2022-2023年山東省濰坊市大學(xué)英語6級大學(xué)英語六級真題(含答案)

2022-2023年山東省濰坊市大學(xué)英語6級大學(xué)英語六級真題(含答案)學(xué)校:________班級:________姓名:________考號:________

一、2.ReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(20題)1.

Dietandphysicalqualitieswhichpasseddownfromourparentsaffect____________________,anaturalsubstanceintheliverblood.

2.

InScotland,thetwotypesofdivorcesprocedureinthejudicialoffer'scourtare______.

3.WidelyusingPrEPsmaycausepotentialproblemslikeethicalissuesand______.

4.Whatkindofanimalaffectedbyman-madechemicalsisnotreferredinthepassage?

A.Polarbears.B.Mammals.C.People.D.Birds.

5.

Manyscientistsbelievedthattheycouldproduceananti-AIDSvaccinethatcouldbegiventopeopleto______thedisease.

6.FourMinutesthatGetYouHired

BayStateralwayswantstobeateacher.Withthehelpoffriendswhoteachatschool,shelandedaninterviewwiththeprinciple."Inoticedatinyruninmystockingthatmorning,"sherecalls."Ithoughtaboutchanging,butIknewI'dbelateifIdid.Butlatertherunstretchedfrommyankletomyknee.Iapologizedfornotlookingmybest."Finally,thewould-beteacherdidn'tgetherjob.

Firstimpressionsareoftenlastingones.Indeed,ifyouplaythecardright,youcanenjoythebenefitsofthe"haloeffect".Thismeansifyouareviewedpositivelywithinthecriticalfirstfourminutes,thepersonyouhavemetwilllikelyassumeeverythingyoudoispositive.

Fourminutes!Studiestellusthat'sthecrucialperiodinwhichimpressionsareformedbysomeonewe'vejustmet.Withinameretenseconds,thatpersonwillbegintomakejudgmentsaboutourprofessionalism,socialclass,moralsandintelligence.Peopletendtofocusonwhattheysee(dress,eyecontact,movement),onwhattheyhear(howfastandslowwetalk,ourvoicetoneandvolume),andonouractualwords.

Bungleafirstencounter,andinmanycasestheinterviewerwillmistakenlyassumeyouhavealotofothernegativetraits.Worse,heorshemaynottakethetimetogiveyouasecondchance.

Mostemployersbelievethatthosewholookasiftheycareaboutthemselvesaremorelikelytocareabouttheirjobs.Weknow"it'swhat'sinsidethatcounts",butresearchshowsthatphysicallyattractivepeoplearegenerallyperceivedbyprospectiveemployersasmoreintelligent,likableandtrustworthy.Yourgoalshouldbetocomeacrossinthebestpossiblelight--attractiveinthewayyoudress,inyourgesturesandfacialexpressionsandinyourspeech.

Here'showtomakethosecrucialfourminutescount:

LookyourbestItsignalssuccess.Studieshavelinkedclothingconsciousnesstohigherself-esteemandjobsatisfaction.AndonestudyfundedbytheClairolCorporationfoundthatitpays,literally,toprojectaprofessionalimage.JudithWaters,aprofessoratFairleighDickinsonUniversityinNewJersey,sentoutidenticalresumewitheithera"before"oran"after"photographofhypotheticaljobcandidatestoover300companies.Watersaskedthemtodetermineastartingsalaryforeachcandidate.Theresult?Salariesare8to20percenthigherforthosewhoseresumeshavebeenaccompaniedbythephotowithanupgradedimage.

Yetmanypeoplefailtounderstandtheimportanceofprojectingaprofessionalimage.Forexample,a32-year-oldinWashington,D.C.,workedfortenyearsasanadministrativeassistantinalargeaccountingfirm.Whentheofficemanagerretiredlastyear,sheappliedfortheposition.Shewasn'tevengrantedaninterview.

"Ithoughtitwasanoversight,soIaskedthedirectorofpersonnelwhathappened,"shesays."HetoldmeIdidn'tfittheimageofanofficemanger.HesuggestedIchangemywardrobe--getridofmyneon-coloredskirtsanddanglingearrings--beforeIappliedagainforanotherposition.Iwasshocked.Idoagreatjob,andthewayIdressshouldn'thaveanybearing.Myclothesreflectmypersonalstyle."

Forgetaboutpersonalstyle.Atwork,yourclothesmustconveythemessagethatyouarecompetent,reliableandauthoritative.

Dressforthejobyouwant,notthejobyouhave.Ifyouarescheduledforaninterviewatacompanyyou'venevervisitedandaren'tsurewhattowear,sendforanannualreportandstudywhattheemployeespicturedarewearing,ordropbyaheadoftimetoseehowtheydress.

MonitoryourbodylanguageHowyoumoveandgesturewillgreatlyinfluenceaninterviewer'sfirstimpressionofyou.Inastudyofcommunications,PsychologistAlbertMehrabiandiscoveredthatsevenperce

A.YB.NC.NG

7.

Sinceexercisesmaycontrolconditionssuchasdiabetesandhighbloodpressure,someoldpeopledon'tneedto______iftheybeginanexerciseprogram.

8.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestdoingwhenwecan'tendureajob?

A.Changingtoanewinstitute.

B.Askingseniorcolleaguesforhelp.

C.Foundingasoundsocialnetwork.

D.Focusingmoreonpositiveoutcomes.

9.

Differentfromlargeorganicfarms,smallorganicfarmsweremainly,engagedin______.

10.

Someoftheoldpeoplewhoinjectfluvaccinesexperienceserioussideeffects.

A.YB.NC.NG

11.Abirdflu,amassiveearthquake,amonsterstormandaterroristattackareallthreatstomajorcitiesintheU.S.

12.

Maniaofteninvolvesthinking,______,andsocialbehavior.inwaysthatcauseseriousproblemsandembarrassment.

13.

Americanhighschoolstudentssinkalmosttothebottominasurveyofmathandscienceliteracybecausetoomanyofthehighschool______inAmericaarenotqualified.

14.

Scientistsandenvironmentaliststhinkthatglobalwarmingcanbe______.

A.continuedB.improvedC.controlledD.reduced

15.

IcecrystalsdoNOTimmediatelyfalltoEarthbecause______.

16.

Intheeyesofanadult,sportsinhighschoolareactually______ratherthansimpleextensionsoftheclassroom.

17.

Achildwithstrongsocialskillsmaybedifficulttogetalongwith.

A.YB.NC.NG

18.

Thebodyatleastcannotmakeforitselfsufficientquantitiesofvitaminsfornormalnutritionandmetabolism.

A.YB.NC.NG

19.

TheJapaneseapproachisnotusefulatalltotheAmericanmanagement.

A.YB.NC.NG

20.

Donottrytomakethetaglinetrendy,becausesuchlinedareoften______.

二、3.ListeningComprehension(20題)21.聽力原文：W:Igotoutofascienceclasslateagain.Inevermakeitheretoworkontime.IhopeIwon'tgetintrouble.

M:Thebossisinagoodmood.Maybeshe'llgiveyouabreakthistime.

Q:Whatdoesthemansayabouttheboss?

(17)

A.Thebossisoftenlateforwork.

B.Thebosswillprobablydisciplinethewoman.

C.Thebossmaydisregardthewoman'slateness.

D.Thebossdidn'tknowthewomanwaslateagain.

22.SectionC

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhearapassagethreetimes.Whenthepassageisreadforthefirsttime,youshouldlistencarefullyforitsgeneralidea.Whenthepassageisreadforthesecondtime,youarerequiredtofillintheblanksnumberedfrom36to43withtheexactwordsyouhavejustheard.Forblanksnumberedfrom44to46youarerequiredtofillinthemissinginformation.Fortheseblanks,youcaneitherusetheexactwordsyouhavejustheardorwritedownthe

Ever-worsening【B1】______inChina'scoastalwaterswillhinder【B2】______ofmarineresources,warnsanarticleinOutlookWeekly.Chinahasanl8,000-kilometer【B3】______,morethan6,500【B4】______andnearly3millionsquarekilometersof"blueterritory."Alargeportionoftheabundantmarine【B5】______hasyettobe【B6】______.China's【B7】______marineoutput【B8】______forlessthan2percentoftheworld'smarineoutput.

China,however,【B9】__________________________________TheareaofuncleanseawatersinChina【B10】__________________________________,theStateOceanicAdministrationreported.

【B11】__________________________________

【B1】

23.

【B10】

24.聽力原文：W:Goodmorning.Housingoffice.HowcanIhelpyou?

M:Hi.I'mcallingaboutthenewsubsidizedlow-costhousingforgraduatestudents.

W:Areyouawarethatit'sonlyavailabletomarriedgraduatestudentsandtheirfamilies?

M:Yes.IthinkmywifeandImayqualifysinceshe'sstillingraduateschool.ButIwaswonderingwhethertherewereanyotherrequirements.

W:Well,unlessyouhavemorethanonechild,youhavetohaveacombinedannualincomethat'slessthan15,000dollars.

M:I'mworkingasapart-timeresearchassistantsothat'snoproblem.Butrightnowwe'relivingwithmywife'sparents.Doesthatmeanwe'dhavetoincludetheirincometoo?

W:Notnecessarily.Whydon'tyoustopbyourofficesoIcangiveyousomeformstofilloutandexplaineverythinginmoredetail?

M:Thatsoundslikeagoodidea.Wouldtomorrowmorningbeallright?

W:Theafternoonmightbebetter.ItcanbeprettycrazyaroundhereonaFridaymorning.

M:Allrightthen.I'lltrytomakeitintheafternoon.IsthereanyonespecialIshouldaskfor?

W:Youcanaskforme,SusanDavidson.OrmyassistantBillBrown.

(23)

A.Tomakeanappointmenttolookatahouse.

B.Togetinformationaboutspecialhousing.

C.Toaskaboutgettingaloantobuyahouse.

D.Torenewhishousingcontract.

25.

【B2】

26.(35)

A.Disapprovedofbymostmodernscientists.

B.InagreementwithAristotle'stheoryofself-evidentprinciples.

C.Inagreementwithscientificinvestigationdirectedtoward"how"thingshappen.

D.Inagreementwithscientificinvestigationdirectedtoward"why"thingshappen.

27.

【B8】

28.(21)

A.Enteringalargecompanywithoutapplication.

B.Programminghumanfeelingsintomachines.

C.Decidingone'sbestpartnerthroughacomputer.

D.Matchinguppeoplewithquestionnaires.

29.(18)

A.Thelocationofthesessionhasbeenchanged.

B.Shewilldefinitelygotothesessionthisevening.

C.She'llprobablybetootiredtowalktothesession.

D.Thesessionmightbecanceledbecauseofaheavysnow.

30.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD,anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.

聽力原文：M:Sotediousajob!Ican'tconcentrateonitanylonger.Maybeweshouldtakeanapbeforewecontinue.

W:Well,youknowpeoplesaythephysicalactivitymakesyoumomalert.

Q:Whatdoesthewomanimply?

(12)

A.Themanshouldsleepforawhile.

B.Themanshouldfinishthejobrightnow.

C.Themanshouldtrytoconcentrateonthejob.

D.Themanshouldgetsomeexercises.

31.聽力原文：Wecanagreewithprimitivemanthatfoodisabasicneed,butwedifferfromhiminourfoodwantsbecauseofthewidevarietyoffoodwehaveavailablecomparedwithhim;wehaveawiderchoice.Takefruitforexample,notonlycanweenjoythefruitsgrowninhiscentury,butbecauseofmodernmethodsoftransportandfoodpreservation,wecanalsoenjoymorefruitsfromforeigncountries,whereasprimitivemanislimitedinhischoicetothekindsoffruitwhichactuallygrowwherehelives.

Howevertheydifferinsatisfyingtheirhunger,primitiveandcivilizedmenbothexperiencethebasicneedforfood.

Thesameistreeofthesecondofourhumanneeds.Clothingisnecessarytoregulatetheheatofourbodies.Sinceweliveinatemperateclimateweneedmoreclothesthanpeoplelivingintropicalconditions.Likewise,ourclothingneedstochangewiththeseasons.

Shelter,thethirdofourneeds,dependsupontheclimate,theskillofthebuilder,one'ssocialposition,andthematerialsavailable.Thesimpleshelterofprimitivemanwouldnotdoforus,andyetitsatisfieshisneeds.Thethree-bedroomsuburbanhouseoftheaveragefamilywouldnotbegrandenoughforarichfamily,andyetthemodernhousecontainsmanyofthematerialcomfortswhichweredeniedtotheKingsandQueensofold.

(33)

A.Foodisnolongerabasicneedforus.whileitwasforprimitivepeople.

B.Weeatawidevarietyoffood.

C.Wenolongereatfruitthatprimitivepeopleeverate.

D.Weeatmorefoodthanprimitivepeopledid.

32.聽力原文：M:So,howisyournewroommate,Sarah?

W:Shereallyturnsmeoff,Ihavetosay.

M:Howcome?Didn'tshemoveinjustaweekago?

W:Yes,shedid.Butshe'sdrivingmecrazy.(19)She'salwaysmakingloudnoisesatmidnightandwhenIremindher,shealwaysmakesruderemarks.What'smore,shewouldmessuptheroom,(20)andIhavetodothecleaningtwiceaday.

M:That'stoobad.Haven'tyoutalkaboutitwithher?

W:Ofcourse,Ihave.Butitdidn'twork;shejustpretendednottohearme.I'mthinkingaboutcomplaintoourinstructor.Ihopeshewillbeforcedtomoveout.

M:Well,goodluck,then.Bytheway,wheredidyourformerroommatego?

W:YoumeanJenny?(21)ShewenttoAmericaforfurthereducation.IlearnedfromheremailthatsheseemedtomeetherMr.RightonhervacationinCalifornia.Iguessshemaygetmarriedinafewmonths.

M:Oh,that'ssodisappointing.ThenIwillhavenochancetotellherhowIfeel.

W:OhmyGod.AreyousayingthatyouhavefeelingforJenny?

M:I'mjustkidding.ButIdomissher.Youknow,shehasdonemeabigfavorlastmonth.Iwasdoingsomeshoppingthatday,butwhenIwasatthecashier's,IfoundIhadleftmywallethome.Luckily,Jennywasthere.Anditwasshethathelpedmeout.

W:Ireallymissher.Ihopeshecouldcomebackandlivewithmeforanothertwoyears.Sheissobeautifulandconsiderate,totallydifferentfrommynewroommate.

M:Iagree.

(20)

A.Beautifulandconsiderate.

B.Rudeandinconsiderate.

C.Beautifulbutrude.

D.Helpfulbutcareless.

33.

【B7】

34.

【B5】

35.聽力原文：It'scommonknowledgethatmusiccanhaveapowerfuleffectonouremotions.Infact,sincethe1930s,musictherapistshavereliedonmusictocalmpatientsandhelpcontrolpain.Nowpsychologistsareconfirmingthatmusiccanalsohelprelievedepressionandimproveconcentration.Forinstance,inarecentstudy,50surgeonsweregivensomehigh-stressedmathproblemstosolve.Theyweredividedintothreegroups:oneworkedinsilence,andinanother,thesurgeonslistenedtomusicoftheirchoiceonheadphones;thethirdgrouplistenedtoclassicalmusicchosenbytheresearchers.Theresultsofthestudymaysurpriseyou.Thedoctorswhogottochoosetheirownmusicexperiencedlessstressandscoredbetterthantheothers.OnepossibleexplanationisthatlisteningtothemusicyoulikestimulatesAlfawavesinthebrain,increasesheartrateandexpandsbreathing.Thathelpstoreducestressandsharpenconcentration.Otherresearchsuggestsasecondrelationshipbetweenmusicandthebrain:Byexaminingthebloodofstudentsaftertheylistenedtoavarietyofclassicalmusicselections,researchersfoundthatsomestudentsshowedalargeincreaseinendorphin,anaturalpainreliever.Thissupportswhatmusictherapistshaveknownforyears:Musiccanhelprevitalizeorcalmthepatient.

(33)

A.Traininggiventomusictherapists.

B.Howmusicpreventsdisease.

C.Studiesonthebenefitsofmusic.

D.Howmusicianscreatemusic.

36.(34)

A.Thosedreaminterpretationsarebasedonpsychologicalthesis.

B.Wecanfindnothingreliableinthoseinterpretations.

C.Somedreaminterpretationshavescientificsupport.

D.Mostoftheinterpretationsofdreamsarenotverybelievable.

37.(22)

A.Sherequeststhemannottocallheragain.

B.Sherequeststhemantocallherinafewdays.

C.Sherequeststochangeasalesman.

D.Sherequestsacheaperpriceforwhatthemanoffers.

38.

【B6】

39.SectionC

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhearapassagethreetimes.Whenthepassageisreadforthefirsttime,youshouldlistencarefullyforitsgeneralidea.Whenthepassageisreadforthesecondtime,youarerequiredtofillintheblanksnumberedfrom36to43withtheexactwordsyouhavejustheard.Forblanksnumberedfrom44to46youarerequiredtofillinthemissinginformation.Fortheseblanks,youcaneitherusetheexactwordsyouhavejustheardorwritedownthe

GrowingnumbersofGermansarebecomingaddictedtotext-messaging,aGermandoctorhaswarned,【B1】______therearesome380,000sufferersnationwide.PsychotherapistAndreasHerterbasedhis【B2】______onthegrowing【B3】______ofmanic(瘋狂的)mobilephoneusersamongpatientsarrivingathisclinicforaddictiontherapyinHanover."Textmessageaddictionisarealandseriousillnessbecauseitcausesmentaland【B4】______damage,"saidHerter,"theproblemleadsto【B5】______andpersonalitydisorders,nottomention【B6】______phonebills."Amongthemostextremecaseswereateenageboywhospent8,900euroscompulsively【B7】______peoplehedidn'tevenknowandamarriedcouplewhocouldonlycommunicatebytextmessaging,evenwhentheyweresittingsidebyside.

Accordingtoanewsurvey,Britainisalsobecominganationoftextmaniacs,andlosingtheartofconversationintothe【B8】______.【B9】_________________attheexpenseofface-to-faceconversations,thesurveyforBritishGastelecommunitionsdivisionshowed."Theconcernisthattoomuch'technotalk'【B10】___________________",psychologistDavidLewissaid.Thesurveyshowedthat【B11】_________________________.

【B1】

40.(26)

A.Warmerclothes.

B.Moreaggressiveclothes,

C.Brightercolorsofclothes.

D.Morecasualclothes.

三、4.ReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(20題)41.

Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

A.Newfashionsinclothingarecreatedforthecommercialexploitationofwomen.

B.Theconstantchangesinwomensclothingreflecttheirstrengthofcharacter.

C.Thefashionindustrymakesanimportantcontributiontosociety.

D.Fashiondesignsshouldnotbeencouragedsincetheyareonlywelcomedbywomen.

42.

Theword"amygdala"(Line2,Para.4)probablyreferstotheareainthebrainthat

A.memorizesfearfulsituations

B.reactstofearfulsituations

C.controlnegativeemotions

D.reflectsunforgettableimages

43.

Inthelastsentenceofthesecondparagraph,"thismatter"refersto______.

A.thefactthatascientist'sreligiousviewsderivefromhiswholeoutlookonlife

B.thefactthatsomepeoplebelieveinGodwhileothersdonot

C.thedisparityofthinkingbetweenscientistsandpeoplefromotherwalksoflife

D.thedisparityinthereligiousconclusionsdrawnfromtheobservationofnaturalphenomena

44.

Fromthepassage,itcanbeinferredthat______.

A.nearly120peoplediebecauseofthetrafficaccidentseveryyearinNorway

B.trafficproblemscanbecoveredbythemediasuchasradioandnewspapernow

C.theethicalproblemsarearesultoftheincompetentadministrationofthecountry

D.Parliamentshouldtakealltheresponsibilityforthesafetyoftraffic

45.Theinfluenzapandemicof1918to1919______.

A.wastheonlylarge-scaleepidemicinmoderntimes

B.killedaboutonethirdoftheworld'spopulation

C.hadagreatimpactontheworldeconomy

D.killedmorepeoplethanAIDSdid

46.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,thereisashortpassagewith5questionsorincompletestatements.Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.

Theearliestknowngalaxiesintheuniverse,whichformedduringtheuniverse's"darkage"nearly13billionyearsago,havebeenspiedbytwoteamsofastronomers.

Thediscoveries,reportedseparatelyinthisweek'sissueofthejournalNature.suggestthatgalaxieswereformingjust700millionyearsafterthebirthoftheuniverse.

Theoryholdsthattheuniverseformed13.7billionyearsagowhenanextremelydenseconcentrationofmassrapidlyexpendedinaneventknownasthebigbang.

Theuniversehasbeenexpandingeversince,soastronomersareabletoagegalaxiesbycomputinghowmuch.thewavelengthoftheirlighthasstretched—orredshifted—astheexpansiontakesthegalaxiesfartherfromEarth.Theredderthelightis,theolderandmoredistantthegalaxyis.

Thedetectionofsuchancientgalaxiesaddsintrigue(神秘色彩)totheoriesofhowtheveryfirstgalaxiesformed,accordingtoastronomers.

Weretheremanylarge,younggalaxiesintheearlyuniversethatareobscuredfromastronomers'viewbyabundantgasesabsorbingtheirlight?Orweregalaxiesrareandsmallwaybackthen,asaprevailingtheorysuggests,andlaterclumpedtogethertoform.largergalaxiessuchastheMilkyWay?

"Webelievethatweneedboththeseprocessestoexplainwhatwesee."Masanorilye,aprofessorattheNationalAstronomicalObservatoryofJapan.saidinanemail.

Thegalaxy,calledIOK-1,formedabout750millionyearsafterthebigbang--60millionyearsclosertotheeventthanthepreviousrecordholder.

Giventhenumberofgalaxiesfoundduringalaterepochabout810millionyearsago,theresearchershadexpectedtofindasmanyassixgalaxieslikeIOK-1Butthecomparativerarity(稀有)ofobjectslikeIOK-lmeansthattheuniversemusthavechangedsignificantlyoverthe60millionyearsthatseparatethetwoepochs,theteamsuggests.

lyeandcolleaguesbelievethattheyarewitnessingthelastphaseofaprocessknownasreionization(再次電離).

AccordingtoIye,about380,000yearsafterthefieryhotbigbang,theuniversecooledsomuchthatprotonsandelectronsrecombinedtoform.neutralhydrogen.Thisisknownasthebeginningofthedarkageoftheuniverse,becauseneutralhydrogenabsorbsthelightfromstars.

Asmoregalaxiesstartedtoform.about300millionyearslater,thehotstarsheatedtheintergalactic(銀河間的)mediumandgraduallyreionizedtheneutralhydrogenbackmprotonsandelectrons.Theionizedhydrogenthenbecamemoretransparent,allowingthegalaxies'lighttopassthrough

lyesaidthenewresultssupporttheideathatneutralhydrogenwasstillabundant750millionyearsafterthebigbang,blockingevenoldergalaxiesfromview."Wearestartingtoseethelastphaseofcosmicreionization,orthedawnofthecosmicdarkage,"hesaid.

lyeaddedthatthediscoveryalsosupportsthe"hierarchical"theoryofgalaxyformation,whichsuggeststhatbig,brightgalaxiesformedassmallergalaxiescollidedandmerged."Theepochwehaveprobedisyetinthiscriticalstage,"hesaid.

Accordingtothediscoveriesoftheastronomers,whendidgalaxiesform?

47.

Tothewriter,thefactthatwomenaltertheirold-fashioneddressesisseenas______.

A.awasteofmoney

B.awasteoftime

C.anexpressionoftaste

D.anexpressionofcreativity

48.

Basedonthepassage,theprocessofachievingequalitymaycontradictwith______.

A.poorpeople'ssocialstatus

B.richercountries'interest

C.economicgrowth

D.people'ssenseofsatisfaction

49.

WhatisorareconsideredasatragedyinGermans'friendship?

50.SectionB

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.

TheUnitedStatescourtsystem,aspartofthefederalsystemofgovernment,ischaracterizedbydualhierarchies.Therearebothstateandfederalcourts.Eachstatehasitsownsystemofcourts,composedofcivilandcriminaltrialcourts,sometimesintermediatecourtsofappeal,andastatesupremecourt.Thefederalcourtsystemconsistsofaseriesoftrialcourts(calleddistrictcourts)servingrelativelysmallgeographicregions,(isatleastoneforeverystate),acircuitcourtofappealsthathearsappealsfrommanydistrictcourtsinaparticulargeographicregion,andtheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedstates.Thetwocourtsystemsaretosomeextentoverlapping,inthatcertainkindsofdisputes(suchasaclaimthatastatelawisinviolationoftheConstitution)maybeinitiatedineithersystem.Theyarealsotosomeextenthierarchical,forthefederalsystemstandsabovethestatesysteminthatlitigants(personsengagedinlaw-suits)wholosetheircasesinthestatesupremecourtmayappealtheircasestotheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStates.

Thus,thetypicalcourtcasebeginsinatrialcourt—acourtofgeneraljurisdiction—inthestateorfederalsystem.Mostcasesgonofurtherthanthetrialcourt.Forexample,thecriminaldefendantisconvicted(byatrialoraguiltyplea)andsentencedbythecourtandthecaseendsthepersonalinjurysuitresultsinajudgmentbyatrialcourt(oranout-of-courtsettlementbythepartieswhilethecourtsuitispending)andthepartiesleavethecourtsystem.Butsometimesthelosingpartyatthetrialcourtcaresenoughaboutthecausethatthematterdoesnotendthere.Inthesecases,the"loser"atthetrialcourtmayappealtothenexthighercourt.

Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

A.Civilandcriminaltrialcourts.

B.Typicalcourtcases.

C.ThecourtsystemintheUnitedStates.

D.Theappealcourtprocess.

51.SectionB

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.

It'sabrandnewworld--aworldbuiltaroundbrands.Hard-charging,noise-making,culture-shapingbrandsareeverywhere.They'reonsupermarketshelves,ofcourse,butalsoinbusinessplansfornetworkcompanystartupsandinthenamesofsportscomplexes.Brandsareinfiltrating(滲透)people'severydaylives--bystickingtheirlogosonclothes,inconcertprograms,onsubwaystationwalls,eveninelementaryschoolclassrooms.

WeliveinanageinwhichCBSnewscasterswearNikejacketsontheair,inwhichBurgerKingandMcDonald'sopenkiosks(小亭)inelementaryschoollunchrooms.Butasbrandsreach(andthenoverreach)intoeveryaspectsofourlives,thecompaniesbehindtheminvitemorequestions,deeperscrutiny--andaninevitablebacklashbyconsumers.

"Ourintellectuallivesandourpublicspacesarebeingtakenoverbymarketing--andthathasrealimplicationsforcitizenships"saysauthorandactivistsNaomiKlien."It'simportantforanyhealthyculturetohavepublicspace--aplacewherepeoplearetreatedascitizensinsteadofasconsumers.We'vecompletelylostthatspace."

Sincethemid-1980s,asmoreandmorecompanieshaveshiftedfrombeingaboutproductstobeingaboutideas.Starbucksisn'tsellingcoffee;It'ssellingcommunity!Thosecompanieshavepouredmoreandmoreresourcesintomarketingcampaigns.

Topayforthosecampaigns,thosesamecompaniesfiguredoutwaystocutcostselsewhere,forexample,byusingcontractlaborathomeand