地質(zhì)大地史學(xué)課件02沉積古地理學(xué)

第2章沉積古地理學(xué)

Sedimentarypalaeogeography2.1

概念與定律2.2相標(biāo)志2.3沉積環(huán)境/互動給你一塊標(biāo)本還我一片天地1Sed.Environments/沉積環(huán)境2Sedimentaryfacies/沉積相3Facieschangesandanalysisofsed-facies/相變和相分析4Walther’slaw/瓦爾特定律5Uniformitarianism/均變論

2.1概念與定律Conceptsandlaws31沉積環(huán)境(sedimentaryenvironments):

一個(gè)具有獨(dú)特的

物理、化學(xué)和生物特征及其組合的自然地理單元2沉積相(Sedimentaryfacies)——反映沉積記錄成因（環(huán)境和條件）

的原生巖石和生物特征的綜合。即原生沉積記錄成因的物質(zhì)表現(xiàn)記錄:生物相/biofacies;遺跡相/ichnofacies;巖相/lithofacies,petrofacies成因:環(huán)境相(environmentalfacies);作用相/processingfacies

4CarbonatefaciesShalefaciesSandstonefaciesShale&coalfacies3a相變——地層的巖石特征和生物特征及其所反映的沉積環(huán)境和沉積作用在空間（橫向）上的變化Facieschanges5Facieschanges?Faciessequence3b相分析(faciesanalysis)——根據(jù)地層的原生巖石特征和生物特征，推斷地層的成因Subaerial,mostlikelysemi-aridenvironmentMudcracks+RaindropsDeduction/演繹Induction/歸納相分析3要素:材料;方法;原理●時(shí)間上的相隨反映空間上的并列●指導(dǎo)和檢驗(yàn)相分析工作(剖面上+平面上)4瓦爾特定律/相對比原理(JWalther,1894):只有那些目前可以觀察到是相互毗鄰的相和相區(qū)，才能原生地重疊在一起Walther’slaworlawoffaciescorrelation:

Onlythosefaciesandfacies-areascanbesuperimposedprimarilywhichcanbeobservedbesideeachotheratthepresenttime(translatedbyMiddleton,1973);inotherwords,

faciesoccurringinaconformableverticalsequenceofstratawereformedinlaterallyadjacentenvironments.

●整合/Stratigraphicalconformities

●

漸變/Gradualtransgression/regression沖積

5Uniformitarianism“Thepasthistoryofourglobemustbeexplainedbywhatcanbeseentobehappeningnow”(JamesHutton).ItwasnamedUniformitarianism

byCharlesLyell(1830;Hutton,1795)類比分析Uniformitarianism-1?將今論古Brachiopods

（Productida,O3-P)現(xiàn)代腕足動物，各種水深均能生存(0-6000m+),但以深水為主;古生代腕足類大多數(shù)生活在鹽度正常的淺海環(huán)境中，但中生代以來發(fā)現(xiàn)它們與某些深水類別共生Uniformitarianism-2?Uniformitarianism-3？MarsSedimentation

ontheMars將地論天Uniformitarianism-4?DeepbiosphereNature,2011,476:176-180Uniformitarianism

類比分析

Thepresentisthekeytothepast將今論古將古論今將古論古將今論未來將天論地將地論天將表層論深部將深部論表層跨時(shí)間域?or!跨空間域?or!TheearthisthekeytothecelestialbodiesWhatareyourcomments?第2章沉積古地理學(xué)

Sedimentarypalaeogeography2.1

概念與定律2.2相標(biāo)志2.3沉積環(huán)境/互動給你一塊標(biāo)本還我一片天地2.2相標(biāo)志/Sed.faciesindicators相標(biāo)志:

反映地層形成環(huán)境的原生沉積特征Sed.Faciesindicators:

theprimarybiologic,physic&chemiccharacteristicsandtheircombinationswhichindicatesedimentaryenvironmentsandconditions海相/陸相;深水/淺水干旱/潮濕;溫暖/寒冷氧化/還原;高能/低能環(huán)境特征意義生物標(biāo)志/Biogenicindicators

stenohaline:corals,brachiopods,cephalopods,bryozoanstypes(nautilus,ammonite)

euryhaline:bivalves,gastropods,cyanobacteriaassociations：bivalves+plants;corals+brachiopods+cephalopodsabundancebodyfossilsdiversitypostures&ornaments：thin&thick,unornamented&ornamentedinsitu:coralreef,spongereef,stromatolitereefpreservationheterochthonous：fossilsineventlayershoststrataindicatorfacies：Chondrites,Paleodictyontypestransgressivefacies:Planolites,Gordiaassociations:Skolithosfacies,Cruzianafacies

tracefossilsabundance&diversityposture&ornamentcrosscuttingrelationshipstierings:shallow,middle,deep

海相/陸相深水/淺水干旱/潮濕溫暖/寒冷氧化/還原高能/低能棕櫚樹（Palms）紅樹林（Mangroves）鱷魚（Crocodilians）生物礁(organicreef)煤/煤線(coal):潮濕Bodyfossils原地∕異地埋藏？brackishHyperhalineModerndistributionofmajorfossilizableinvertebrateandalgaeinrelationtosalinity.AfterHeckel(1972)海相/陸相urchinforaminiferModerndistributionofmajorfossilizableinvertebrateandalgaeinrelationtodepthofsea.AfterHeckel(1972)gastropodbrachiopodcrinoidbryozoan深水/淺水Sponge-reef，O1,Ibex,Utah,USAModernbryozoansreefStromatopora,D3,GuizhouReefsLagerst?tte:ammonite,trilobites,dinosaur,Eurypterus,fish,plant,Kueichousaurus

huiYang,

Nautilus菊石文飾與保存Diatomite(Shaleofdiatomaceousearth),Miocene.硅藻土頁巖，N2,山旺,山東

Kueichousaurus

huiYang,LateTriassic.貴州龍，晚三疊世早期，與菊石、海百合和牙形石共生文飾與保存Conglomeratewithplants,radiolarian,crinoids;D3k,E.Junggar

Tuffitewithplantsandradiolarian;D3h,W.Junggar

文飾組合與保存Sulfate-reducingbacteriaDiatom,2microns,laketoseaburrowstrails●概念●分類●科學(xué)價(jià)值遺跡化石:

地史時(shí)期生命活動留下的遺跡和遺物Atracefossilisamorphologicallyrecurrentstructureresultingfromthelifeactivityofanindividualorganism(orhomotypic/同類的生物)modifyingthesubstrate(Bertlingetal.,2006)遺跡化石TracefossilsCoprolite,250MaStoneaxes,1Ma;IndiaeggswoodgroundhardgroundStromatolites10Imprint:atoolmark.Deadbodyofastarfishisthetool

BeachoftheSapeloIsland,Georgia分類/Classificationsoftracefossils保存分類Preservationalclassification習(xí)性分類Ethologicalclassification

形態(tài)分類Morphologicalclassification

Preservationalclassifications全浮雕半浮雕外生跡表生跡內(nèi)生跡底生跡EthologicClassification習(xí)性分類Resting-cubichnia;crawling-repichnia;grazing-pascichnia;Feeding-fodinichnia;dwelling-domichnia;traps&gardening-agrichnia;predation-praedichnia;equilibrium-equilibrichnia;escaping-fugichniaMorphologicclassificationEuclideangeometric

terms：length,diameter,height,curve,angleetc.Topologicterms:

dimension,connectedcomponent,branchnumber,division-point,nondivision-point,point’sindex,closedandboundedsurfaces,Eular’scharacteretc.Yi-MingGong,Yuan-LanSi.2002.Classificationandevolutionofmetazoantracesatatopologicallevel.Lethaia,35(3):263-274黃定華，龔一鳴.1998.遺跡化石的形態(tài)-結(jié)構(gòu)分析與拓?fù)浞诸?中國科學(xué)·D輯,28(1):60-66.GeneralformYangziichnusZoophycosCosmorhapheChondrites鑒定DetailsoftheorganictracesOphiomorpha

nodosaSpongeliomorpha

ibericaThalassinoides

suevicusSkolithos,Taenidiumserpentinum,AncorichnusancorichnusSignificantprompts

遺跡化石的鑒定和分類應(yīng)建立在標(biāo)本好而且多的基礎(chǔ)上，并應(yīng)從不同切面上仔細(xì)觀測上述多方面的特征命名/Nomenclature兩級分類單位：遺跡屬(ichnogenus→ichnogen./igen.)

遺跡種(ichnospecies→ichnosp./isp.)命名：林奈的binominalnomenclature

如屬名:Scoyenia

gracilisWhite,1929（屬的模式種）

Quebeeichnus

Hofman,1972（未指定）代表遺跡屬的詞尾：-craterion,-ichnus,-ichnites,-ichnium科學(xué)價(jià)值/Tracefossils’values●重塑古環(huán)境/Reconstructingpalaeo-environments●生物環(huán)境間的相互作用/Interactionbetweenorganisms&environ●探索生命的起源和演化/Probingoriginandevolutionoflife●地層劃分對比/Stratigraphicdivisionandcorrelation●仿生學(xué)意義/Bionics’values●從學(xué)生到偵探/Fromichno-studenttooutstandingdetectiveReconstructingpaleoenvironments據(jù)曹斌,2007石針跡遺跡相

二葉石遺跡相

動藻跡遺跡相

砂蠶跡遺跡相柳江人山頂洞人周口店直立人湯山直立人人類軀體與文化的進(jìn)化據(jù)鄧濤，2005Bionics/仿生學(xué)意義（精確-精細(xì)-精準(zhǔn)）

Howtolive&workDactyloidites智力游戲你有多少方式生成該圖案

智者≥3種能者2種

庸者0種平者1種

復(fù)雜回路型

樹型

5

放射型

簡單回路型

螺旋型

Ichno-studentsDetectives8thInternationalIchnofabricWorkshop,NewZealand,Feb.17-24,20052.2相標(biāo)志/Sed.faciesindicators相標(biāo)志:

反映地層成因的原生沉積特征Sed.Faciesindicators:

theprimarybiologic,physic&chemiccharacteristicsandtheircombinationswhichindicatesedimentaryenvironmentsandconditions海相/陸相;深水/淺水干旱/潮濕;溫暖/寒冷氧化/還原;高能/低能環(huán)境特征意義生物標(biāo)志/Biogenicindicators

stenohaline:corals,brachiopods,cephalopods,bryozoanstypes(nautilus,ammonite)

euryhaline:bivalves,gastropods,cyanobacteriaassociations：bivalves+plants;corals+brachiopods+cephalopodsabundancebodyfossilsdiversitypostures&ornaments：thin&thick,unornamented&ornamentedinsitu:coralreef,spongereef,stromatolitereefpreservationheterochthonous：fossilsineventlayershoststrataindicatorfacies：Ch