硬腦膜動靜脈瘺的介入診斷及治療專家講座

硬腦膜動靜脈瘺介入診療及治療硬腦膜動靜脈瘺的介入診斷及治療專家講座第1頁硬腦膜動靜脈瘺（DAVF)發(fā)生于硬腦膜及其從屬結(jié)構(gòu)如靜脈竇、大腦鐮、小腦幕上異常動靜脈分流約占顱內(nèi)動靜脈畸形10%-15%可見于任何年紀，成人多見硬腦膜動靜脈瘺的介入診斷及治療專家講座第2頁硬腦膜動靜脈瘺（DAVF)硬腦膜竇畸形伴動靜脈瘺新生兒或嬰兒，常為巨大囊袋或硬膜湖，與其它竇或大腦靜脈以緩流交通，多累及上矢狀竇，常伴栓塞、閉鎖或一側(cè)頸內(nèi)靜脈球發(fā)育低下嬰兒型DAVF高流速，高流量，多灶性，表現(xiàn)為大竇及多發(fā)局部動靜脈瘺和大供血血管，常繼發(fā)引發(fā)皮層－軟膜分流，直竇常缺如；靜脈出口閉塞可引發(fā)顱壓增高，腦室積水成人型DAVF硬腦膜動靜脈瘺的介入診斷及治療專家講座第3頁嬰兒型DAVF多支供血動脈靜脈竇瘤樣擴張梗塞性腦積水直竇缺如骨皮質(zhì)改變硬腦膜動靜脈瘺的介入診斷及治療專家講座第4頁女，10歲進行性腦神經(jīng)缺失（嬰兒型DAVF）CT強化：上矢狀竇擴張，腦皮質(zhì)鈣化，白質(zhì)變薄MRT1WI：上矢狀竇及竇匯巨大流空影，小腦扁桃體下移硬腦膜動靜脈瘺的介入診斷及治療專家講座第5頁成人型DAVF硬腦膜動靜脈瘺的介入診斷及治療專家講座第6頁硬腦膜動脈前顱窩腦膜中動脈前支篩前、后動脈腦膜返動脈蝶腭動脈中顱窩腦膜中/副動脈頸內(nèi)動脈下外側(cè)干咽升動脈腦膜支后顱窩椎動脈腦膜支腦膜垂體干枕動脈腦膜支腦膜中動脈后支咽升動脈腦膜支大腦后動脈分支小腦上動脈分支小腦下后動脈分支硬腦膜動靜脈瘺的介入診斷及治療專家講座第7頁硬腦膜動靜脈瘺的介入診斷及治療專家講座第8頁發(fā)病機制DAVF與手術(shù)、頭外傷、感染、硬腦膜竇血栓形成、雌激素等原因相關(guān)，但確切發(fā)病機制不明兩種假說“生理性動靜脈交通”開放：硬腦膜動靜脈之間存“生理性動靜脈交通”（dormantchannels)或“裂隙樣血管”（crack-likevessels），一些病理狀態(tài)使其開放，形成DAVF新生血管：一些血管生長因子異常釋放促使硬腦膜新生血管形成，致使DAVF形成硬腦膜動靜脈瘺的介入診斷及治療專家講座第9頁分型按靜脈引流方向分型：與臨床表現(xiàn)及預(yù)后親密相關(guān)按DAVF部位分型：與血供起源及治療路徑親密相關(guān)靜脈引流方向與病變部位相結(jié)合分型硬腦膜動靜脈瘺的介入診斷及治療專家講座第10頁按靜脈引流方向分型Bordenclassification1Venousdrainagedirectlyintoduralvenoussinusormeningealvein2VenousdrainageintoduralvenoussinuswithCVR3Venousdrainagedirectlyintosubarachnoidveins(CVRonly)CognardclassificationIVenousdrainageintoduralvenoussinuswithantegradeflowIIaVenousdrainageintoduralvenoussinuswithretrogradeflowIIbVenousdrainageintoduralvenoussinuswithantegradeflowandCVRIIa+bVenousdrainageintoduralvenoussinuswithretrogradeflowandCVRIIIVenousdrainagedirectlyintosubarachnoidveins(CVRonly)IVTypeIIIwithvenousectasiasofthedrainingsubarachnoidveinsVVenousdrainageintotheperimedullaryplexusCVR=corticalvenousreflux（可能與靜脈竇閉塞相關(guān)）硬腦膜動靜脈瘺的介入診斷及治療專家講座第11頁硬腦膜動靜脈瘺的介入診斷及治療專家講座第12頁硬腦膜動靜脈瘺的介入診斷及治療專家講座第13頁按DAVF部位分型海綿竇DAVF橫竇－乙狀竇DAVF小腦幕DAVF上矢狀竇DAVF前顱窩DAVF邊緣竇DAVF巖上/下竇DAVF舌下神經(jīng)管DAVF硬腦膜動靜脈瘺的介入診斷及治療專家講座第14頁臨床表現(xiàn)良性DAVF搏動性雜音眼眶充血顱神經(jīng)麻痹慢性頭痛無癥狀侵襲性DAVF顱內(nèi)出血顱內(nèi)高壓非出血局部神經(jīng)缺失血管性癡呆死亡Bordentype1CognardtypeI/ⅡaBordentype2/3CognardtypeIIb-Ⅴ皮層靜脈返流（CVR)或深靜脈引流是預(yù)后不良主要原因硬腦膜動靜脈瘺的介入診斷及治療專家講座第15頁搏動性突眼球結(jié)膜水腫和充血眶周雜音進行性視力下降顱神經(jīng)麻痹雜音，耳鳴，頭痛眼部癥狀顱內(nèi)出血（少見）雜音，耳鳴顱內(nèi)出血中樞神經(jīng)缺失頭痛顱內(nèi)出血中樞神經(jīng)缺失，癡呆顱內(nèi)出血頭痛硬腦膜動靜脈瘺的介入診斷及治療專家講座第16頁診療經(jīng)顱多普勒：可探測血流動力學改變，特異性較低CT與MRI:對良性DAVF敏感性較低；對侵襲性DAVF，可顯示異常血管，顱內(nèi)出血，局部占位效應(yīng)，腦水腫，腦積水，靜脈竇血栓形成及顱骨骨質(zhì)異常等征象CTA與MRA：可清楚顯示異常增粗供血動脈和擴張引流靜脈及靜脈竇，對瘺口位置及“危險吻合”顯示欠佳硬腦膜動靜脈瘺的介入診斷及治療專家講座第17頁診療DSA供血動脈瘺口位置引流靜脈靜脈竇擴張與閉塞腦循環(huán)異常硬腦膜動靜脈瘺的介入診斷及治療專家講座第18頁Male,62tentorial

DAVF（CognardⅣ）TheleftlateralICAangiogramshowsatentorialDAVFfedbyaninferiormarginaltentorialarterydrainingintoacorticalveinL-ICA硬腦膜動靜脈瘺的介入診斷及治療專家講座第19頁Male,49DAVFofanteriorcranialfossa（CognardⅣ）TheleftlateralinternalcarotidarteriogramdemonstratesaDAVFsuppliedbytheanteriorethmoidalbranchesoftheophthalmicarteryandthedrainingintracranialveinwithafocalaneurysmaldilatationatthesiteofparenchymalhemorrhageL-ICA硬腦膜動靜脈瘺的介入診斷及治療專家講座第20頁tentorial

DAVF（CognardⅢ）R-ICA硬腦膜動靜脈瘺的介入診斷及治療專家講座第21頁術(shù)后1年MR示上矢狀竇血栓形成，3年后自感顱內(nèi)雜音，MR示腦表多發(fā)迂曲血管流空影；左側(cè)頸外動脈造影側(cè)位，左側(cè)橫竇DAVF伴CVR，同側(cè)乙狀竇閉塞

女，37腎移植術(shù)后，左橫竇DAVF（CognardⅡa+b）硬腦膜動靜脈瘺的介入診斷及治療專家講座第22頁巖上竇DAVF（CognardⅤ)向脊髓靜脈引流右腦膜中動脈后支，右枕動脈腦膜支及右側(cè)腦膜垂體干供血硬腦膜動靜脈瘺的介入診斷及治療專家講座第23頁R－ECA造影：右側(cè)海綿竇DAVF，引流至眼上靜脈及皮層靜脈男，58右眼球結(jié)膜充血水腫硬腦膜動靜脈瘺的介入診斷及治療專家講座第24頁治療保守治療立體定向放射治療血管內(nèi)介入治療外科手術(shù)硬腦膜動靜脈瘺的介入診斷及治療專家講座第25頁介入治療策略經(jīng)動脈微粒栓塞（TAE-微粒）：難以到達完全栓塞，通慣用于緩解癥狀或輔助治療經(jīng)靜脈彈簧圈栓塞(TVE)：治愈性伎倆，必須致密栓塞，不然可使癥狀惡化；可并發(fā)靜脈壁損傷，顱內(nèi)出血經(jīng)動脈NBCA/Onyx栓塞(TAE)：用于復(fù)雜DAVF不能經(jīng)過靜脈路徑栓塞時，完全栓塞率較高；可造成異位栓塞，對操作技術(shù)要求高支架植入：其支撐力可恢復(fù)靜脈竇正常引流并可封閉位于靜脈竇壁上瘺口；遠期效果待深入觀察硬腦膜動靜脈瘺的介入診斷及治療專家講座第26頁海綿竇DAVF保守放療TAE－微粒TVETAE－NBCA硬腦膜動靜脈瘺的介入診斷及治療專家講座第27頁海綿竇DAVF經(jīng)靜脈路徑是首選治愈性方法經(jīng)巖下竇入路（閉塞時亦可經(jīng)過）經(jīng)眼上靜脈入路 其它入路：巖上竇、對側(cè)海綿竇、基底靜脈叢 硬腦膜動靜脈瘺的介入診斷及治療專家講座第28頁

SpontaneousregressionofacavernoussinusDAVFT2WIimageshowsmultipleflowvoidsintheposteriorcavernoussinusLeftECAangiogramshowsacavernoussinusduralAVFwithposteriordrainageintotheinferiorandsuperiorpetrosalsinusesFollow-upMRimageshowsresolutionoftheflowvoidsL-ECA硬腦膜動靜脈瘺的介入診斷及治療專家講座第29頁LeftECAangiogramshowsacavernoussinusDAVFdrainingmainlyintotheinferior

petrosalsinusandpterygopharyngealplexusFollow-upangiogramobtained3months

latershowsthattheinferiorpetrosalsinusisoccluded,andtheduralAVF

nowdrainsintothesuperiorophthalmicveinandthesuperficialmiddlecerebralvein.Although

thepatient’ssymptomswereunchanged,occlusionof

theDAVFwasindicatedTVEofDAVFviaanoccludedinferiorpetrosalsinusL硬腦膜動靜脈瘺的介入診斷及治療專家講座第30頁SuperselectivevenogramshowsthatthetipofthemicrocatheterhasbeenintroducedintotheoutletstothesuperiorophthalmicveinLeftCCAangiogramobtainedafterTVEshowscompleteocclusionoftheDAVFTVEofDAVFviaanoccludedinferiorpetrosalsinus硬腦膜動靜脈瘺的介入診斷及治療專家講座第31頁橫竇－乙狀竇DAVF放療+TAE-微粒硬腦膜動靜脈瘺的介入診斷及治療專家講座第32頁橫竇－乙狀竇DAVFTVE（可先栓塞供血動脈）放療+TAE-微粒支架植入+TAE-微粒+放療TVE防止栓塞正常皮層靜脈引流系統(tǒng)硬腦膜動靜脈瘺的介入診斷及治療專家講座第33頁橫竇－乙狀竇DAVFTVE（可先栓塞供血動脈）支架植入受累靜脈竇及返流皮層靜脈近端必須致密栓塞，以防再通致腦出血硬腦膜動靜脈瘺的介入診斷及治療專家講座第34頁橫竇－乙狀竇DAVFTVE（手術(shù)入路、經(jīng)閉塞靜脈竇入路、經(jīng)皮層靜脈入路）TAE-NBCA手術(shù)切除（可先栓塞供血動脈）操作難度大，要求技術(shù)高硬腦膜動靜脈瘺的介入診斷及治療專家講座第35頁ThelateralleftECAangiogramshowsaDAVFofthetransversesinuswithCVRandocclusionoftheipsilateralsigmoidsinus.Atransvenousapproachviathecontralateraltransversesinusallowedselectivecatheterizationofaparallelchannel.VenographyinthisparallelchannelshowstheveinsthatweredrainingthefistulaConversionofanaggressiveDAVFtoabenign(G3)硬腦膜動靜脈瘺的介入診斷及治療專家講座第36頁ThisparallelchannelwasembolizedwithacombinationofplatinumcoilsandHydrocoilAcontrolleftECAarteriogramshowsthattheCVRwaseliminated,althoughthefistulapersistsConversionofanaggressiveDAVFtoabenign(G3)硬腦膜動靜脈瘺的介入診斷及治療專家講座第37頁ThevenousphaseofthelateralCCAangiogramsbeforeandaftertreatment,weseethatthesecorticalveinscanparticipateinthevenousdrainageofthebrainafterdisconnection難以完全治愈時，可將侵襲性DAVF轉(zhuǎn)化為良性DAVFConversionofanaggressiveDAVFtoabenign(G3)硬腦膜動靜脈瘺的介入診斷及治療專家講座第38頁EarlyarterialphaseleftCCAangiogramshowsatransverse-sigmoidsinusDAVF.LatearterialphaseleftCCAangiogramshowsthattheleftsigmoidsinusisoccludedandtheduralAVFdrainsmainlyintocorticalveinsandtheposteriorcondylarvein.SuperselectivevenogramshowsamicrocatheterthathasbeenadvancedviatheposteriorcondylarveinintotheaffectedsinusRecanalizationofatransverse-sigmoidsinusDAVFafterTVE硬腦膜動靜脈瘺的介入診斷及治療專家講座第39頁LeftCCAangiogramobtainedafterTVEshowsdisappearanceoftheAVF.CTscanobtained2monthsafterTVEshowsamassivehemorrhageinthelefttemporallobe.LeftcommoncarotidangiogramshowsrecanalizationoftheduralAVFattheretrogradecorticaldrainageoutletRecanalizationofatransverse-sigmoidsinusDAVFafterTVE可能與栓塞不致密相關(guān)硬腦膜動靜脈瘺的介入診斷及治療專家講座第40頁小腦幕DAVF只經(jīng)軟腦膜靜脈引流CognardIII/IV，Ⅴ;Borden3侵襲性DAVF，顱內(nèi)出血風險大治療難度大老年及普通情況差患者可考慮放射治療硬腦膜動靜脈瘺的介入診斷及治療專家講座第41頁TreatmentOptionsforTentorialDuralAVFs

TreatmentOption*

Results※Radiationtherapy

Completeocclusion(50%–60%)※Intervention

●TAEwithn-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate

Completeocclusion(50%–100%)

●TVE

Completeocclusion(90%–100%in

fewcasereports)※Surgery(disconnectionof

Completeocclusion(100%)

leptomeningealvenousdrainage)*SurgeryandTAEwithn-butyl-2-cyanoacrylateareequalintermsofpotentialriskandtechnicaldifficulty;theyaremorepotentiallyriskyandtechnicallydifficultthanradiationtherapyandlesssothanTVE.硬腦膜動靜脈瘺的介入診斷及治療專家講座第42頁

tentorialduralAVF

（CognardIV）LeftECAangiogramshowsatentorialduralAVF

withleptomeningeal-corticalvenousdrainageandvenousectasiaLateralradiographshowstheplanned

radiationfieldLeftCCAangiogramobtained8monthsafterradiationtherapyshowscompleteobliterationofthetentorialduralAVF硬腦膜動靜脈瘺的介入診斷及治療專家講座第43頁Male,62,presentedwithabrainstemhemorrhageTheleftICAangiogramshowsaDAVFfedbyaninferiormarginaltentorialarterydrainingintoacorticalvein.Usingatransvenousapproachcatheterizationofthevenouspouchwasfeasible.Coilsweredepositedwithinthecorticalveinandthevenouspouch

硬腦膜動靜脈瘺的介入診斷及治療專家講座第44頁上矢狀竇DAVF發(fā)生與上矢狀竇血栓形成親密相關(guān)經(jīng)靜脈路徑栓塞困難，常需經(jīng)手術(shù)入路靜脈竇栓塞或手術(shù)治療部分病例（瘺口較大）可經(jīng)動脈行靜脈竇栓塞（靜脈竇無正常靜脈引流）硬腦膜動靜脈瘺的介入診斷及治療專家講座第45頁TreatmentOptionsforSuperiorSagittalSinusDuralAVFs

TreatmentOption*

Results※RadiationtherapyUnknown※Intervention

●TAEwithparticlesCompleteocclusion(rare)

●TVECompleteocclusion(90%–100%)

●TAEwithn-butyl-2-cyanoacrylateCompleteocclusion(90%–100%)

●TransarterialsinuscatheterizationCompleteocclusion(100%incaseandcoilembolizatioreports)※Surgery(sinusisolationorresection)Completeocclusion(90%–100%)combinedwithintervention*TreatmentoptionsindecreasingorderofpotentialriskandtechnicaldifficultyareTAEwithn-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate,surgery,TVE,andradiationtherapy.硬腦膜動靜脈瘺的介入診斷及治療專家講座第46頁

SuperiorsagittalsinusduralAVFRightECAangiogramshowsaduralAVFwithcorticalrefluxandocclusionofthesuperiorsagittalsinusRightECAangiogramobtainedduringtransarterialsinusembolizationshowsamicrocatheterthathasbeenadvancedintothesuperiorsagittalsinusviatherightmiddlemeningealarteryRightECAangiogramobtainedafterembolizationshowsobliterationoftheAVF硬腦膜動靜脈瘺的介入診斷及治療專家講座第47頁前顱窩DAVF多由雙側(cè)眼動脈篩動脈供血經(jīng)軟腦膜靜脈引流CognardIII/IV;Borden3侵襲性DAVF，顱內(nèi)出血風險大外科手術(shù)相對安全，療效好硬腦膜動靜脈瘺的介入診斷及治療專家講座第48頁TreatmentOptionsforAnteriorFossaDuralAVFs

TreatmentOption*

Results※RadiationtherapyUnknown※Intervention

●TAEwithn-butyl-2-cyanoacrylateCompleteocclusion(90%–100%inafewcasereports)

●TVEwitharetrogradecorticalCompleteocclusion(90%–100%invenousapproachafewcasereports)※Surgery(disconnectionof

Completeocclusion(100%)

leptomeningealvenousdrainage)*TVEandTAEwithn-butyl-2-cyanoacrylateareequalintermsofpotentialriskandtechnicaldifficulty;theyaremorepo