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1Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement-weshouldletchildrenusethecomputerorotherelectronicdevicesasearlyastheycan?Exinwhy.Pleaseincludedetailsandexamplesinyourexnation.Iagreewiththeideathatchildrenshouldlearntousedifferentelectronicdevicesatanearlyage.Firstofall,theywoulddefini yneedtousethesedevicesastheygrowup.Therefore,theywouldbelaggedbehindoncetheyfailtohandlethesetechniqueWhat'smore,asthetechnologydeveloconstantly,itisagoodideatoilluminatechildrenwithelectronicdevices.Byusingthem,childrenwillinreturn,learnvariouscognitiveskills,aswellaspracticeability.SoIsupportthisideaforthemtotrytheseelectronicdevicesasaspossible.2Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement:parentsshoulddecidetheirchildren'scareer?Exinwhy.Pleaseincludedetailsandexamplesinyourexnation.IamafraidthatIcannotagreewiththisideathatparentshavetherighttodecidechildren’scareerpath.Firstofall,Ithinkitisthechildrenthemselvesshouldberesponsiblefortheirownchoicesandinterests.Thereisnooneelsedetermineanythingforthem.Itisalsogoodtoletgothekidtobeindependentandallowhimorhermaketheirowndecisions.Besides,evenadultscannotassurethecorrectnessoftheirchoices.Theymaybeinfluencedbytheirsurroundingsandhavetheirlimitations.Overall,Iinsistthatchildrenshouldbetheonetodecidewhattheyreallywantto3Whichofthefollowingoccupationsdoyouprefertobemost-anactororactress,acomputerprogrammer,orabusinessowner?Exinwhy.PleaseincludedetailsandexamplesinyourIfIcouldchoose,Iwouldliketobeabusinessowner.Firstofall,itwouldbeanexcitingchallengeformetotakeinchargeofa andmakemostprofitfromit.Ialwaysdreamtobeafounderofa andhavethecapacitytomanageit.What'smore,onceIamsucceed,Icanbeagoodmanagerandtakemy asalife-longenterprise.ThisbenefitcannotbeprovidedbyneitheractressnorcomputerprogrammerDuetothesereasonsIwouldpreferbeingabusinessownerthanbeinganactressoracomputerprogrammer.1Theuniversitywouldliketoshortenthesummerbreakandbreakitdownintoseveralshorterbreaksthroughouttheyear.Doyouagreeordisagreewiththis?Exinwhy.Pleaseincludedetailsandexamplesinyourexnation.IhavetoadmitthatIcannotfullyagreewiththeideatobreaksummerholidayintoseveralshorterbreaksinthewholeyear.Firstofall,itwouldcostmostofstudentsalotmoremoneyiftheyuniversityinanothercityfromtheirhome,leftalonethoseinternationalstudents.Theyhavetospendalargeamountofmoneyinbuyingtrainticketsornetickets.Itwouldbeaburdentostudentsoncetheycannotaffordthismuch.Secondly,oncetheholidayisdividedintoseveralshortones,manystudentswillfinditreallydifficulttogetasummerinternship.Ontheotherside, willalsostickintheproblemtogetreliableintern,especiallythosewhocangotoworkeveryday.Underthesecircumstances,IdisagreewiththisideaandIthinkthatthesummerbreakshouldbethewayitisnow.2Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement:Youshouldconsultyourfamilymembersbeforemakingimportantdecisions?Exinwhy.PleaseincludedetailsandexamplesinyourIagreewiththeideathatweshouldaskourfamilyforopinionsbeforewemakeanyimportantdecisions.Firstofall,familymemberarealwaystheoneswhocarememost.Theyareeagertohelpmeandarealwaysbymyside.IcantrustthemwhenIneedsuggestionsforIknowtheywouldnotfoolme.What'smore,sometimesImaybeimpulsivewhenmakingdecisions.Forexample,Imaybuyalotofuselessstuffwithoutmymum paniedmeforshop.Therefore,ifIturntothemforhelp,Iamsuretheywillcalmmedownandmakewiserchoicewithme.ThesereasonsarewhyIagreewiththeideathatweallneedtoconsultourfamilyforhelpbeforemakingdecisions.1eliminatesthehumanitiesrequirements學(xué)、歷史）ofsciencestudents。（（）（）第一學(xué)生感浪費(fèi)時(shí)間，有分散精力。第二本4Womendoesnotagree(1)剛開始不感，學(xué)著學(xué)著就愛上了，比如她自己以前不愛歷史summercourses可以參與。Thereadingmaterialbringsuptheideathatschoolsshouldeliminatethehumanitiesrequirementsofsciencestudentsduetothestudents‘lackofinterestandexcessivepressurefromthehumanitiesonthem.Thewomandisagreeswiththeideabysayingthatstudentmaynotgetinterestedinhumanity,yetaslongastheyareactuallylearningittheywillfindthefuninsideit.Shealsoclaimsthatevenifthescheduleistense,studentswillstillfindtheirwaystosettletheproblemandenjoydifferentkindsoflessons,leftalonetosaythattheyalsohavesummercoursestoparticipatein.2閱讀：newslettercancelinformationsession.因?yàn)椋海?lotsinfoareuseless2lotsinfoareavailableonthewebsite,：不同意，(1)有些信息還是很有用的，她自己就用了買舊書的信息；（2)學(xué)生沒時(shí)間上informationsession,他們會(huì)missoutusefulinformation。Thereadingmaterialclaimsthatthecollegewillcancelinformationsession.Thefirstreasonisamajorityofinformationprovidedinthesessionissimplyuseless.Besides,mostofitisavailableonthewebsite.Thewomandisagreeswiththecollegeandhasoppositeideas.Shesthatsomeinformationisquiteuseful.Sheusedtheinformationfoundonthewebsitetobuysecond-handbooks.What’smore,manystudentsdon’thavetimetodoonlinesearching.Soiftheydon'thavetheinformationsession,theywouldmissoutalotofuseful1“XXXX(term名稱)’’referstothephenomenonthatanimals’bodyWouldmakesomekindofchemicalchangesoastoprotectthemselvesoravoidpossiblepredators.ThelisteningmaterialsupportsthisideabygivinganexampleofstarfishThespecieswouldreleaseakindofsmelltodisguiseitselfasaseaweed.Therefore,otherfishwouldnotattackitforthemwouldlosethe2：有個(gè)教授說(shuō)有種雄魚，到了交配季節(jié)身上就有紅點(diǎn)，還會(huì)其他身上有紅點(diǎn)的雄魚。但有的只有紅點(diǎn)它也會(huì)。所以是紅點(diǎn)它的。第二個(gè)例子是有種鳥，當(dāng)它聽到有動(dòng)靜好像要答案1Theterm“fixed-actionpattern”referstoaninstinctivebehavioralsequenceinanimalsthatisinvariantuponacertainstimulusIntheprofessor'sfirstexamplemalesticklebacksturnredontheirstomachduringthematingseason,whichelicitsahead-downattackbehaviorfromothermalesticklebacks.Thesameresponsecanbetriggeredbyotherstimulithatresembletheredstomachofastickleback,suchasared,artificialmodelorobjectbecausesticklebacksrespondtoredcolorsinstinctivelyandinvariantly.Second,thegreylaggoosealsoshowsafixedegg-retrievalbehavior,whichisrollingtheeggbacktothenestwithitsbeak,ifoneoftheireggsisdiscedfromthenest.Iftheeggisremovedwhenit'srollingitthegoosestillcontinueswithitsbehaviorasifthere'sanimaginaryeggthatit'stryingtoretrieve.2ThereadingpassageintroducesatermcalledFixedActionPatternorFAPwhichreferstoasequenceofinnatebehaviorsdisyedbyanimalsinresponsetoanexternalstimulus.Forexample,amalesticklebackwouldseeanothermaleenteringitsownterritoryasapotentialcompetitorbutonlywhenthismalefisharedstripeontheirundersideThesticklebackwoulddoanattackdancetotrytoscareawaytheinvadingmale.Infact,itshowsthesamebehaviortoalmostanythingred.Anotherexampleisthefemalegoose.Afterlayingeggs,thefemalegooseoftenmovesitsheadbackandforthtorolladiscedeggbacktoitsce.However,thegoosewouldcontinuewiththisbehavioreveniftheeggshavebeenmovedoutofsight.1Thewomanintendstogotoacollegeforanopeningweek,andshealsowantstoseeherfriendwhoshehasn’tmetforyears.Yetthefriendisn’tavailablethatweek.Ifshewaitsuntilherfriendisavailable,shewouldnotbeabletogototheopeningweek.AsfarasIamconcerned,Ithinkitisbetterforhertoseeheroldacquaintancethantoparticipateintheopeningweek.Firstofall,itisanopportunitythatishardtomiss.Sincesheandherfriendhaven'tseeneachotherforyears,itwoulddefini ybeanicereunioniftheydomeet.Also,shecanstillgettheinformationofthatcollegeshewantsaftertheopeningweek,yetitwouldbehardtomeetwithfriendsagain.ThereforeIsupporttheideathatsheshouldgiveuptheopeningweekandmeetherfriend2女學(xué)生的和室友平攤買雜物的錢sharegrocerycosts，但是她室友買得太貴了，她有些接受不了。兩個(gè)解決方法：（1)和室友說(shuō)買便宜的agreeonabudget，但是害怕室友有些東西買不了can’tbuywhatshereallywant (2)分開去grocery,各自買各自的，但是她就Thewomanhastheproblemonhergrocerycosts,forshesharesthemwithherroommate.However，herroommate’spurchasinghabitisbeyondherbudget.Therearetwosolutions:thefirstoneistopersuadeherroommatetoagreeonabudget,yetsheisafraidthatherroommatemaynotbuywhatshereallywants;theotheroptionistogotogrocerystorerespectively.However,ifsheshopsentirelyonherown,itwouldcosthertoomuchtime.Inmyopinion,Isupporttheformeridea.Oncetheylearntosharetheirbudget,theywouldalsolearntoshopwisely.Moreover,itwouldsavemoremoneyiftheyshoptogether.Sometimesbargainsarebetterwhenpeoplebuymore.Therefore,Iwouldagreeontheideathattheyshouldsettleacertainrangeofbudgetfortheirgroceryshop.1Ineducation,oneofthechallengesthatteachersoftenhaveishowtohelpstudentsrememberwhattheyhavelearned.Thelecturetalksabouttwostrategiesthatareoftenusedtoimprovestudents'abilitytorememberinformation.Thefirststrategyistouseavarietyofteachingactivities.Forexampleifali tureteacheristeachingaboutanovel,shecouldfirstofalltalkabouttheimportantnamesandeventsrelatedtothisnovel,thenshecouldbreakthestudentsintosmallgroupstotalkaboutthenovelwitheachother,andfinallyshecouldshowafilmrelatedwiththatnovel.Thevarietyofactivitieswouldmaketheclassmuchmoreinterestingandstudentswouldbeablet0rememberthingsbetter.Theotherstrategythatisoftenusedistorepeatwhathavebeenlearnedattheendofalesson.Forexample,attheendofthelitureclass,theteachercanwritetheimportantnamesandeventsontheblackboard,andhelpthestudentstoreviewtheseinformation,sostudentswillbeabletorememberthemwellThelecturediscussesaboutthemethodtohelpstudentsrememberwhattheyhavelearnedintheclass.Theprofessorgivestwopossiblestrategies.Thefirstoneisusingacombinationofdifferentteachingactivities.Theteachermaytalkabouttheimportanteventsandpeopleinthenovelandlaterbreakstudentsintoseveralgroupstodiscussaboutthebook.Afterthat,towardstheendoftheclass,theteachermayshowthemarelatedfilm.Thiswouldmaketheentirelessonmoreinteresting.Thesecondstrategyisrepeatingwhathavebeenlearnedattheendoftheclass.Theteachercanwritedowntheimportanteventsandnamesforstudentstomemorize.超五星1Ifyouhaveanopportunitytogotoa classduringtheweekend，whichofthefollowingwouldyouchoosetogotopublicspeaking,startingyourownbusiness,orphotographyandwhy?Pleaseincludedetailsandexamplesinyourexnation.ally，Iwouldchoosetotakeaclassonpublicspeakingbecausespeakinginpublicissuchanimportantskillbothatschoolandatwork.Forexample，whenIwasincollege,someoftheseminarsrequiredustomakepresentationsinfrontofeveryoneinclass.However,IalwaysstruggledwiththoseactivitiesbecauseIusedtohavestagefreightandmostpeoplehadadifficulttimeunderstandingthemainideasIwastryingtoconveytothem.NowI，ve eanengineer.Ispendmostofthetimeinfrontofacomputer,buttherearestilltimeswhenIstillhavetopitchsomeideastoours.Itwouldbereallyhelpfulifsomeonecanteachmehowtomakeapublicspeecheffectively.Therefore,Iwouldtakethepublicspeakingclass.2Whichofthefollowingwouldyoupreferasavolunteerinthecommunity-assistingvisitorswithlocatingbooksusingcomputers,readingtoyoungchildren,orshelvingbooksandmagazines?Exinwhy.Pleaseincludereasonsanddetailsinyourexnation.ally，I’dprefertoreadtoyoungchildrenifIwereavolunteerinthecommunitybecausebringingchildrenhappinessandinspiringthemarethemostmeaningfulthingsintheworld.Forexample，whenIwasinkindergarten,readingtimewasoneofthefondestmemoriesIhadinmychildhoodbecausemyteacherswerealwaysenergeticandfriendly;Ialwaysfeltveryrelaxedandhappylisteningtotheirstories.Inaddition,IrememberoneofmyteachersoncetoldusastoryabouthowdedicatedyoungBenjaminFranklinwaseventhoughhisfamilydidn’thavethemoneyforhiseducation.ThestorystillinspiresmetothisdayandIhopeIcandothesametheotherkidsbyreadingtothem.3Talkaboutanactivitythatyouwouldprefertoengageinwithyourfriendsratherthanbyyourself.Exinwhy.Pleaseincludedetailsandexamplesinyourexnation.4學(xué)校組織觀摩參與workce，以下3個(gè)工作地方，你會(huì)選哪個(gè)？sciencelab、businessoffice、TVstudio?5Describeatimewhenyoudidsomethingthatyouhadneverdonebeforeandexinwhathappened.Pleaseincludespecificexamplesanddetailsinyourexnation.6Yourcommunitycenternowoffersclassesontheweekendsfor .Whichofthefollowingclasswillyouchoosetotake:afinancialcoursetohelpyoumanagemoney,carmaintenanceandrepair,orreviewofLatin-Americanmusic?7Describethemostimportantdecisionthatyou'vemadeinyourlifeandexinwhyitisimportant.Pleaseincludereasonsandexamplestosupportyourresponse.WhenIwaseighteen,Ihadtodecidewhethertogotocollegenearmyhomeorontheothersideofthecountry.Itstumpedmeforseveralweeks,honestly.Iwasabouttostartmyadultlife;whateverIchosecoulddrasticallyaltermyfuture!WasIgoingtohavethecomfortsofhomeortheadventureofanewce?Eventually,Idecidedtoattendthecollegeacrossthecountry.Irealizedthat,nomatterwhat,thingsweregoingtochangewhenIwenttouniversity.Imightaswellembracethosechangesandexperienceabrandnewtownandpeople.Thegreatpartisthatmyhomeisstillthere,waitingforme!Ijusthavemorelifeexperienceandstoriesto lnow.1Somepeopleliketravelalone.Othersprefertotravelwiththeirfamily.Whichdoyoupreferandwhy?Pleaseincludereasonsanddetailsinyourresponse.ally,Iprefertotravelalone.WhenI’mtravelingalone,Icandesignmyownitineraryandvisitdifferentceswithaveryflexibleschedule.Forexample,IfirsttraveledtoMalaysiamyfamilyfiveyearsago.Duringthetrip,theywouldliketovisitalotoftemplesandmuseumsthatdidn'tinterestmeatall.Asaresult,Iwasconstantlybored.Twoyearslater,ItraveledtoMalaysiaagainbymyselfandcheckedoutcesthatinterestedme.IalsohadaveryflexibleitinerarythatallowedmetomeetalotoflocalpeoplewhoshowedmedifferentcesinMalaysiathatareunknowntomosttouristsandIhadagreattime.Iliketotravelalone.I'maprettyindependent .AlthoughIdon'tmindngthingswithfriendsorfamily,Idon'tliketobetiedtosomeoneelse'sscheduleallthetime.IfItravelledwithmyparents,forexample,Iwouldbedraggedoutofbedat6o'clockinthemorningandspendmostofthedaywalking,sleepyandexhausted.What'smore,themorepeopleyoutravelwith,themoretastesandinterestsyouhavetobearwith.LikeifItravelledwithmysister,IwouldbewanderinginjewelrystoresorsouvenirshopswhereverItravel,whichgetsmebored.SoIwouldrathertravelalone,evenifitmeansalonelyoramorecostlytrip.2Agreeordisagree:ZoosareusefulthanharmfultoInmyopinion,zoosaremorebeneficialthanharmfultoanimalsbecausealotofspeciesofanimalsthatare ingextinctcanbeprotectedbythezoosandthezooscanteachpeopletoberespectfultoourenvironment.Forexample,lastmonthIvisitedthecityzooandsawpandasforthefirsttimeinmylife.Theyaresuchbeautiful,gentlecreaturesthatareontheedgeofextinctionduetodeationbyhumanbeings.Thepandasatthezoowereverywellcaredforandmanyvisitorstherealsofeltstronglythatwehumanbeingsneedtoberespectfultootherlivingthingsandresponsibleforouractions.Therefore,zoosdohelptheanimalsinmanyways.3Ifyouweretochooseaclasstostudyforfun,whichonewouldyouchoose?Anartclassorascienceclass?Iwouldchooseanartclass!Iloveartinallforms,frompaintingstomusictosculptures.ButIdon’tknowhowtocreateanyofit!SoIwouldlovetolearnafewbasics.Evenjustknowingwhattypesofpainttouseorhowtoproperlydrawshadowswouldbereallyuseful.It’sallnewtome.Ialsothinkitwouldbekindofrelaxingtojustsitinanartclassandpaintforacouplehours.Idon’thaveanactivitylikethatcurrently,whereIcanzoneoutandbecreativeinanice,quietspace.Itsoundsgreat.Tryingtomakemyownartwouldprobablymakemeappreciatefamousworksofartmore,aswell.Iwon’tjustthinkapaintingispretty.I’llrecognizehowmuchworktheputintoitandhowdifficultthetechniquesare.Itwouldbearichlearningexperience!4藝術(shù)的purpose是不是指引我們的生活5Somepeopleprefertogotravelingfortheirvacation.Othersprefertostayathome.Whichdoyouprefer?Exinwhy.Pleaseincludedetailsandexamplesinyourexnation.6你認(rèn)為年輕人學(xué)業(yè)完成后，在自己家鄉(xiāng)城市工作好還是去外地工作好？7Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement:Happinesscomeswhenwehelpothersratherthanourselves?Exinwhy.Pleaseincludedetailsandexamplesinyour8Somepeoplespendtheirvacationtimevisitingjustonece.Othersprefertospendtheirvacationvisitingseveraldifferentcesandspendingashorteramountoftimeineach.WhichdoyoupreferandIprefertomovearoundtodifferentcesduringavacation,ifatallpossible.IwanttoseeasmanyaspectsofanewceasIcan.SoifIweretovisit,say,Britain,IwouldtrytostayinahoinLondonandthenmaybeabedandbreakfastoutinamoreruralareaandthenanotherhoupinGlasgow.Thatreallykeepseverythingfreshandexciting.Weixin:laoxikouYouarenotjustreturningtothesamehoroomeverynightfortwoweeks.You'rehavingablastinonespot,yetanticipatinghowfunthenextlocationisgoingtobeaswell!Andyouhavethesatisfactionoffeelingthatyoureallysawawidescopeofacountryandtookeveryopportunityyoucouldwhile1housingofficeforoff-Theuniversityisgoingtoestablishahosingoffice,andthewomanintheconversationagreeswiththisnew.First,theuniversitysaysthatahousingofficewillassiststudentswhoarelivingoffcampusorlookingforoffcampushousingoptions,andthewomanfindsithelpfulbecauseon-campusdormsarealreadyovercrowdedandmoreandmorestudentshavetheneedtoliveoffcampus.Therefore,thehousingofficewillfacilitatethesestudents,off-campushousingarrangements.Inaddition,newwillprovideinformationonlocalhousingtostudentsandthewomanalsolikesthisideabecausealotofnewstudentsareunfamiliarwiththelocalneighborhoodsnearschoolthehousingofficewillbeabletohelpstudentsunderstandtheareabetterandadapttothenewenvironmentmorequickly.Forthesereasons,thewomanintheconversationisinfavorofthenew.2：不同意，第一，暑假有很多youngerkids在大學(xué)上summersession，提前適應(yīng)準(zhǔn)備大學(xué)生活，所以沒有什么空房間。第二，schoolbus很方便，校園里都會(huì)經(jīng)過(guò)，而且路線還延伸到鎮(zhèn)Astudenthaswrittenalettersuggestingthattheuniversityshouldallowstudentswhoareworkingoncampusinsummertoliveinthedormoncampusbutthewomanintheconversationdisagreeswiththisproposal.First,accordingtotheletter,mostdormroomsareunoccupiedduringsummer.Thewomanintheconversation,however,saysthatthereareinfactalotofmatriculatingstudentswhoaretakingsummersessionsandlivinginthedormoncampusinordertogetusedtothenewenvironment.Second，thestudentintheletterarguesthatifthesestudentsworkinginsummercanliveoncampus,theywon’thavetobuyacarfortheircommutetoschool.Ontheotherthewomanintheconversationfindsthisargumentunconvincingbecausethere’saschoolbusthatgoesthroughthecampusanditssurroundingareas.Studentsdon’treallyneedacartocommutetoschool.Forthesereasons,thewomanopposesthenewproposal.3閱讀：學(xué)生寫建議信給學(xué)校，標(biāo)題：Nolaptopinclassschoolshouldnotallowlaptopinthe（1）distractsotherpeople’sminds，而且好多人不是用來(lái)作筆記，而是在玩；（2）notescanbewrittendownwithpensandpapers。disagree。（1）problemadults，在大學(xué)里不光要學(xué)課程，也要學(xué)習(xí)如何concentrate，而學(xué)生應(yīng)該有權(quán)利tochoose是不是要聽講，只要在課上donotdisturbothers；（2）Itisnotfair.Somestudents,likeme,tyisfasterthanwriting.如果不讓用計(jì)算機(jī)Astudenthaswrittenaletterproposingthattheuniversityshouldforbid1aptopsinc1assandthestudentintheconversationdisagreeswiththisproposal。First,accordingtothestudentintheletter,a1otofstudentsare ngsomethingelseontheirlaptopsratherthantakingnotesofthelecture,whichisadistractionforotherstudentswhoaretryingtoconcentrateinclass.Thestudentintheconversation,ontheotherhand,arguesthatit’sa a1choicewhetherastudentconcentratesinclasssinceeveryonehereisanadu1t。Aslongastheyarenotdisturbingotherstudents,theyhavetherighttodowhatevertheywantontheirlaptops.Inadditionthestudentintheletterbelievesthatlecturenotescanbejotteddownwithjustpapersandpens,whichmeansbringingalaptoptoclassinunnecessary。HoweverthestudentintheconversationfindsthisproposalunfairbecauselikehimselfalotofstudentstypefasterthantheywriteThereforethestudentintheconversationopposestheproposal.4驗(yàn)；(2)可以寫出的文章來(lái)publish。 呢，我們同樣也需要經(jīng)驗(yàn)??；（2)文章 5排隊(duì)。另外同意只能在館用因?yàn)檫@樣不容易損壞要不然學(xué)生也賠不起。6：女同學(xué)覺得這點(diǎn)子很棒。（1)因?yàn)樗鳛橐粋€(gè)主修音樂(lè)的學(xué)生，一學(xué)期學(xué)了好多曲子，一⑵有免費(fèi)的午餐，學(xué)生去看也不會(huì)耽誤午飯時(shí)間，因?yàn)閙usicbuilding離大部分的樓都很遠(yuǎn)。1閱讀：backwardframing事后重塑。backwardframingisaneffectinwhichafter-the-factadvertisingaltertheirpreviousopinionaboutathingpositive的想：教授舉一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)為例，說(shuō)一組受試的人，被要求喝某種咖啡，然后作出評(píng)論。Later,theresearchershowedthemTVcommercialsinwhichpeoplereallyenjoythecoffeesamplecoffee實(shí)際上加了鹽，喝起來(lái)怪怪的，但是喝完coffee的人，因?yàn)榭催^(guò)，還是會(huì)跟里面的人一樣，認(rèn)為這coffee很棒。Theterm“backwardframing”referstoaprocessinwhichpeoplereconstructtheirevaluationofacertainobjectbasedonothersecondhandinformation.Theprofessorusesanexperimentasanexampletoexinhowpeoplecaneasilychangetheiropinionduetothebackwardframingeffect.Intheexperiment,agroupofpeoplewereaskedtosamplesomecoffeethathadsaltinitandtastedweird.Atfirst,allthepeopledidn’tthinkpositivelyofthecoffeeaftertryingit.Later,theresearcherpresentedaTVcommercialtothosepeoplewhohadjusttriedtheunpleasantcoffeeandpeopleinthecommercialseemedtoreallyenjoyandthoughthighlyofthecoffee,whichwasthesamecoffeeastheonetheysampledintheexperiment.AfterwatchingtheTVcommercial,allthepeopleintheexperimentchangedtheirevaluationofthecoffeeandbegantothinkthatthecoffeewasactuallyreallygood.Inotherwords,theirpreviousopinionofthecoffeewasalteredandframedbytheTV2閱讀：NegativeExternality的概念，兩方達(dá)成某個(gè)協(xié)議，但是沒有卷入該協(xié)議的外人可能因此受到Theterm“negativeexternality”referstoaphenomenoninwhichacostissufferedbyathirdpartyasaresultofaneconomictransaction.Theprofessorusesanexampleofhisreallifeexperiencetoexinhowpeopleareoftenaffectedbyactionswhicharenottheirown.Whentheprofessorwasachild,heandhisfamilylivedinaneighborhoodwithbeautifulfarmsandgreatviewsofthenature.Everyoneinthecommunityappreciatedtheenvironment.Untiloneday，theownerofthefarmswasgoingtoretireanddecidedtosellhisfarmlandtoa thatwasgoingtobuildfactoriesonthefarmland.Asthefactorieswerebuiltandmanufacturingbegan,theairwasheavilypollutedandallthebeautiful,naturalviewswereallgone.Thelifeofthepeopleintheneighborhoodwasnegativelyaffectedbythistransactionbetweenthefarmlandownerandtheeventhoughthosepeoplewerenotinvolvedinthe3memoryamnesiameansthesourcesofthememoryareforgotten，人們能記住一個(gè)事情：教授說(shuō)自己和妹妹聊天說(shuō)小的時(shí)候我們hiking，累的時(shí)候看到很多很多漂亮的蝴蝶，有力氣hikinglaughedathim說(shuō)，沒有呀，我們沒有見過(guò)呀。這個(gè)情景出現(xiàn)在他們兒時(shí)共同看的電視里面。教授又想了下說(shuō)，是呀，是從TV上看到的Theterm“sourceamnesia”referstoone，sinabilitytorememberwhere,when,orhowapieceofinformationhasbeenacquiredwhileretainingthefactualknowledgeabouttheeventorsubject.Intheprofessor’sexample,therewasatimewhentheprofessorwaschattingwithhissisteraboutahikingtriptheyhadtogetherwhentheywerekids.Theprofessorrecalledthathesawlotsofbeautifulbutterfliesduringthebreak,whichcheeredhimupandmotivatedhimtocontinuetothehike.However,theprofessor’ssisterlaughedathimuponhearingthisbecausethisscenewithallthebutterfliesneverhappenedduringtheirhikingtrip.TheycameacrossthissceneinaTVprogramthattheyusedtowatchtogether.Uponfurtherrecollection,theprofessorthenrealizedthathesawallthebeautifulbutterfliesonTVratherthaninthehikingtrip.Theprofessorwasabletorememberthesceneverywellbutunabletolocatethesourceofthesceneinhismemory.4閱讀：社會(huì)學(xué)理論goaldiscementtheory。在組織中會(huì)出現(xiàn)goaldiscement的情況，意即organizationrequirementrulesgoal:professorschooleducation的正常進(jìn)行以及保證教學(xué)時(shí)間復(fù)強(qiáng)調(diào)insist嚴(yán)格奉行。盡管初衷是好的，但這一行為讓的學(xué)生missentireclass，反而進(jìn)一步影響了教學(xué)時(shí)間，造成了所謂白勺goaldiscement。5后來(lái)有一種鳥會(huì)啄開瓶蓋喝牛奶，然后其它鳥也學(xué)會(huì)了都來(lái)喝。6來(lái)，讓顧客參與創(chuàng)造產(chǎn)品'這樣的話，customer喜歡才會(huì)買°：舉了一個(gè)T-shirt公司的例子。這間公司原本快了，后來(lái)用一個(gè)businessn—他們讓,買，因?yàn)樽约簠⑴c了creation很興奮，后來(lái)所有T-shirtsoldout。1radiostudiobroadcastingmachine如，請(qǐng)名人來(lái)做（specialprogramlikeinvitingprofessorswhichneedsfees);或者（2)請(qǐng)工程專業(yè)的學(xué)生來(lái)修理，他們不只為獲得專業(yè)的工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)，但是他們有可能把設(shè)備修理得更糟糕，因?yàn)樾枰猵rofessional。Thewomanintheconversationhasaproblemthatthemachineatthebroadcaststationoncampusisoftendysfunctionalandshe'sunabletocontinueherradioprogram.Herteamcaneitherbuyanewbroadcastmachineorasksomeengineerstudenttofixthemachineforthem.Inmyopinion,it'sbetterforthewomantofindanengineerstudenttofixthemachineforthem.First,buyinganewbroadcastmachinewillcostthemafortuneandtheywon'thaveenoughfundstoinviteprofessorsorotherrenownedspeakerstotheirprogram.Inthiscase,theaudiencemightstoplisteningtotheirshowandtheprogramwillhavetobedisatsomepoint.However,ifsheasksanengineerstudenttofixthemachineforthem,therewon’tbeanychargesandit’llbegoodpracticeforthestudent.Besides,seniorengineerstudentsareusuallyjustasprofessionalasrealengineerssothequalityfortheirworkshouldn’tbeanissue.Forthesereasons,Ithinkthewomanshouldfindanengineerstudenttofixthebroadcastmachine.2上會(huì)講很多他感的tradition和technology。遺憾的是他是校籃球隊(duì)（basketballteam)的隊(duì)員，他打籃球很好，but球是在晚上打的，有。兩個(gè)方法解決方式：（1)放棄課程(droptheclass)fullschedule2)退出籃球隊(duì)（BTW，quittheteam會(huì)讓其他組員disappointed)。如果你來(lái)選，你怎么選Themanintheconversationhasaproblemthatthehistoryclasshasbeenrescheduledtotheeveningbuthehastopracticebasketballwithhisteamatthattime.Thestudentcaneitherdroptheclassorquitthebasketballteam.Inmyopinion,itisbetterforthemantodroptheclass.Firstsincehehasbeenagreatyer,heshouldstayonthebasketballteamandtestouthisownabilitiesIfhequitsthebasketballteamnow,hewillneverknowhowsuccessfulhecouldbeasanathleteandothermembersontheteamwillalsobeverydisappointed.Inaddition,ifhedropsthehistoryclass,hisclassschedulewillstillbefullsohewon’treallyhavetoworryaboutnottakingenoughclasses.Besides,hecanstillsignupfortheclassinthefutureifhe'sstillinterestedinit.Fortheabovereasons,Ithinkitisbetterforhimtodropthehistoryclassfirstandstayonthebasketballteam.3過(guò)需要arrangetheschedule。問(wèn)你推薦哪個(gè)建議？Thewomanintheconversationneedsalaptopforherfinalsreviewbecauseherlaptopjustbrokedownandcan'tbefixed.Shecaneitherrentalaptopforthefinalsweekorsharethelaptopwithherroommate.Inmyopinion,