基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)英語課件

Unit1HolismWord-Formationhomeo-相同，象；同一，同

(homeostasis)

hypno-

睡眠

（hypnosis/hypnotic/hypnotherapy）

psych/o

心理，精神

(psychotherapy)ovari/o-

卵巢

(ovarian)splen/o

脾

(spleen)leuk/o

白

(leukemia)lymph/o

淋巴

(lymphoma)melan/o

黑色

(melanoma)onco-

瘤，腫(oncology)anti-

抗,防止

(antioxidant)tox/o

毒，毒素(genotoxic)intra-

內(nèi)，內(nèi)部的(intravenous)crani/o

顱骨

(craniosacral)-ic

…的

(psychosomatic)-iatry

醫(yī)療術(shù)，醫(yī)治法(psychiatry)diet

飲食

(dietitian)chemo-

化學(xué)

(chemotherapy)oxy-

氧，氧化

(antioxidant)

整體醫(yī)學(xué)的發(fā)展概況

21世紀(jì)社會的發(fā)展以人為本，人的發(fā)展以健康為本。人是一個不可侵害的有機(jī)整體，人所需要的衛(wèi)生服務(wù)是整體性的服務(wù)，要提高這種服務(wù)必須樹立整體醫(yī)學(xué)觀，掌握系統(tǒng)整體的思維方式，開展生物-心理-社會醫(yī)學(xué)模式，做好以患者為中心而不是以疾病為中心的服務(wù)。BackgroundKnowledge醫(yī)學(xué)觀就是醫(yī)學(xué)工作者對醫(yī)學(xué)的本質(zhì)、構(gòu)成和目的的根本看法。整體醫(yī)學(xué)觀就是用整體觀認(rèn)識醫(yī)學(xué)的各個要素。世界上的任何事物都可以被看成是一個有一定內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)的系統(tǒng)整體，生命系統(tǒng)是按照從低級到高級的嚴(yán)格系統(tǒng)程序組成，也是從簡單的原子開始，逐漸從低級到高級發(fā)展起來的。從分子細(xì)胞組織器官系統(tǒng)軀體個人兩個人家庭社會生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。部分與整體之間存在著對立統(tǒng)一的辯證關(guān)系。整體總是由相互聯(lián)系、相互制約的各個部分構(gòu)成，沒有部分的整體和脫離整體的部分都是毫無意義的。黑格爾曾指出：“……一只手，如果從身體上割下來，按照名稱仍然可以稱為手，但按其實質(zhì)來說，已經(jīng)不是手了?！贬t(yī)學(xué)的整體觀要求把醫(yī)學(xué)看成一個有機(jī)整體，從整體上來認(rèn)識醫(yī)學(xué)的性質(zhì)、對象和目的。整體醫(yī)學(xué)從廣義上是指從總體上研究醫(yī)學(xué)的結(jié)構(gòu)及其與各分體的關(guān)系，探討各個學(xué)科的發(fā)生、發(fā)展和演變規(guī)律的科學(xué)。亦即高度綜合的人體生命科學(xué)。在狹義上，它是指從整體水平出發(fā)，將人體看作是一個具有“自穩(wěn)態(tài)”性質(zhì)的開放系統(tǒng)，研究人與自然以及人體內(nèi)部各器官間信息聯(lián)系的一門醫(yī)學(xué)學(xué)科.美國在對越南戰(zhàn)爭中陣亡士兵的尸體進(jìn)行解剖時發(fā)展，營養(yǎng)供應(yīng)全面的20歲左右的士兵，不少已患了動脈硬化。美國人開始對自己生活方式及醫(yī)療保健體系的正確性產(chǎn)生懷疑。當(dāng)醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域的矛盾也同樣在日本顯露出來時，日本人開始重新重視自己的傳統(tǒng)思想文化，很快地接受了整體的觀念。整體醫(yī)學(xué)的理論體系，現(xiàn)在尚未正式形成，但已具雛形，大致包括：(1)強(qiáng)調(diào)整體的健康觀；(2)治療的出發(fā)點是激發(fā)自然治愈力；(3)治療疾病的主角是患者自身，治療者不過是援助者；(4)把各種治療方法綜合起來加以應(yīng)用。美國整體醫(yī)學(xué)的興起，可以說是始于美國加利福尼亞州巴克萊整體健康中心的設(shè)立。此后，類似的整體健康中心很快在美國各大城市建立，在全美掀起了一個整體健康運動。1987年，全美整體醫(yī)學(xué)協(xié)會成立，美國替代醫(yī)學(xué)的絕數(shù)門類都屬于整體醫(yī)學(xué)范疇。日本整體醫(yī)學(xué)的發(fā)端晚于美國，但其發(fā)展的勢頭超過了美國。這是因為日本原有的東洋醫(yī)學(xué)的傳統(tǒng)與整體醫(yī)學(xué)的觀念十分接近，因此，整體醫(yī)學(xué)傳至日本后便很快與東洋醫(yī)學(xué)結(jié)合起來，得到迅速普及。隨著醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)的發(fā)展，傳統(tǒng)的生物醫(yī)學(xué)模式正在轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)樯?心理-社會醫(yī)學(xué)模式，要求臨床醫(yī)務(wù)人員具備的知識結(jié)構(gòu)符合這種模式要求，醫(yī)學(xué)院校完善自己的教學(xué)體系成立相應(yīng)的教研室。1979年北京大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院率先成立了醫(yī)學(xué)心理學(xué)教研室，至今幾乎所有的醫(yī)學(xué)學(xué)院已正式開設(shè)了醫(yī)學(xué)心理學(xué)的課程或講座。整體護(hù)理也在各級醫(yī)院得到深化和推廣。2002年我國創(chuàng)辦了中華全科醫(yī)生雜志，宣傳、交流、推廣整體醫(yī)學(xué)，使整體醫(yī)學(xué)得到普遍重視。整體醫(yī)學(xué)的崛起給中醫(yī)藥學(xué)國際化帶來了機(jī)遇，整體醫(yī)學(xué)與中醫(yī)藥學(xué)的關(guān)系是十分密切的。從理論體系看，整體醫(yī)學(xué)的理論與中醫(yī)藥學(xué)的學(xué)說實際上是相通的。如《黃帝內(nèi)經(jīng)》中就提出“人與天地相參”的觀點?！叭伺c天地相參”可以認(rèn)為是《黃帝內(nèi)經(jīng)》對醫(yī)學(xué)認(rèn)識的根本指導(dǎo)思想，其含義可以歸結(jié)為四個方面：一是人是自然界運動變化的產(chǎn)物；二是自然界是人類賴以生存的基本條件；三是人體與自然界有著共同規(guī)律；四是人體生理機(jī)制與病理過程受自然界的影響，所以中醫(yī)藥學(xué)與整體醫(yī)學(xué)是相通的。美國整體醫(yī)學(xué)主要表現(xiàn)替代療法的常用的十六種方法中，有5種屬中醫(yī)藥學(xué)范疇，日本整體醫(yī)學(xué)界也十分重視中醫(yī)學(xué)的各種療法。中醫(yī)、中藥、針灸、氣功、推拿被廣泛應(yīng)用于倡導(dǎo)整體醫(yī)學(xué)的醫(yī)院、診療所、療養(yǎng)院中，所以整體醫(yī)學(xué)的崛起將給中醫(yī)藥學(xué)的國際化帶來機(jī)遇。隨著整體醫(yī)學(xué)在國內(nèi)外的不斷發(fā)展，一個整體醫(yī)學(xué)理論體系即將建立，醫(yī)學(xué)研究的對象更為明確，醫(yī)學(xué)的最終目的將是鑒別疾病、治愈疾病、控制癥狀、預(yù)防疾病、幫助患者適應(yīng)癥狀和環(huán)境，盡可能恢復(fù)功能，滿足患者的需要，改善個人的生活質(zhì)量，進(jìn)而改善全體人民的生活質(zhì)量。整體醫(yī)學(xué)與中醫(yī)藥學(xué)的關(guān)系密切，整體醫(yī)學(xué)的崛起將給中醫(yī)藥學(xué)的國際化帶來機(jī)遇?，F(xiàn)在應(yīng)解放思想，實事求是，大膽開拓，使中醫(yī)藥學(xué)進(jìn)一步走向世界。GroupdiscussionWhatdoyouknowabout:1.

holism2.holisticmedicine3.holistichealthHolism(fromholos,aGreekwordmeaningall,entire,total)istheideathatallthepropertiesofagivensystem(biological,chemical,social,economic,mental,linguistic,etc.)cannotbedeterminedorexplainedbythesumofitscomponentpartsalone.Instead,thesystemasawholedeterminesinanimportantwayhowthepartsbehave.Theterm‘holism’wascoinedin1926,bytheSouthAfricanstatesmanGeneralJanChristian

Smuts.IntroductionUnderstandingtheTextPartIIntroduction(para.1-3)1.DefinitionofholisticmedicinegivenbyCanadianHolisticMedicalAssociation(para.1-2)

AmericanHolisticMedicalAssociation(AHMA)(Foundedin1978)BritishHolisticMedicalAssociation(BHMA)(Formedin1983)

optimal----adj.thebestormostfavorableordesirablee.g.Anoptimalenvironmentforhealingwellbeing/wellness----n.healthalternate/alternativeDifficultPointsAlternativeMedicine----替代醫(yī)學(xué)awiderangeoftreatmentsformedicalconditionsthatpeopleuseinsteadoforwithwesternmedicine.Itisoftenusedbythegeneralpublicandsomehealthcarepractitionerstorefertomedicaltechniqueswhicharenotknownoracceptedbythemajority"conventional"medicalpractitioners.Suchtechniquescouldincludenon-invasive,non-pharmaceuticaltechniquessuchasMedicalHerbalism,Acupunture,hypnotherapy,naturopathy

andmanyothers.However,thistermcanalsorefertoanyexperimentaldrugornon-drugtechniquethatisnotcurrentlyacceptedby"conventional"medicalpractitioners.DifficultPointstakesabroaderspectrumofmind,body,andspirit(para.3)spectrum----range,field,scope領(lǐng)域,范圍;譜;系e.g.

broad-spectrumantibiotic廣譜抗生素healer(para.3)---apersonskilledinaparticulartypeoftherapy(Synonym:therapist)PartIIOverview(para.4-5)Questions:1.Whatarethehealthylifestylehabitspromotedbyhealthprofessionals?2.Whatdoesaholisticapproachgenerallymeaninmainstreammedicine?ComplementaryMedicine補(bǔ)充醫(yī)學(xué)Anon-mainstreamhealthcareprovidedinadditionorinsteadofstandardmedicalpractice.Itisoftenusedby"conventional"medicalpractitionerstorefertonon-invasive,non-pharmaceuticaltechniquesusedasacomplementto"conventional"medicaltreatmentssuchasdrugsandsurgery.Thetermimpliesthat"conventional"medicineisusedasaprimarytoolandthenon-invasive,non-pharmaceuticaltechniquesareusedasasupplementwhenneeded.

Preventivecare

isasetofmeasurestakeninadvanceofsymptomstopreventillnessorinjury.Thistypeofcareisbestexemplifiedbyroutinephysicalexaminationsandimmunizations.Theemphasisisonpreventingillnessesbeforetheyoccur.(compare:Publichealth)healthcareprovider/healthprofessional

----Ahealthcareproviderorhealthprofessionalisanorganizationorpersonwhodeliversproperhealthcareinasystematicwayprofessionallytoanyindividualinneedofhealthcareservices.

Healthcareprofessionalsincludephysicians,physicianassistants,supportstaff,nurses,pharmacists,therapists,psychologists,veterinarians(獸醫(yī)),dentists,optometrists(配鏡師),andawidevarietyofotherindividualsregulatedand/orlicensedtoprovidesometypeofhealthcare.Amoreinclusiveapproachtoaperson’shealth

(para.5)inclusive

adj.----1)coveringawidescope;involvingmuchoreverything;2)all-around,general,comprehensive,e.g.gender-inclusive不分性別的all-inclusive包羅萬象的PartIIIPromotionofUse(para.6-7)Questions:1.Whatarethecomplementarytherapiesmentionedinpara.6?2.Whatarethedifferentkindsofcancerclaimedtobecuredbyholisticmethodsinpara.7?DifficultPointsanecdotal(para.7)---informal

(unscientific）ArttherapyHypnosisImageryMeditationPsychotherapySpiritualityandprayeryogaArtTherapy藝術(shù)療法

Othercommonnames:creativeartstherapy,

expressiveartstherapy

Arttherapyisusedtohelppeoplemanagephysicalandemotionalproblemsbyusingcreativeactivitiestoexpressemotions.Itprovidesawayforpeopletocometotermswithemotionalconflicts,increaseself-awareness,andexpressunspokenandoftenunconsciousconcernsabouttheirillnessandtheirlives."Expressiveartstherapy"or"creativeartstherapy"mayalsoincludedanceandmovement,drama,poetry,phototherapyandothers,aswellasthemoretraditionalartmethods.Hypnosis催眠療法

Othercommonnames:Hypnotherapy,Hypnotic

Suggestion,Self-Hypnosis

Hypnosisisastateofrestfulalertnessduringwhich

apersonusesdeeplyfocusedconcentration.Thepersoncanberelativelyunawareof,butnotcompletelyblindto,herorhissurroundings,andmaybemoreopentosuggestion.Itisconsideredtobeatypeofcomplementarytherapy.Imagery想象(療法)

Othercommonnames:GuidedImagery,

Visualization

Imageryinvolvesmentalexercisesdesignedtoallowthemindtoinfluencethehealthandwellbeingofthebody.Meditation冥想(療法)

Othercommonnames:mindfulnessmeditation,

transcendentalmeditation

Meditationisamind-bodyprocessthatusesconcentrationorreflectiontorelaxthebodyandcalmthemind.Ithasbeendefinedastheintentionalself-regulationofattention,amentalfocusonaparticularaspectofone'sinnerorouterexperience.OnecommonlypracticedtypeisTranscendentalMeditation,whichinvolvesrepeatingawordorphrase,eithersilentlyoraloud.Anotherismindfulnessmeditation,inwhichapersonobservessensations,perceptions,andthoughtswithoutjudgmentastheyarise.Psychotherapy心理/精神療法

Othercommonnames:Therapy,Counseling,

PsychologicalIntervention,

PsychotherapeuticTreatment

Psychotherapycoversawiderangeofapproachesdesignedtohelppeoplechangetheirwaysofthinking,feeling,orbehaving.SpiritualityandPrayer宗教/精神療法Othercommonnames:Religion,spiritualhealingSpiritualityisgenerallydescribedasanawarenessofsomethinggreaterthantheindividualself.Itisoftenexpressedthroughreligionand/orprayer,althoughtherearemanyotherpathsofspiritualpursuitandexpression.Yoga瑜珈

Othercommonname:HathaYoga

Yogaisaformofnon-aerobicexercisethatinvolvesaprogramofpreciseposture,breathingexercises,andmeditation.

Yogacanbeausefulmethodtohelprelievesomesymptomsofchronicdiseasessuchascancer,arthritis,andheartdiseaseandcanleadtoincreasedrelaxationandphysicalfitness.Availablescientificevidencedoesnotsupportyogaasaneffectivetreatmentforcanceroranyotherdisease;however,itmayenhancequalityoflife.Somecancertreatmentcentersevenofferyogainadditiontostandardmedicaltreatment.PartIVCoverage(para.8-11)Questions:1.Whatdoallpractitionersstresswhentheyarepracticingholisticmedicine?(Para.8)2.Whatdoesholisticmedicineinvolve?(Para.9-10)DifficultPointsHelicobacterpylorisupplement:補(bǔ)品

(natural/botanical/health/dietary/nutritional)syntheticinterferonhealingtouchHelicobacterPylori:幽門螺桿菌

Helicobacterpyloriisabacteriumthatinfectsthemucusliningofthehumanstomach.ManypepticulcersandsometypesofgastritisarecausedbyH.pyloriinfection,althoughmosthumanswhoareinfectedwillneverdevelopsymptoms.Thisbacteriumlivesinthehumanstomachexclusivelyandistheonlyknownorganismthatcanthriveinthathighlyacidicenvironment.Itishelix-shaped(hencethenamehelicobacter)andcanliterallyscrewitselfintothestomachliningtocolonize.(helix----螺旋線)

早在一個世紀(jì)前就有人發(fā)現(xiàn)胃內(nèi)存在一種螺旋狀

微生物，由于長期未能分離而未受到重視。

直至1983年澳大利亞佩思皇家醫(yī)院的Warren

和Marshall報道從胃內(nèi)成功地分離出“未鑒定的彎曲

狀桿菌”(unidentifiedcurvedbacilli)后,才引

起醫(yī)學(xué)界的廣泛興趣，從各方面進(jìn)行了深入的研究。

人們在研究這種細(xì)菌的生物學(xué)物性時，曾幾次對其

易名，直到1989年才正式將其命名為:幽門螺桿菌（Helicobacterpylori,Hp）interferons干擾素----small,naturalorsyntheticproteinandglycoproteincytokines(細(xì)胞素)thatareproducedbyleucocytes,T-lymphocytes,andfibroblasts(成纖維細(xì)胞)inresponsetoinfectionandotherbiologicalstimuli.Incancertreatment,theyareusedasimmunotherapyagainsttheproliferation(增生)ofcancercells.Healingtouch觸摸治療HealingTouchisarelaxing,nurturingenergytherapy.

Gentletouchassistsinbalancingyourphysical,mental,emotional,andspiritualwell-being.

HealingTouchworkswithyourenergy

fieldtosupportyournaturalabilitytoheal.

Itissafeforallagesandworksinharmonywithstandardmedicalcare.

HealingTouchisusedinawidevarietyofsettingsincludinghospitals,longtermcarefacilities,privatepractices,hospices(臨終關(guān)懷醫(yī)院),andspas(療養(yǎng)院).

JanetMentgen,RN,foundedHealingTouchin

1989asacontinuingeducationprogramfornurses,

otherhealthcareprofessionals,andlaypersons.

TodayHealingTouchhasspreadinternationallyand

istaughtinuniversities,medicalandnursingschools,

andothersettingsinternationally.Reducingstress

Calminganxiety,depression

Decreasingpain

Strengtheningtheimmunesystem

Enhancingrecoveryfromsurgery

Completingcareforneckandbackproblems

Supportingcancercare

Creatingasenseofwell-being

EasingacuteandchronicconditionsSomeofthebenefitsofhealingtouchPartVAshorthistory(para.12-13)

PartVIScientificevidence(para.14-15)

Questions:1.Whydoesscientificresearchgenerallynotfocusonholisticmedicineitselfasacureforcanceroranyotherdisease?(Para.14)2.Accordingtohealthprofessionals,whatdoesaperson’shealthdependon?(Para.15)DifficultPointscost-effective(para.14)

----adj.economicalintermsofthegoodsorservicesreceivedforthemoneyspent.成本效益高的,經(jīng)濟(jì)的,上算的,劃得來的clergy(para.15)----n.clergymen,thebodyofpeopleordainedforreligiousservice.牧師;教士PartVIIPossibleproblemsorcomplications

(para.16)

Question:Inyouropinion,whatlimitationdoes

holisticmedicinehave?OtherTermsAssociatedwithHolisticMedicineNaturopathyHomeopathy(homoeopathy)AllopathyNaturopathicmedicine(alsoknownasnaturopathy,ornaturalmedicine)isacomplementaryandalternativemedicinewhichemphasizesthebody'sintrinsicabilitytohealandmaintainitself.Naturopathsprefertousenaturalremediessuchasherbsandfoodsratherthansurgeryorsyntheticdrugs.Naturopathicpracticeincludesmanydifferentmodalities.Practitionersemphasizeaholisticapproachtopatientcare,andmayrecommend