詞匯學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)要點總結(jié)

詞匯學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)要點總結(jié)Worddefinition:Awordisdefinedbytheassociationofagivensensewithagivengroupofsoundscapableofagivengrammaticaluse.[P2]ThedevelopmentofEnglishvocabulary[P3]TheOldEnglish:449-1100,MiddleEnglish:1100-1500ModernEnglish:1500-presentClassificationofEnglishWords[P9]Byorigin:nativewordsandloanwordsBylevelofusage:commonwords;literalwords;colloquialwords;slangwords;technicalwordsBynotion:functionwordsandcontentwordsFunctionwords&contentwords[P17]Functionwordsareoftenshortwordssuchasdeterminers,conjunctions,prepositions,auxiliaries,andsoforth.Functionswordsbehavelikegrammaticalsignalsorfunctionalmarkers,expressingthekindsofconnectionbetweencontentwords.Morphemedefinition[P21]Themorphemeisthesmallestmeaningfullinguisticunitoflanguage,notdivisibleoranalyzableintosmallerforms.Allomorphs[P22]Anallomorphisanyofthevariantformsofamorphemeasconditionedbypositionoradjoiningsounds.Classificationofmorphemes[P23]FreemorphemesandboundmorphemesRootsandaffixes區(qū)分Inflectionalaffixes和Derivationalaffixes[P25]Definitionofrootstemandbase[P33]Root:Arootisaformwhichisnotfurtheranalyzable,eitherintermsofderivationalorinflectionalmorphology.AstemisofconcernonlywhendealingwithinflectionalmorphologyInflectional(butnotderivational)affixesareaddedtoit:itisthepartoftheword-formwhichremainswhenallinflectionalaffixeshavebeenremoved.Abaseisanyformtowhichaffixesifanykindcanbeadded;itmayalsobedefinedas〃aformtowhicharuleofword-formationisapplied".Differencesofroot,stemandbase[P33]Anyrootorstemcanbetermedabase.Butabasediffersfromaroot,inthattheformerisaderivationallyanalyzableformtowhichderivationalaffixesareadded,whilethelatterisaformwhichpermitsnofurtheranalysis.Abaseisalsodifferentfromastemsincebothderivationalandinflectionalaffixescanbeattachedtoabase,whereasonlyinflectionalaffixescanbeaddedtoastem.Definitionofderivation[P42]Derivationmaybedefinedasaprocessofformingnewwordsbytheadditionofawordelement,suchasaprefix,suffixorcombiningform,toanalreadyexistingword.Classificationsofprefixes[P44](給定前綴須知意思,連線題)“negative"prefixes:un-,non,in-,dis-,a-zzreversativeorprivative“prefixes:un-,de-,dis-“pejorative"prefixes:mis,mol,pseudo-''prefixesofdegreeorsize":arch-,super-,out-,sub-,over-,under-,hyper-,ultra-,mini-Prefixesofattitude:co-,counter-,anti-,pro-“l(fā)ocative“prefixes:super-,sub-,inter-,trans-Prefixesoftimeandorder:fore-,pre,post-,ex-,re-“number"prefixes:uni-/mono-,bi-/di-,tri-,multi-/poly-Amiscellaneouscatalogue:auto-,neo-,pan-,proto-,semi-,vice-Classificationsofsuffixes[P49]Accordingtotheword-classothewordtheyformAccordingtothekindofbaseDifferencesbetweeninitialismsandacronyms[P72]Initialismisatypeofshortening,usingthefirstlettersofwordstoformapropername,atechnicalterm,oraphrase;aninitialismispronouncedletterbyletter.Acronymsarewordsformedfromtheinitiallettersofthenameofanorganizationorascientificterm,etc.Acronymsdifferfrominitialismsinthattheyarepronouncedaswordsratherthanassequencesofletters.Clipping[P75]Theprocessofclippinginvolvesthedeletionofoneormoresyllablesfromaword,whichisalsoavailableinitsfullform.Blending[P77]Blendingistheprocessofword-formationinwhichanewwordisformedbycombiningthemeaningsandsoundsoftwowords,oneofwhichisnotinitsfullformorbothofwhicharenotintheirfullforms.Conventionality[P93]MostEnglishwordsareconventional,arbitrarysymbols;consequently,thereisnointrinsicrelationbetweenthesound-symbolanditssense.Amoreconvincingevidenceoftheconventionalandarbitrarynatureoftheconnectionbetweensound-symbolandmeaningcanbeillustratedbyasetofhomophones.Lexicalmeaning[P97]填空Lexicalmeaningmaybesubdividedintodenotativemeaning,connotativemeaning,socialmeaningandaffectivemeaning.Twoprocessleadingtopolysemy[P111]Therearetwoimportantprocessinthedevelopmentofwordmeaning:radiationandconcatenation.Typesofhomonyms對其進行區(qū)分[P115]Perfecthomonyms:Wordsidenticalinsoundandspellingbutdifferentinmeaningarecalledperfecthomonyms.E.g.lie,page,base.Homophones:Wordsidenticalinsoundbutdifferentinspellingandmeaningarecalledhomophones.E.g.bear/bare,dear/deer,air/heir,pair/pear.Homographs:Wordsidenticalinspellingbutdifferentinsoundandmeaningarecalledhomographs.E.g.lead,sow,tear.文體效果Polysemicandhomonymouswordsarestylisticallyusefultoachievehumororirony,ortoheightendramaticeffect.[P121]Synonyms,therefore,areextremelyvaluablestylisticallyinhelpingtoavoidmonotonousrepetitionandinachievingprecision.[P133]Definitionandtypesofantonym需舉例[P136]Definition:thetermantonymisusedfor"oppositenessofmeaning";wordsthatareoppositeareantonyms.Types:OnthebasisofsemanticcontrastContraries:Contrariesorcontrarytermsdisplayatypeofsemanticcontrast,illustratedbysuchpairsasrichandpoor,heavyandlight.Complementaries:Complementariesorcontradictoriesrepresentatypeofbinarysemanticopposition.Theassertionofoneoftheitemsimpliesthedenialoftheother;anentitycannotbebothatonce.E.g.aliveanddead,singleandmarriedpresentandabsent.Conversives:Anotherimportanttypeofbinaryopposition.E.g.lendandborrow,husbandandwife,employerandemployee,aboveandbelow.OnthebasisofmorphologicalstructureRootantonyms:E.g.deepandshallow,loveandhate,upanddown.Derivationalantonyms:Wordswiththesamerootshavingnegativeaffixes.E.g.happyandunhappy,possibleandimpossible,loyalanddisloyal,prewarandpostwar,harmfulandharmless.簡答Twotypesofcontexts[P152]Themeaningsofwords,especiallythoseofpolysemouswordsmaybeviewedasdeterminedeitherbylinguistic(orverbal)contextsorextra-linguistic(ornonverbal)contexts.Linguisticcontext:Thethreemaintypesoflinguisticcontextarethelexical,grammatical,andverbalcontextinitsbroadsense.Extra-linguisticcontext/Contextofsituation(不會答，求高人解答)Linguisticcause簡答[P172]Changeofmeaningisfrequentlybroughtaboutbytwotendenciesinalinguisticsystem:towardsellipsisandtowardsanalogy.FourTendenciesinSemanticChange連線題[P176]Restrictionofmeaning(specialization);Extensionofmeaning(generalization);Degenerationofmeaning(pejoration);D.日evationofmeaning(amelioration).Thecommoncategoriesofmetonymy連線題[P187]Signforthepersonorthingsignified:e.g.fromthecradletothegrave;theCross;bloodshed;crown,scepter,throne.Containerforitscontents;theplaceforthepeopleoccupyingit:e.g.thebottle;wardrobe;thetown;thechair.Theabstractfortheconcrete:e.g,abeauty;thepride;authorityorauthorities;themanagement;thepress.Theconcretefortheabstract:e.g.tongue;name;seat;thefloor;brain;ear.Apartforthewholeandviceversa:foraparttoindicatethewhole,wehavefollowingexamples:asail;hand;head.Thewholemaybenamedforapart,e.g.thesmilingyear;thearmy;acountry.Thematerialforthethingmade:silver;nickel;plastic;nylons;marble;rubbers.填空題[P191]Tosumup,anidiommaybedefinedasacombinationoftwoormorewordswhichareusuallystructurallyfixedandsemanticallyopaque,andfunctionasasingleunitofmeaning.Itisanestablishedform,onethathasbeenacceptedbytraditionalusage.Assuch,thecomponentwords,wordorderandmeaningofeachidiomshouldbelearnedasawhole.附錄資料：不需要的可以自行刪溶解度曲線知識點一、正確理解溶解度曲線的涵義溶解度曲線就是在直角坐標(biāo)系中，用來描