestriseofoilpriceis globalreductioninfastgrowthin priceofcrudeoiltaxes53.TheestimatesinEconomicOutlookshowthatinrichcountries [A]heavyelossmainlyresultsfromfluctuatingcrudeoilmanufacturingindustryhasbeenseriouslyoilpricechangeshavenosignificantimpactonWecandrawaconclusionfromthetextthat oil-priceshocksarelessshockingenergyconservationcankeepdowntheoilthepriceriseofcrudeleadstotheshrinkingofheavyFromthetextwecanseethatthewriterseems TheSupremeCourt’sdecisionsonphysician-assistedsuicidecarryimportantimplicationsforhowmedicineseekstorelievedyingpatientsofpainandsuffering.Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assistedsuicide,theCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleof“doubleeffect,”acenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffects--agoodonethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen--ispermissibleiftheactorintendsonlythegoodeffect.Doctorshaveusedthatprincipleinrecentyearstojustifyusinghighdosesofmorphinetocontrolterminallyillpatients’pain,eventhoughincreasingdosageswilleventuallykilltheNancyDubler,directorofMontefioreMedicalCenter,contendsthattheprinciplewillshielddoctorswho“untilnowhavevery,verystronglyinsistedthattheycouldnotgivepatientssufficientmediationtocontroltheirpainifthatmighthastenGeorgeAnnas,chairofthehealthlawdepartmentatBostonUniversity,maintainsthat,aslongasadoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurpose,thedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohastendeath.“It’slikesurgery,”hesays.“Wedon’tcallthosedeathshomicidesbecausethedoctorsdidn’tintendtokilltheirpatients,althoughtheyriskedtheirdeath.Ifyou’reaphysician,youcanriskyourpatient’ssuicideaslongasyoudon’tintendtheirsuicide.”O(jiān)nanotherlevel,manyinthemedicalcommunityacknowledgethattheassisted-suicidedebatehasbeenfueledinpartbythedespairofpatientsforwhommodernmedicinehasprolongedthephysicalagonyofdying.JustthreeweeksbeforetheCourt’srulingonphysician-assistedsuicide,theNationaltheEndofLife.Itidentifiestheundertreatmentofpainandtheaggressiveuseof“ineffectualanddmedicalproceduresthatmayprolongandevendishonortheperiodofdying”asthetwinproblemsofend-of-lifecare.Theprofessionistakingstepstorequireyoungdoctorstotraininhospices,totestknowledgeofaggressivepainmanagementtherapies,todevelopaMedicarebillingcodeforhospital-basedcare,andtodevelopnewstandardsforassessingandtreatingpainattheendoflife.Annassayslawyerscanyakeyroleininsistingthatthesewell-meaningmedicalinitiativestranslateintobettercare.“Largenumbersofphysiciansseemunconcernedwiththepaintheirpatientsareneedlesslyandpredictablysuffering,”totheextentthatitconstitutes“systematicpatientabuse.”Hesaysmedicallicensingboards“mustmakeitclear…thatpainfuldeathsarepresumptivelyonesthatare petentlymanagedandshouldresultinlicensesuspension.”Fromthefirstthreeparagraphs,welearnthat doctorsusedtoincreasedrugdosagestocontroltheirpatients’itisstillillegalfordoctorstohelpthedyingendtheirpatientshavenoconstitutionalrighttocommitWhichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtotheDoctorswillbeheldguiltyiftheyrisktheirpatients’TheCourtruledthathigh-dosagepain-relievingmedicationcanbeAdoctor’smedicationisnolongerjustifiedbyhisAccordingtotheNAS’sreport,oneoftheproblemsinend-of-lifecareis WhichofWhichofthefollowingbestdefinestheword“aggressive”(Line3,Paragraph60.GeorgeAnnaswouldprobablyagreethatdoctorsshouldbepunishedifthey [A]managetheirgivepatientsmoremedicinethanreducedrugdosagesfortheirprolongtheneedlesssufferingofthePartReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegments.translationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10Almostallourmajorproblemsinvolvehumanbehavior,andtheycannotbesolvedbyphysicalandbiologicaltechnologyalone.Whatisneededisatechnologyofbehavior,butwehavebeenslowtodevelopthesciencefromwhichsuchatechnologymightbedrawn.61)Onedifficultyisthatalmostallofwhatiscalledbehavioralsciencecontinuestotracebehaviorstatesofmind,feelings,traitsofcharacter,humannature,andsoon.Physicsandbiologyfollowedsimilarpracticesandadvancedonlywhentheydiscardedthem.62)Thescienceshavebeenslowtochangepartlybecausethe natoryitemsoftenseemtodirectlyobservedandpartlybecauseotherkindsof nationshavebeenhardtofind.environmentisobviouslyimportant,butitsrolehasremainedobscure.Itdoesnotpushorpull,itselects,andthisfunctionisdifficulttodiscoverand yze.63)Theroleofnaturalselectioninevolutionwasformulatedonlyalittlemorethanahundredyearsago,andtheselectiveroletheenvironmentin andmaintainingthebehavioroftheindividualisonlybeginningberecognizedandstudied.Asthe ctionbetweenorganismandenvironmenthascomebeunderstood,however,effectsonceassigne