農(nóng)業(yè)資源與環(huán)境專業(yè)

第八章農(nóng)業(yè)資源利用與糧食安全第八章教學(xué)目的弄清糧食安全的基本涵義與保障措施了解糧食安全與農(nóng)業(yè)資源利用的關(guān)系熟悉農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)建設(shè)與糧食安全的關(guān)系Section1ThegreatstrategicsignificanceforensuringournationalfoodsafetyFoodsafetyFoodquantitysafetyFoodqualitysafetySafetyoffoodsustainableproductioncapability——Thebasalstandardoffoodquantitysafety——Thesafetystandardsoffoodwithouttoxicandhazardousmaterials,orthepoisonoussubstancescontentdosenotexceedspecifiedstandards——indicatingfoodproductiveresource,environmentalandecologicalsafety，i.e.ensuringfoodsafetyofqualityandquantity,thereoughttobecorrespondingresource,environmentalandecologicalsafetyasguarantee(Extensivemeanings)（Extensivemeanings）(Narrowmeanings)一、Summarizationoffoodsafety二、Theimportantsignificanceforensuringournationalfoodsafety1.Livingsignificance—Enhancinglife-qualityEdiblesafety,Nutrition,Highqualityfood，guaranteepeople'slifesafetyandlife-quality2.Economicsignificance—enhancingeconomicincomeMaintainingfoodsafetyandupgradingfoodqualityareofgreatadvantagetopromoteinternationalexporttrade，enhanceeconomicreturnsofstate,enterprisesandfarmers.3.Ecologicalsignificance—ImprovingecologicalenvironmentFirstly,makingeveryefforttoreducetheapplicationofchemicalfertilizer,pesticide,herbicidetofarmland,which.cannotonlyreduceagriculturalproductspollution，butalsodecreaseatmosphere,waterandsoilpollution,andplaygreatimportanceinprotectbiodiversity;Secondly,practisingcleanerproductioninallstepsandnon-productionforpre-production—duringproduction—postproduction,goingtotheway“CyclicEconomy”；Thirdly，protectingecologicalenvironment,namelyprotectthecapabilityoffoodsustainableproduction.4.Socialeffect—maintainingsocialstability“Foodbegodtothepeople，safetytakepriorityoffood”.“Wellfed,wellbred”（foodquantitysafety）、“bewellfed”（foodqualitysafety）and“eatinghealthy”（safetyofthecapabilityofsustainableproduction），peoplecanliveandworkinpeaceandcontentment，settledowntoproduce.societycanbesafety,stabilization.theworldcanbepeacefulandtranquility.5.Politicalsignificance—nation’longperiodstabilityInternationalaspect:ournationisadevelopingagriculturalgreatPower.ensuringfoodquantitysafetyisthepoliticalneedsofdefendingstatesovereigntyandsafety,insteadingofanothercountry'scontrolintheinternational.Domesticaspect：onlyfoodquantity,foodqualityandthecapabilityofsustainableproductionallhave"safetycontrol"，itwillbeinfavoroflongperiodstabilityofournation.Section2

Chinesefoodsafety

confrontedwithausteritychallengeFoodquantityinsufficient，qualificationratenothigh；Residuehighleveloftoxicandhazardousmaterialsinfood，manyfoodpoisoningincidents;Resource,ecological,environmentalproblemsarehighlight，thecapabilityoffoodsustainableproductionconfrontedwithpotentialthreat.lawandregulationsoffoodsafetyimperfect,theirexecutingandsupervisionforceinadequatly.Ournationalfoodsafetyfacingmainproblems1.FoodquantityinsufficientOnthewhole，sincethePeople'sRepublicofChinafoundedfor58yr，dresswarmlyandearone'sfillproblemofpeopleofthewholecountryhavesolvedbasically，foodquantityisnolongertheprincipalproblem,butwemusthaveanoticeof:（1）Bigdifference——Comparedwithdevelopedcountry；（2）Slowincreasing——Ourcountry’pergrainleveldidnotincreasefor18years,haddecreasedtothelowestvaluein2003；（3）Manydifficulties——Conflictsincreasingapparently,includingbetweenhumanandland,humanandfood.2.QualificationratenothighOurcountry’foodsanitationaveragequalificationratewas61.5％

in1982，reachedto88.6％

in2001，thisisagreatprogressbyhimself；Butcomparedtointernationallevels,stillexistingmanyproblems。In2000,ourcountry’agriculturalministryreportedthatexceedstandardrateofpesticideresiduein130vegetablesand10187fruitssampleswas19％

inchina;In2001,twosampledresultsofqualityinspectgeneralburearshowedthatpesticideresiduequalificationrateonlywere72.％

and64.5％，especiallyorganicphosphoruspesticideresidueproblem.3.Residueleveloftoxicandhazardousmaterialsinfoodhigh4.Appearingmanyfoodpoisoningincidents,badlyendangersocialstabilityFoodpoisoningincidentshaveincreasedinourcountryfornearlymanyyears,whichbadlydamagedpeople’lifeandwealth——Accordingtopublicationdataofhealthministryfrom1998

to2004，existing1896foodpoisoningincidents，73534

poisoningpersons，1254deathtoll，amountedto271

incidentsperyear，10505poisoningpersons，179deathtoll

，producingbadlysequel.Table1?YearsPoisoningincidentspoisoningpersonsDeathtoll19985558388819999749991032000150627315020017062219318420021287126138200337912876323200438114229268Total1896735341254Average27110505179Table1.Foodpoisoningincidents(1998～2004)Verystandingoutresource,ecological,environmentalproblems

havethreatenfoodsustainableproductioncapabilityinourcountry.

PlowlandacutelydecreasingWaterandsoillossseverityBiodiversitydecreasingEnvironmentalpollutionprickingupNaturalcalamityFrequencyhigh5.Resource,ecological,environmentalproblemsarehighlight，thecapabilityoffoodsustainableproductionconfrontedwithpotentialthreatPlowlandresourceacutelydecreasingAtpresent，plowlandamountsinourcountryisnotenough.In2004percapitaplowlandwasonly0.095hm2。Ourcountrydecreased4.6667millionhm2goodplowlandareain10years,whichlostover400milliontons

grains，accountedfor10％

oftotalfoodproduction.WaterandsoillossseverityChinaisoneofthemostbadcountriesinwaterandsoilloss.Now，waterandsoillossareasreachto3.67

millionhm2inchna，accountfor38.2％oftotalcountry,andincreaseatthe10000hm2speedrateperyear.Theseverityofwaterandsoillossmakechinaloss50hundredmilliontonssurfacesoils,bringoutlotsofN、P、Knutritionelements.EnvironmentalpollutionprickingupAirpollution水質(zhì)污染Airpollutionandacidrainstimulatinglytookplaceinmanyprovinceandcity.Chinaisthethirdacidrainareaintheworld.Therewere14badlypollutedriversand54

pollutedriversin78mainriversinchina.Atpresent,plowlandareaspollutedbyCd、As、Cr、Pbetcheavymetalelementsreach20million

hm2，accountfor20%oftotalcultivatedlands。waterpollutionSoilpollutionBiodiversitydecreasing4000～5000advancedplantspeciesaccountedfor15％～20％oftotalplantspeciesareinseveredanger.Itwasreportedthat354wildplantsand258wildanimalswereextinctstatus.740worldendangeredspeciesin《ConventiononInternationalTradeinEndangeredSpeciesofWildFloraandFauna》waslisted，189

speciesbelongtoourcountry’sandaccountfor25%ofit。NaturalcalamityFrequencyhighChinaisthebestseriouscountryfornaturalcalamity.Naturalcalamitydirectlyorindirectlyproducedisadvantageeffecttofoodsustainableproductionability.In2004

naturalcalamitymade2250personsdeathinchina，1.55millionhouses

brokedown

，3.71million

hm2farmplantwashitbyaanaturalcalamity，4.36million

hm2farmplantsno-harvest，whichdirectlyproduce16.023billionyuan

damage

innationaleconomy.6.筐Law乒an守dr清egu盒l(wèi)at識ion份so茶ff絡(luò)ood洲sa同fet獵yi尊mpe噸rfe抵ct,腔th藏eir弱ex貢ecu銀tin達(dá)ga謝nd疫sup胳erv殺isi投on蛇for我ce簽ina怖deq雁uat霧lyAs畫eri汗es精of白law筋an允dr答egu愉lat維ion窩so端ff匆ood王sa陣fet輕yw父ere鋤es瘋tab赴l(fā)is聲hed勒an壟dc電ome哄on占,f程or漁ins謊tan搬ce個《Fo貿(mào)od礎(chǔ)San剖ita閃tio敏nL更aw》、《Ma浸nag慘eM可eth謊ods飽of肢Fo約od船Poi協(xié)son熟ing照In洪cid迎ent吼s》e蟲tc，but甜whic密hca閃nno烘tsu片itab故lef挨orn家ewc定entu賢rya雕ndn恢ewp銅osit黨ion幅devo裂lopm伴ent.Att押hes趨ame堆time酸,be企caus嬸eof斥lac槳king件of趴exec秩ute潛the槳law破forc謹(jǐn)esm犬a(chǎn)ny謙law孩and患regu玩lati獄ons堵don檔ote等xert追the慕iri會mpor異tant然rol扇es.Sec哥tio誤n3Rel怠ati召ons趟hip隨be遵twe挨en閘eco薄log醬ica柴la支gri斥cul鋼tur洪ea落nd毛foo壟ds四afe動ty一、Inc章rea化se船pro潔duc撤tio夢nr遮ole件of遣ec浮olo撤gic蔥al股agr覆icu嚷ltu玻reCharacteristicsofecologicalagriculture——(“3”high)IncreaseproductionIncreaseincomeIncreaseeffectGreencoveringrateLightenergyuserateResourcetransferrate(“3”increase)Rolesofecologicalagriculture——Eco襲log低ica燥la字gri隊cut煉ure隨is值on折eo芬fm挖ain耗di鞠rec夢tio匆ns煩and亭mo間del漁si北no灘ur怪new秘ce徹ntu陪ry，whic熟hha型sve院ryi蝕mpor鑄tant秤and叉uns光ubst斜itut符ero男l(wèi)es侮tos用olve丙“fo貢odq牲uant愁ity壺safe拆typ德robl窯em”終inc液hina蔥.常規(guī)農(nóng)業(yè)模式生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)模式現(xiàn)代高效生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)模式productionIncrease8％～12％Increaserangereachover25％RoutineagriculturemodelEcologicalagriculturemodelModernhigheffectagriculturemodel二、Incr區(qū)ease弦inc浩ome腔role寇of仁ecol擦ogic起ala爆gric軍ultu嶺reCur容ren角tly，“Agr苦icu爛ltu銜re,怕fa言rme浩r,膽cou蛙ntr匹y”伯pro蹈ble儉ms堪are勢qu禍ite擁ap靈par僅ent傅.Foc蛛us氧the晝me合:—i繼ncr旗eas別ing弟in棉com粉eo燈ff市arm礙erDev敏elo頁pin縱ge槽col鳳ogi皆cal訊ag知ric漁ult厘ureFar鉛mp合rod脫uce環(huán)sp慌eci脫esFarm壘pro拘duce倍qua嫁lityPro羽duc粘tio位nc側(cè)ostSou沉nd雄use釘ag霧ric支ult湖ura家lr讀eso蹤蝶urc可es，espe栗cial肯lya腿llk飲inds枕of愈wast張esIncr初easi轉(zhuǎn)ngf啄arme失rin塑comeMano咱euvr占efa期rmer政’pro歡duct乒ion棟enth則usia叔smKeep瓣ing律grai青nan幸dfo雨ods召afet工yIncr昂easi乏ngi尾ncom溜ero才les乞ofe侵colo陜gica勿lag壘ricu殃ltur供eas大the鴨bel等owt落woa旗spec鼠ts：Ecol饅ogic速ala撕gric嗎ultu非red被ecre妻ased斜mat優(yōu)eria久lsa直ndm猴anpo師wer歌devo離tion賭;Ecol紫ogic贏ala內(nèi)gric泊ultu端rei撞ncre饒ased錦ma碌teri咸als飽outp預(yù)ut;Popu凡lari矛zing堪eco幕logi文cal蘿agri您cult儲ure附patt攪erns，comm鐘only至inc煎reas侮epr攤oduc奔tion途abo箏ut10％～20％more凳tha蘆nth滲ato比ftr拖adit插iona鋸lpl濕ant氣patt壺ern.三、Envi邀ronm橡enta友lpr灣otec炕tion撇rol物eof借eco猶logi跪cal舊agri撇cult滑ureFir底stl劫y，dev榆elo命pin隆ge橡col縮慧ogi勿cal虎ag屬ric妙ult堤ure問an車dp趟opu避lar通izi顧ng惡eco獻(xiàn)log束ica聞la堵gri培cul同tur孩al掏tec鍵hni脊que揀sa滑re掙to均far窗the殘st鈴dec繁rea妻se壘“wa湖ste銳s”e穗mis才sio費(fèi)na酸nd釀rea視liz補(bǔ)ew皇ast租es左dec壞rem狀ent侮;Sec窄ond澤ly，dev燈elo孝pin授ge充col努ogi誼cal屋ag唇ric瞇ult勤ure計an寬dp坊opu泊lar很izi薦ng疲eco島log涂ica矛la先gri放cul匯tur床al萌tec去hni宅que問sa舌re季to洲far想the救st疾reu駐se差and矩re輪cyc邁le跑“wa概ste厲s”,啦an歲dr女eal攻ize柱“w磨ast間es精do鳳not怠wa驕ste蔑,r委eso棚urc孕er淚ege看ner殲ati咱on”牧,r毒eal柜ly擁rea農(nóng)liz箱ew框ast器e“cle磨aner院pro困duct精ion”.四、High岡qua嶄lity悲and廉saf巧ety輸ofe辨colo欄gica惑lag究ricu巧ltur柜eDev垂elo降pin級ge夸col敬ogi批cal卻ag鳳ric質(zhì)ult澡ureGre鎖en飽and走or剖gan得ic洋foo才dw竄ith蘆no詳-pu感bli蓄ch她armEcologicalrestorationtechniquesEcologicalplantingtechniquesEcologicalbreedtechniquesEcologicalprocesstechniquesEcologicaldecreasingCalamitytechniques“Cleanerproductiontechniques”PopularizingApplicationFinalfruits五、Spre及adin注gec涂olog擠ical偉agr顧icul袖ture狀pat葛tern曲and支tec福hniq良ues,甚bei她ngt競hem沖ost健effe坊ctiv盜eme挪asur岸eso儉ffo散ods辟afet覺yEcol跳ogic恰ala筆gric腳ultu貌reh躁asi浮ncre改asin同gpr鍵oduc士tin,混incr厲easi圈ngi圣ncom拒e,i護(hù)ncre直asin葡gef泛fect泉,an攤den燈viro佳nmen臥tal掙prot棋ecti盈onf巷unct敬ions棕.Eco摸log悅ica烈la房誠gri聰cul塘tur必ec碎an賠pro叼duc壟et紅he綁saf花ety魔an穴dh希igh溪qu鑼ali幸ty勒fo智od，whi土ch斤is般one陜of感t打he碑mos遞te誤ffe鎮(zhèn)cti絹ve啊mea刑sur省es墓in鄙foo男ds皇afe醒ty;Ecol旁ogic每ala沫gric顆ultu固rep凈atte雨rna淘ndt央echn選ique爬ssh慕ould鋤vig游orou迷sly余spre易adi個nch奪ina.Sect繭ion吸4Vigo爪rous妹lyd象evel熊opin音gec撥olog有ical嘴agr蓬icul顏ture饅to咬gua命rant假eef纏ood繪safe迎ty一、Str煩eng萍the本nt降he俊und第ers擾tan沈do浮fe喜col宮ogi縣cal歌ag們ric錄ult辰ureAtp待rese歇nt,脅lead愉era皮ndm鐮ass沒fro梨mal委lle宴vels姓kno收wto央som友eex戚tend擺the案imp物orta購nce肝ofe騾colo抹gica負(fù)lag陪ricu架ltur蜘e，but緒we標(biāo)mu揀st披fur圓the書rd奪eve奧lop貨ec營o-a暮gri布cul而tur染e,恐and敘st辦ren冊gth閱en哀pro滑pag墳and嗚ize死wo胃rk.二、Vigo駁rous駕lyp部opul氧ariz川ing海ecol紅ogic道ala簡gric良ultu遷rek插nowl園edgeFul傘ly封pop療ula嫌riz牲ing竹ec深olo稿gic座al斬agr顧icu疏ltu揀re幣kno錘wle譜dge，enh運(yùn)anc壺ing凡le創(chuàng)ade葛r’s熄sc克ien怒ce暈and漲te賣chn姑olo竹gy渴and怨cu綱ltu筍re伐qua牲lit吹y，impl粱emen趣ting飾“gr榆eed碑cert勝ific戰(zhàn)ate”撕syst匯em.三、Ent臉ire擁ly萍app禿lyi授ng雪and旋sp值rea蜂de丸co-女a(chǎn)gr蛾icu謝ltu速re的tec若hni芝que裳sSol斥id沙agr或icu貴ltu欲ral愿te飼chn扣iqu牛es鄭wit暴hh抖igh洞ef皆fec厲t；Inte拜grat吩ing汁use恨tech奴niqu兆eso處ffi逃reda置mp；Ecol吉ogic輔al方agri賢cult君ure腎mode其lsa動ndt偵echn育ique尊swi樹th“回quat購erni謊ty；Dive亡rsif擁icat吳ion趟ofc耕ulti昏vati擇ont授echn工ique幼s；Inte桶grat擔(dān)edm浪anag濤ing鏡and漆cont拜roll占ing上tech菠niqu毯eso劈燕fdr猜aina在gea尺rea；Rege滿nera暈tion蝦tec撿hniq非ues鴿ofa礙gric竟ultu村ral甩wast拿esa喝ndr湯enov激atin北gte壤chni境ques童of亦poll結(jié)uted貼env洲iron研ment；Etc畢.Ino錦rder巨to幻玉deve頃lop擴(kuò)ecol辭ogic莊ala援gric叫ultu虜re，wem重ust溝thin蹈khi著ghly溉of拜demo宮nstr辦atio頁nan慌dpo旨pula浙rize累eco覆-agr派icul味ture的tec誘hniq階ues:四、Insp正ecti康nga宣ndc湯ontr絡(luò)olin穗gth領(lǐng)ewh倡ole稈proc爬ess蔬ofa脈gric產(ch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