2023年英語專業(yè)八級考試全真試卷

英語專業(yè)八級考試全真試卷PartⅠListeningComprehension

(40

min)

InSectionsA,BandCyouwillheareverythingONCEONLY.Listencarefullyandthenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.MarkthecorrectresponsetoeachquestiononyourColouredAnswerSheet.

SECTIONATALK

Questions1to5refertothetalkinthissection.Attheendofthetalkyouwillbegiven15secondstoanswereachofthefollowingfivequestions.Nowlistentothetalk.

1.ChangesinthesizeoftheWorldBank’soperationsreferto___.

A.theexpansionofitsloanprogramme

B.theinclusionofitshardloans

C.theinclusionofitssoftloans

D.thepreviouslendingpolicies

2.WhatactuallymadetheBankchangeitsoveralllendingstrategy?

A.Reluctanceofpeopleinpoorcountriestohavesmallfamilies.

B.Lackofbasichealthservicesandinequalityinincomedistribution.

C.Thediscoverythatalowfertilityratewouldleadtoeconomicdevelopment.

D.Poornutritionandlowliteracyinmanypoorcountriesoftheworld.

3.ThechangeinemphasisoftheBank’slendingpoliciesmeantthattheBankwould___.

A.bemoreinvolvedinbiginfrastructureprojects

B.adoptsimilarinvestmentstrategiesinpoorandrichcountries

C.embarkuponareviewoftheinvestmentinhugedamsandsteelmills

D.investinprojectsthatwouldbenefitthelow-incomesectorofsociety

4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTacriticismofthebank?

A.Colossaltravelexpensesofitsstaff.

B.Fixedannualloanstocertaincountries.

C.LimitedimpactoftheBank’sprojects.

D.Roleasafinancialdealmaker.

5.Throughoutthetalk,thespeakeris___whileintroducingtheWorldBank.

A.biased

B.unfriendly

C.objective

D.sensational

SECTIONBCONVERSATION

Questions6to10arebasedonaconversation.Attheendoftheconversationyouwillbegiven15secondstoanswerthequestion.Nowlistentotheconversation.

6.Themansoundssurprisedatthefactthat___.

A.manyAustraliansaretakingtimeofftotravel

B.thewomanworkedforsometimeinNewZealand

C.thewomanraisedenoughmoneyfortravel

D.AustraliansprefertoworkinNewZealand

7.WelearnthatthewomanlikedSingaporemainlybecauseofits

___.

A.cleanness

B.multi-ethnicityC.moderncharacteristics

D.shoppingopportunities

8.FromtheconversationwecaninferthatKaifengandYinchuanimpressedthewomanwiththeir___.

A.respectivelocations

B.historicinterests

C.ancienttombs

D.Jewishdescendants

9.Whichofthefollowingwordscanbestdescribethewoman’sfeelingsaboutTibet?

A.Amusement.

B.Disbelief.

C.Ecstasy.

D.Delight

10.Accordingtotheconversation,itwas

thatmadethewomanreadytostoptraveling.

A.theunsettlednessoftravel

B.thedifficultiesoftrekking

C.thelonelinessoftravel

D.theunfamiliarenvironment

SECTIONCNEWSBROADCAST

Questions11and12arebasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitem,youwillbegiven30secondstoanswerthequestions.Nowlistentothenews.

11.MikeTysonwasputinprisonlastAugustbecausehe

___.

A.violatedthetrafficlaw

B.illegallyattackedaboxer

C.attackedsb.afteratrafficaccident

D.failedtofinishhiscontract

12.ThelicensegrantedtoTysontofightwillbeterminated___.

A.bytheendoftheyear

B.inoverayearC.inAugust

D.inafewweeks

Question13isbasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitem,youwillbegiven15secondstoanswerthequestion.Nowlistentothenews.

13.TheRussiandocumentsareexpectedtodrawgreatattentionbecause

___.

A.theycoverthewholestoryoftheformerUSpresident

B.theassassinusedtoliveintheformerSovietUnion

C.theyaretheonlyofficialdocumentsreleasedaboutKennedy

D.theysolvedthemysterysurroundingKennedy’sassassination

Question14and15arebasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitem,

youwillbe

given30secondstoanswerthequestions.Newlistentothenews.

14.Intherecentthreemonths,HongKong’sunemploymentratehas___.

A.increasedslowly

B.decreasedgraduallyC.stayedsteady

D.becomeunpredictable

15.Accordingtothenews,whichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?

A.Businessconditionshaveworsenedinthepastthreemonths.

B.Thepastthreemonthshaveseenadecliningtrendinjoboffers.

C.Theriseofunemploymentrateinsomesectorsequalsthefallinothers.

D.Theunemploymentrateinallsectorsoftheeconomyremainsunchanged.

SECTIONDNOTE-TAKINGANDGAP-FILLING

FilleachofgapswithONEword.Youmayrefertoyournotes.Makesurethewordyoufillinisbothgrammaticallyandsemanticallyacceptable.

ThePressConference

Thepressconferencehascertainadvantages.Thefirstadvantagelieswiththe

(1)___natureoftheeventitself;publicofficialsaresupposedto

1.___

submittoscrutinybyrespondingtovariousquestionsatapressconference.

Secondly,statementspreviouslymadeatapressconferencecanbeusedasa

(2)___injudgingfollowingstatementsorpolicies.Moreover,incase

2.___

ofimportantevents,pressconferencesareaneffectivewaytobreakthenews

togroupsofreporters.

However,fromthepointofviewof(3)___,thepressconference

3.___

possessessomedisadvantages,mainlyinits(4)___andnewssource.

4.___

Theprovidervirtuallydeterminesthemannerinwhichapressconference

proceeds.This,sometimes,putsnewsreportersata(n)(5)___,ascan

5.___

beseenonlivebroadcastsofnewsconferences.

Factorsingettingvaluableinformationpreparation:aneedtokeepuptodateonjournalisticsubjectmatter;

—(6)___ofthenewssource:

6.___

1)newssource’s(7)___to

7.___

provideinformation;

2)news-gatheringmethods.

Conditionsunderwhichnewsreporterscannottrusttheinformation

providedbyanewssource

—notknowingtherequiredinformation;

—knowingandwillingtosharetheinformation,butwithout

(8)___skills;

8.___

—knowingtheinformation,butunwillingtoshare;

—willingtoshare,butunabletorecall.

(9)___ofquestionsasked

9.___

Waysofimprovingthequestions:

nowordswithdoublemeanings;

nolongquestions;

—specifictime,place,etc.;

—(10)

questions;

10.___

—clearalternatives,ornoalternativesinanswers.

改錯

PartⅡProofreadingandErrorCorrection

(15

min)

ThefollowingpassagecontainsTENerrors.EachlinecontainsamaximumofONEerror.Ineachcase,onlyONEwordisinvolved.Youshouldproofreadthepassageandcorrectitinthefollowingway.Forawrongword,

underlinethewrongwordandwritethecorrectoneintheblankprovidedattheendoftheline.Foramissingword,

markthepositionofthemissingwordwitha“∧”signandwritethewordyoubelievetobemissingintheblankprovidedattheendoftheline.Foranunnecessaryword

crossouttheunnecessarywordwithaslash“/’andputthewordintheblankprovidedattheendoftheline.

Example

When∧artmuseumwantsanewexhibit,

(1)anitnever／

buysthingsinfinishedformandhangs

(2)neverthemonthewall.Whenanaturalhistorymuseum

wantsanexhibition,itmustoftenbuildit.

(3)exhibit

Duringtheearlyyearsofthiscentury,wheatwasseenasthe

verylifebloodofWesternCanada.Peopleoncitystreetswatched

theyieldsandthepriceofwheatinalmostasmuchfeelingasif

1.___

theyweregrowers.Themarketingofwheatbecameanincreasing

2.___

favoritetopicofconversation.

Warsetthestageforthemostdramaticeventsinmarketing

thewesterncrop.Foryears,farmersmistrustedspeculativegrain

sellingascarriedonthroughtheWinnipegGrainExchange.

Wheatpricesweregenerallylowintheautumn,sofarmerscould

3.___

notwaitformarketstoimprove.Ithadhappenedtoooftenthat

theysoldtheirwheatsoonshortlyafterharvestwhenfarmdebts

4.___

werecomingdue,justtoseepricesrisingandspeculatorsgettingrich.

5.___

Onvariousoccasions,producergroups,askedfirmercontrol,

6.___

butthegovernmenthadnowishtobecomeinvolving,at

7.___

leastnotuntilwartimewhenwheatpricesthreatenedtorun

wild.

Anxioustocheckinflationandrisinglifecosts,thefederal

8.___

governmentappointedaboardofgrainsupervisorstodealwith

deliveriesfromthecropsof1917and1918.GrainExchange

tradingwassuspended,andfarmerssoldatpricesfixedbythe

board.Tohandlewiththecropof1919,thegovernment

9.___

appointedthefirstCanadianWheatBoard,withtotalauthorityto

10.___

buy,sell,andsetprices.

閱讀理解A

PartⅢReadingComprehension

(40

min)

SECTIONAREADINGCOMPREHENSION

(30

min)

Inthissectiontherearefourreadingpassagesfollowedbyatotaloffifteenmultiple-choicequestions.ReadthepassagesandthenmarkanswersonyourColouredAnswerSheet.

TEXTA

“Twentyyearsago,Blackpoolturneditsbackontheseaandtriedtomakeitselfintoanentertainmentcentre.”sayRobinWood,alocalofficial.“Nowthethinkingisthatweshouldtry,torefocusontheseaandmakeBlackpoolafamilydestinationagain.”TosaythatBlackpoolneglectedtheseaistoputitmildly.In1976theEuropeanCommunity,asitthenwascalled,instructedmembernationstomaketheirbeachesconformtocertainminimumstandardsofcleanlinesswithintenyears.Britain,ratherthancomplying,tookthenovelstrategyofcontendingthatmanyofitsmostpopularbeacheswerenotswimmingbeachesatall.BecauseofBritain’sclimatethesea-bathingseasonisshort,andmostpeopledon’tgoinabovetheirkneesanyway-andhencecan’treallybesaidtobeswimming.Byaveragingoutthenumberofpeopleactuallyswimmingacross365daysoftheyear,thegovernmentwasabletopersuadeitself,ifnooneelse,thatBritainhadhardlyanyrealswimmingbeaches.

Asoneenvironmentalistputittome:“YouhadtheludicroussituationinwhichLuxembourghadmerelistedpublicbathingbeachesthanthewholeoftheUnitedKingdom.Itwaspreposterous.”

Meanwhile,Blackpoolcontinuedtodischargerawsewagestraightintothesea.FinallyaftermuchpressurefrombothenvironmentalgroupsandtheEuropeanUnion,thelocalwaterauthoritybuiltanewwaste-treatmentfacilityforthewholeofBlackpoolandneighbouringcommunities.ThefacilitycameonlineinJune1996.ForthefirsttimesincetheindustrialrevolutionBlackpool’swatersaresafetoswimin.

Thatdone,thetownisnowturningitsattentiontomakingthesea-frontmerevisuallyattractive.Thepromenade,oncearatherelegantplacetostroll,hadbecomeincreasinglytattyandneglected.“ItwasbuiltinVictoriantimesandneededathoroughoverhaulanyway,”saysWood,“sowedecidedtomakeaestheticimprovementsatthesametime,totrytodrawpeoplebacktoit.”Blackpoolrecentlyspentabout$1.4millionbuildingnewkiosksforvendorsandimprovingseatingaroundtheCentralPierandplanstospendafurther$15milliononvariousamenityprojects.

ThemoststrikingthingaboutBlackpoolthesedayscomparedwith20yearsagoishowemptyitsbeachesare.Whenthetideisout,Blackpool’sbeachesarea

vastplainofbeckoningsand.TheylookspaciousenoughtoaccommodatecomfortablytheentirepopulaceofnorthernEngland.KenWelsbyremembersdayswhen,asheputsit,“youcouldn’tlaydownahandkerchiefonthisbeach,itwasthatcrowded.”

WelsbycomesfromPreston,20milesdowntheroad,andhasbeenvisitingBlackpoolallhislife.Nowretired,hehadcomeforthedaywithhiswife,Kitty,andtheirthreeyounggrandchildrenwhoweregravelyabsorbedinbuildingasandcastle.“Twohundredthousandpeoplethey’dhaveonthisbeachsometimes.”Welsbysaid.“Youcan’timagineitnow,canyou?”

IndeedIcouldnot.Thoughitwasabrightsunnydayinthemiddleofsummer.Icountedjust13peoplescatteredalongahalfmileorsoofopensand.Exceptforthoseraretimeswhenhotweatherandapublicholidaycoincide,itislikethisnearlyalwaysnow.

“Youcan’timaginehowexcitingitwastocomehereforthedaywhenwewereyoung.”Kittysaid.“EvenfromPreston,itwasabigtreat.Nowchildrendon’t

wantthebeach.Theywantarcadegamesandridesinhelicoptersandgoodnessknowswhatelse.”Shestaredoutovertheglitterywater.“We’llneverseethosedaysagain.It’ssadreally.”

“Butyourgrandchildrenseemtobeenjoyingit,”Ipointedout.

“Forthemoment,”Kensaid.“Forthemoment.”

AfterwardIwentforalongwalkalongtheemptybeach,thenwentbacktothetowncentreandtreatedmyselftoalargeportionoffish-and-chipswrappedinpaper.ThewaytheycookitinBlackpool,itisn’tsomuchamealasaninvitationtoaheartattack,butitwasdelicious.FaroutovertheseathesunwassettingwithsuchsplendorthatIwouldalmosthaveswornIcouldhearthewaterhisswhereittouched.

BehindmethelightsofBlackpoolTowerwerejusttwinklingon,andthestreetswerebeginningtofillwithhappyeveningthrongs.Inthepurplylightofduskthetownlookedpeacefulandhappy—enchantingeven—andtherewasanengagingairofexpectancy,offunabouttohappen.Somewhattomysurprise,Irealizedthatthisplacewasbeginningtogrowonme.

16.Atthebeginning,thepassageseemstosuggestthatBlackpool___.

A.willcontinuetoremainasanentertainmentcentre

B.compliedwithEC’sstandardsofclearliness

C.hadnoswimmingbeachesallalong

D.isplanningtoreviveitsformerattraction

17.WecanlearnfromthepassagethatBlackpoolusedto___.

A.haveasmanybeachesasLuxumbourg

B.haveseriouslypolluteddrinkingwater

C.boastsomeimposingseafrontsights

D.attractfewdomesticholidaymakers

18.WhatBlackpool’sbeachesstrikevisitorsmostistheir___.

A.emptiness

B.cleanliness

C.modernity

D.monotony

TEXTB

Punditswhowanttosoundjudiciousarefondofwarningagainstgeneralizing.Eachcountryisdifferent,theysay,andnoonestoryfitsallofAsia.Thisis,ofcourse,silly:alloftheseeconomiesplungedintoeconomiccrisiswithinafewmonthsofeachother,sotheymusthavehadsomethingincommon.

Infact,thelogicofcatastrophewasprettymuchthesameinThailand,Malaysia,IndonesiaandSouthKorea.(Japanisaverydifferentstory.)Ineachcaseinvestors——mainly,butnotentirely,foreignbankswhohadmadeshort-termloans——alltriedtopulltheirmoneyoutatthesametime.Theresultwasacombinedbankingandcurrencycrisis:abankingcrisisbecausenobankcanconvert

allitsassetsintocashonshortnotice;acurrencycrisisbecausepanickedinvestorsweretryingnotonlytoconvertlong-termassetsintocash,buttoconvertbahtorrupiahintodollars.Inthefaceofthestampede,governmentshadnogoodoptions.Iftheylettheircurrenciesplungeinflationwouldsoarandcompaniesthathadborrowedindollarswouldgobankrupt;iftheytriedtosupporttheircurrenciesbypushingupinterestrates,thesamefirmswouldprobablygobustfromthecombinationofdebtburdenandrecession.Inpractice,countries’splitthedifference——andpaidaheavypriceregardless.

Wasthecrisisapunishmentforbadeconomicmanagement?Likemostcliches,

thecatchphrase“cronycapitalism”hasprosperedbecauseitgetsatsomethingreal:excessivelycozyrelationshipsbetweengovernmentandbusinessreallydidleadtoalotofbadinvestments.ThestillprimitivefinancialstructureofAsianbusinessalsomadetheeconomiespeculiarlyvulnerabletoalossofconfidence.Butthepunishmentwassurelydisproportionatetothecrime,andmanyinvestmentsthatlookfoolishinretrospectseemedsensibleatthetime.

Giventhattherewerenogoodpolicyoptions,wasthepolicyresponsemainlyonthefighttrack?Therewasfranticblame-shiftingwheneverythinginAsiaseemedtobegoingwrong:nowthereisaracetoclaimcreditwhensomethingshavestartedtogoright.TheinternationalMonetaryFundpointstoKorea’srecovery——andmoregenerallytothefactthattheskydidn’tfallafterall——as

proofthatitspolicyrecommendationswereright.NevermindthatotherIMFclientshavedonefarworse,andthattheeconomyofMalaysia——whichrefusedIMFhelp,andhorrifiedrespectableopinionbyimposingcapitalcontrols——alsoseemstobeonthemend.Malaysia’sprimeMinister,bycontrast,claimsfullcreditforanygoodnews——eventhoughneighbouringeconomiesalsoseemtohavebottomedout.

ThetruthisthatanobserverwithoutanyaxtogrindwouldprobablyconcludethatnoneofthepoliciesadoptedeitheronorindefianceoftheIMF’sadvicemademuchdifferenceeitherway.Budgetpolicies,interestratepolicies,bankingreform——whatevercountriestried,justaboutallthecapitalthatcould

flee,did.Andwhentherewasnomeremoneytorun,thenaturalrecuperativepowersoftheeconomiesfinallybegantoprevail.Atbest,themoneydoctorswhopurportedtooffercuresprovidedahelpfulbedsidemanner;atworst,theywerelikemedievalphysicianswhoprescribedbleedingasaremedyforallills.

Willthepatientsstageafullrecovery?Itdependsonexactlywhatyoumeanby“full”.SouthKorea’sindustrialproductionisalreadyaboveitspre-crisislevel;butinthespringof1997anyonewhohadpredictedzerogrowthinKoreanindustryoverthenexttwoyearswouldhavebeenregardedasarecklessdoomsayer.Soifbyrecoveryyoumeannotjustareturntogrowth,butonethatbringstheregion’sperformancebacktosomethinglikewhatpeopleusedtoregardastheAsiannorm,theyhavealongwaytogo.

19.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisNOTthewriter’sopinion?

A.Countriespaidaheavypriceforwhichevermeasuretaken.

B.Countriesallfoundthemselvesinaneconomicdilemma.

C.Withdrawalofforeigncapitalresultedinthecrisis.

D.Mostgovernmentschoseoneofthetwooptions.

20.ThewriterthinksthatthoseAsiancountries___.

A.welldeservedthepunishment

B.investedinasenselesswayatthetime

C.wereundulypunishedinthecrisis

D.hadbadrelationshipsbetweengovernmentandbusiness

21.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatIMFpolicyrecommendations

___.

A.werefarfromapanaceainallcases

B.werefeasibleintheirrecipientcountries

C.failedtoworkintheirrecipientcountries

D.wererejectedunanimouslybyAsiancountries

22.Attheendofthepassage,thewriterseemstothinkthatafullrecoveryoftheAsianeconomyis___.

A.due

B.remote

C.imaginative

D.unpredictable

TEXTC

Humanmigration:thetermisvague.Whatpeopleusuallythinkofisthepermanentmovementofpeoplefromonehometoanother.Morebroadly,though,migrationmeansalltheways——fromtheseasonaldriftofagriculturalworkerswithin

acountrytotherelocationofrefugeesfromonecountrytoanother.

Migrationisbig,dangerous,compelling.Itis60millionEuropeansleavinghomefromthe16thtothe20thcenturies.Itissome15millionHindus,Skihs,andMuslimssweptupinatumultuousshuffleofcitizensbetweenIndiaandPakistanafterthepartitionofthesubcontinentin1947.

Migrationisthedynamicundertowofpopulationchange:everyone’ssolution,everyone’sconflict.Asthecenturyturns,migration,withitsinevitableeconomicandpoliticalturmoil,hasbeencalled“oneofthegreatestchallengesofthecomingcentury.”

Butitismuchmorethanthat.Itis,ashasalwaysbeen,thegreatadventureofhumanlife.Migrationhelpedcreatehumans,droveustoconquertheplanet,shapedoursocieties,andpromisestoreshapethemagain.

“Youhaveahistorybookwritteninyourgenes,”saidSpencerWells.Thebookhe’stryingtoreadgoesbacktolongbeforeeventhefirstwordwaswritten,anditisastoryofmigration.

Wells,atall,blondgeneticistatStanfordUniversity,spentthesummerof

1998exploringremotepartsofTranscaucasiaandCentralAsiawiththreecolleaguesinaLandRover,lookingfordropsofblood.Intheblood,donatedbythepeoplehemet,hewillsearchforthestorythatgeneticmarkerscantellofthelongpathshumanlifehastakenacrosstheEarth.Geneticstudiesarethelatesttechniqueinalongeffortofmodernhumanstofindoutwheretheyhavecomefrom.Buthoweverthepathsaretraced,thebasicstoryissimple:peoplehavebeenmovingsincetheywerepeople.Ifearlyhumanshadn’tmovedandintermingledasmuchastheydid,theyprobablywouldhavecontinuedtoevolveintodifferentspecies.FrombeginningsinAfrica,mostresearchersagree,groupsofhunter-gatherersspreadout,driventotheendsoftheEarth.

TodemographerKingsleyDavis,twothingsmademigrationhappen.First,humanbeings,withtheirtoolsandlanguage,couldadapttodifferentconditionswithouthavingtowaitforevolutiontomakethemsuitableforanewniche.Second,aspopulationsgrew,culturesbegantodiffer,andinequalitiesdevelopedbetweengroups.Thefirstfactorgaveusthekeystothedoorofanyroomontheplanet;theothergaveusreasonstousethem.

Overthecenturies,asagriculturespreadacrosstheplanet,peoplemovedtowardplaceswheremetalwasfoundandworkedandtocentresofcommercethatthenbecamecities.Thoseplaceswere,inturn,invadedandoverrunbypeoplelatergenerationscalledbarbarians.

Inbetweenthesestormsurgesweresteadierbutsimilarlyprofoundfidesinwhichpeoplemovedouttocolonizeorwerecapturedandbroughtinasslaves.ForawhilethepopulationofAthens,thatcityoflegendaryenlightenmentwasas

muchas35percentslaves.

“Whatstrikesmeishowimportantmigrationisasacauseandeffectinthegreatworldevents.”MarkMiller,co-authorofTheAgeofMigration

andaprofessorofpoliticalscienceattheUniversityofDelaware,toldmerecently.

Itisdifficulttothinkofanygreateventsthatdidnotinvolvemigration.Religionsspawnedpilgrimsorsettlers;warsdroverefugeesbeforethemandmadenewlandavailablefortheconquerors;politicalupheavalsdisplacedthousandsormillions;economicinnovationsdrewworkersandentrepreneurslikemagnets;

environmentaldisasterslikefamineordiseasepushedtheirbedraggledsurvivorsanywheretheycouldreplanthope.“It’spartofournature,thismovement,”Millersaid,“It’sjustafactof

thehumancondition.”

23.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisINCORRECT?

A.Migrationexertsagreatimpactonpopulationchange.

B.MigrationcontributestoMankind’sprogress.

C.Migrationbringsaboutdesirableandundesirableeffects.

D.Migrationmaynotbeaccompaniedbyhumanconflicts.

24.AccordingtoKingsleyDavis,migrationoccursasaresultofthefollowingreasonsEXCEPF___.

A.humanadaptability

B.humanevolutionC.culturaldifferences

D.inter-groupinequalities

25.WhichofthefollowinggroupsisNOTmentionedasmigrantsinthepassage?

A.Farmers.

B.Workers.

C.Settlers.

D.Colonizers.

26.Thereseemstobea(n)___relationshipbetweengreateventsandmigration.

A.loose

B.indefinite

C.causal

D.remote

TEXTD

Howiscommunicationactuallyachieved?Itdepends,ofcourse,eitheronacommonlanguageoronknownconventions,oratleastonthebeginningsofthese.

Ifthecommonlanguageandtheconventionsexist,thecontributor,forexample,thecreativeartist,theperformer,orthereporter,triestousethemaswellashecan.Butoften,especiallywithoriginalartistsandthinkers,theproblemisinonewaythatofcreatingalanguage,orcreatingaconvention,oratleastofdevelopingthelanguageandconventionstothepointwheretheyarecapableofbearinghisprecisemeaning.Inliterature,inmusic,inthevisualarts,inthesciences,insocialthinking,inphilosophy,thiskindofdevelopmenthasoccurredagainandagain.Itoftentakesalongtimetogetthrough,andformany

peopleitwillremaindifficult.Butweneedneverthinkthatitisimpossible;creativeenergyismuchmorepowerfulthanwesometimessuppose.Whileamanisengagedinthisstruggletosaynewthingsinnewways,heisusuallymorethaneverconcentratedontheactualwork,andnotonitspossibleaudience.Manyartistsandscientistssharethisfundamentalunconcernaboutthewaysinwhichtheirworkwillbereceived.Theymaybegladifitisunderstoodandappreciated,

hurtifitisnot,butwhiletheworkisbeingdonetherecanbenoargument.Thethinghastocomeoutasthemanhimselfseesit.

Inthissenseitistruethatitisthedutyofsocietytocreateconditionsinwhichsuchmencanlive.Forwhateverthevalueofanyindividualcontribution,thegeneralbodyofworkisofimmensevaluetoeveryone.Butofcoursethingsarenotsoformal,inreality.Thereisnotsocietyontheonehandandtheseindividualsontheother.Inordinaryliving,andinhiswork,thecontributor

sharesinthelifeofhissociety,whichoftenaffectshimbothinminorwaysandinwayssometimessodeepthatheisnotevenawareofthem.Hisabilitytomakehisworkpublicdependsontheactualcommunicationsystem:thelanguageitself,orcertainvisualormusicalorscientificconventions,andtheinstitutionsthroughwhichthecommunicationwillbepassed.Theeffectoftheseonhisactualworkcanbealmostinfinitelyvariable.Foritisnotonlyacommunicationsystemoutsidehim;itisalso,howeveroriginalhemaybe,acommunicationsystemwhichisinfactpartofhimself.Manycontributorsmakeactiveuseofthiskindofinternalcommunicationsystem.Itistothemselves,inaway,thattheyfirstshowtheirconceptions,playtheirmusic,presenttheirarguments.Notonlyasawayofgettingtheseclear,intheprocessofalmostendlesstestingthatactivecompositioninvolves.Butalso,whetherconsciouslyornot,asawayof