2017年上外杯-初賽英語試題

2017年“上外杯”上海市高中英語競賽初賽試題考生注意：一、本卷共11頁、75小題，滿分100分。答卷時間90分鐘。二、本卷所有題目均為選擇題，請將所選答案用2B鉛筆點涂在答題卡上。I.Vocabulary（12分）Directions:（Completethefollowingpassagebyusingthewordsorphrasesinthebox.Eachwordorphrasecanonlybeusedonce.Notethatthereisonewordorphrasemorethanyouneed.）A.needexplanationB.abandonedC.managedtomakeD.pilotairplanesE.withoutchewingF.insteadG.experimentonH.asamatteroffactI.digestinganelephantJ.exhaustingforchildrenK.putmyselfonhislevelL.inthecourseofmylifeOncewhenIwassixyearsoldIsawamagnificentpictureinabookaboutajungle,calledTrueStories.Itshowedaboaconstrictorswallowingawildbeast.Inthebookitsaid:"Boaconstrictorsswallowtheirpreywhole,___1___.Afterwardtheyarenolongerabletomove,andtheysleepduringthesixmonthsoftheirdigestion."InthosedaysIthoughtalotaboutjungleadventure,andeventually___2___myfirstdrawing,usingacoloredpencil.MyDrawingNumberOne.Ishowedthegrown-upsmymasterpiece,andIaskedthemifthedrawingscaredthem.Theyanswered:"Whybescaredbyahat?"Mydrawingwasnotapictureofahat.Itwasapictureofaboaconstrictor____3____.ThenIdrewtheinsideoftheboaconstrictor,sothatthegrown-upscouldunderstand.Theyalways___4___.Thegrown-upsadvisedmetoputawaymydrawingsofboaconstrictors,theinsideortheoutside,andapplymyself___5___togeography,history,arithmeticandgrammar.Thatiswhy,I___6___,attheageofsix,amagnificentcareerasanartist.IhadbeendiscouragedbythefailureofmyDrawingNumberOneandmyDrawingNumberTwo.Grown-upsneverunderstandanythingbythemselves,anditis___7___toprovideexplanationoverandoveragain.SothenIhadtochooseanothercareer,andlearnedto____8____.Ihaveflownalmosteverywhereintheworld.And___9___,geographyhasbeenabighelptome.IcantellChinafromArizonaatfirstglance,whichisveryusefulifyougetlostduringthenight.SoIhavehad,______10______,lotsofencounterswithlotsofseriouspeople.Ihavespentlotsoftimewithgrown-ups.Ihaveseenthematcloserange…whichhasn’tmuchimprovedmyopinionofthem.WheneverIencounteredagrown-upwhoseemedtomeatallenlightened,Iwould______11______himwithmyDrawingNumberOne,whichIhavealwayskept.Iwantedtoseeifhereallyunderstoodanything.Buthewouldalwaysanswer,"Thatisahat."ThenIwouldn’ttalkaboutboaconstrictorsorjunglesorstars.Iwould______12______.Iwouldtalkaboutbridgeandgolfandpoliticsandneckties.Andthegrown-upwasgladtoknowsuchareasonableperson.【答案】1.E2.C3.I4.A5.F6.B7.J8.D9.H10.L11.G12.K【解析】【分析】這是一篇記敘文。文章講述了作者的兩幅畫一直都得不到人們的真正理解，他感到非常困惑。希望能遇到一個真正理解自己的人，但希望總是落空?！?題詳解】考查短語。句意：大蟒蛇不咀嚼就把獵物整個吞下。根據(jù)上文swallowtheirpreywhole(把獵物整個吞下)可知此處用withoutchewing(不咀嚼)符合語境，故選E?！?題詳解】考查短語。句意：在那些日子里，我想了很多關(guān)于叢林探險的事，最后用彩色鉛筆畫出了我的第一幅畫。根據(jù)空后的myfirstdrawing,usingacoloredpencil(用彩色鉛筆，我的第一幅畫)可知是用managedtomake(完成了)作句中的謂語，故選C?！?題詳解】考查短語。句意：這是一張大蟒蛇在消化大象的照片。根據(jù)第一段的Itshowedaboaconstrictorswallowingawildbeast.(它顯示了一條蟒蛇吞下一頭野獸。)可知此處用digestinganelephant說明“在消化一頭大象”，符合語境，故選I?！?題詳解】考查短語。句意：他們總是需要解釋。根據(jù)上文ThenIdrewtheinsideoftheboaconstrictor,sothatthegrown-upscouldunderstand.(然后我畫了大蟒蛇的內(nèi)部，這樣大人們就可以理解了。)可知此處用needexplanation表示大人們總是“需要解釋”，故選A?！?題詳解】考查副詞。句意：大人們建議我把畫大蟒蛇的畫收起來，不管是里面的還是外面的，把自己的注意力放在地理、歷史、算術(shù)和語法上。根據(jù)上文Thegrown-upsadvisedmetoputawaymydrawingsofboaconstrictors及下文togeography,history,arithmeticandgrammar可知大人們建議我把畫大蟒蛇的畫收起來，取而代之的是，把自己的注意力放在地理、歷史、算術(shù)和語法上。此處用副詞instead表示“取而代之的是”，故選F?！?題詳解】考查動詞。句意：這就是為什么，我在六歲時放棄了作為一名藝術(shù)家的輝煌事業(yè)。根據(jù)上文Thegrown-upsadvisedmetoputawaymydrawingsofboaconstrictors可知大人們建議我把畫大蟒蛇的畫收起來，因此我“放棄”（abandoned）了成為藝術(shù)家，此處用動詞abandoned(放棄)作謂語，符合語境，故選B?！?題詳解】考查短語。句意：成年人永遠不會自己理解任何事情，孩子們一遍又一遍地解釋是令人筋疲力盡的。itis+adj.+forsb.todosth.為固定搭配，意為“對于某人來說做某事是怎么樣的”，因此此處選擇exhaustingforchildren來表示對于孩子們來說，一遍又一遍地解釋是令人筋疲力盡的。故選J?！?題詳解】考查短語。句意：所以我不得不另謀職業(yè)，學(xué)會了駕駛飛機。根據(jù)下一句Ihaveflownalmosteverywhereintheworld.可知我?guī)缀躏w遍了世界各地，因此我選擇的是“開飛機”的職業(yè)。pilotairplanes意為“駕駛飛機”，故選D?！?題詳解】考查固定短語。句意：事實上，地理對我?guī)椭艽?。根?jù)空后的geographyhasbeenabighelptome(地理對我?guī)椭艽?可知此處用asamatteroffact表示“事實上”，符合語境，故選H。【10題詳解】考查短語。句意：所以，在我的一生中，我和很多嚴肅的人有過很多的接觸。根據(jù)上下文Ihavehadlotsofencounterswithlotsofseriouspeople.可知我和很多嚴肅的人有過很多的接觸。inthecourseofmylife表示“在我的一生中”，符合語境，故選L?！?1題詳解】考查短語。句意：每當(dāng)我遇到一個在我看來很開明的成年人，我都會用我一直保存的第一幅畫在他身上做實驗。experimentonsb.為固定搭配，意為“在某人身上做實驗”，符合語境，故選G。【12題詳解】考查短語。句意：我會把我自己放在他的水平上。根據(jù)下文Iwouldtalkaboutbridgeandgolfandpoliticsandneckties.Andthegrown-upwasgladtoknowsuchareasonableperson.(我會談?wù)摌蚺啤⒏郀柗?、政治和領(lǐng)帶。大人很高興認識這樣一個通情達理的人。)可知我把自己放在他的水平上，putmyselfonhislevel意為“把我自己放在他的水平上”，符合語境，故選K。II.Grammar（8分）Directions:Completethefollowingpassagebyusingthewordsinthebox.Eachwordcanonlybeusedonce.A.thenB.whileC.asD.downE.thatF.butG.awayH.withinTheeighthchapterisexceedinglybrief,andrelatesthatGibbons,theamateurnaturalistofthedistrict,___13___lyingoutonthespaciousopendownswithoutasoul___14___acoupleofmilesofhim,ashethought,andalmostdozing,heardclosetohimthesoundasofamancoughing,sneezing,and___15___swearingsavagelytohimself;andlooking,beheldnothing.Yetthevoicewasindisputable.Itcontinuedtoswearwiththatbreadthandvariety___16___distinguishestheswearingofacultivatedman.Itgrewtoaclimax,diminishedagain,anddied___17___inthedistance,going___18___itseemedtohiminthedirectionofAdderdean.Itliftedtoaspasmodicsneezeandended.Gibbonshadheardnothingofthemorning'soccurrences,____19____thephenomenonwassostrikinganddisturbingthathisphilosophicaltranquillityvanished;hegotuphastily,andhurried___20___thesteepnessofthehilltowardsthevillage,asfastashecouldgo.【答案】13.B14.H15.A16.E17.G18.C19.F20.D【解析】【分析】這是一篇記敘文。文章為小說《隱身人》的第八章，講述了Gibbons在草地上躺著時，聽到一個男人咒罵的聲音后，然后急忙向村子跑去。13題詳解】考查連詞。句意：當(dāng)這個地區(qū)的業(yè)余自然主義者Gibbons躺在開闊的草原上，半思考半打著瞌睡時，在他一兩英里內(nèi)的地方一個人也沒有，他聽到身邊有個人在咳嗽、打噴嚏，然后自言自語地惡狠狠地咒罵。此處為時間狀語從句，表示“當(dāng)……時候”應(yīng)用while引導(dǎo)。故填while。故選B。【14題詳解】考查介詞。句意同上。結(jié)合句意表示“在……之內(nèi)”應(yīng)用介詞within。故填within。故選H?！?5題詳解】考查副詞。句意：當(dāng)這個地區(qū)的業(yè)余自然主義者Gibbons躺在開闊的草原上，半思考半打著瞌睡時，在他一兩英里內(nèi)的地方一個人也沒有，他聽到身邊有個人在咳嗽、打噴嚏，然后自言自語地惡狠狠地咒罵。結(jié)合句意表示“然后”應(yīng)用副詞then。故填then。故選A?！?6題詳解】考查定語從句。句意：那聲音繼續(xù)用那種有修養(yǎng)的人所特有的廣度和多樣性來咒罵。此處為定語從句修飾先行詞breadthandvariety，且先行詞在從句中作主語，指物應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞that。故填that。故選E?！?7題詳解】考查副詞。句意：那聲音達到了高潮，又消失了，在他看來，似乎是朝著Adderdean的方向消失了。結(jié)合句意表示“減弱，消失”短語為dieaway。故填away。故選G?！?8題詳解】考查連詞。句意同上。此處為方式狀語從句，表示“好像，似乎”應(yīng)用as。故填as。故選C?！?9題詳解】考查連詞。句意：Gibbons對早晨發(fā)生的事情一無所知，但這一驚人而令人不安的現(xiàn)象使他的哲學(xué)平靜消失了。結(jié)合上下文語境可知為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，應(yīng)用連詞but。故填but。故選F。【20題詳解】考查介詞。句意：他急忙站起來，以最快的速度沿著陡峭的山坡朝村子跑去。根據(jù)后文thesteepnessofthehill可知是跑下陡峭的山坡，應(yīng)用hurrydown“沿著……急忙下去”。故填down。故選D。III.Cloze（30分）Directions:ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagestherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.(A)EverybodyhasheardofJimmyCarter.AspresidentoftheUnitedStatesfrom1977to1981,heoversawaparticularly____21____timeinAmericanhistory.AmericanstakenhostageintheMiddleEast,majorgasolineshortagesaroundthe___22___,andapoorrelationshipwithapotentialenemy–theSovietUnion–arehardlythestuffofpleasantmemories.YeteventhoughCarterheldAmerica’smostpowerfuloffice,hewillprobablybe___23___morefortheworkhehasdonesincehelefttheWhiteHouse.His___24___onhumanitarianissuesaroundtheworldsetshimapartasacaring,dedicatedpersonwhowantstoseethoseofloweconomicorsocialstatus___25___fromthegreatwealth,power,andgenerosityofthiscountry.Oneofthemajor___26___CarterhasfocusedonthroughouthiscareerispeaceintheMiddleEast.He___27___anationalenergypolicydesignedtoreduceAmericandependenceonforeignoillongbeforeitwaspopulartodosoandnegotiatedpeacetreatybetweenIsraelandEgypt.____28____,hewasamongthefirsttoinsistpubliclyonbasichumanrightsforeveryonearoundtheworld,andhefoundedanon-profitorganization,TheCarterCenter,toworktowardsthatend.Inhisopinion,thisincludes___29___modernhealthcaretodevelopingnationsinordertocontaindiseaseandimprovequalityoflifearoundtheworld.However,Carterdoesnotfocusallhiseffortsabroad.Heworksactivelytoimprovethestandardofliving_____30_____aswell.HeandhiswifeRoslynareenthusiasticsupportersofHabitatforHumanity.Thisvolunteer-basedorganizationdevotesitselftobuildingaffordablebutqualityhousingforthosewho____31____mightnotbeabletobuyahome.Voluntaryworkerscometogetherintheirownfreetimetoconstruct,paint,andlandscapesimplehomes,workingside-by-sidewiththefamiliesthatwill____32____theresidences.Habitatdoesmorethanbuildhouses;itbuilds____33____.Forallthesereasons,Carterdeservesrespectfordedicatinghiscareertopublic____34____.Everyonecanagreewithhisimpressivecharityandacknowledgehisobvious_____35_____toallofhumanity.21.A.powerful B.tough C.different D.unique22.A.world B.country C.West D.East23.A.remembered B.criticized C.well-known D.admired24.A.speech B.theory C.record D.suggestion25.A.survive B.start C.benefit D.develop26.A.activities B.policies C.ideas D.issues27.A.promoted B.questioned C.studied D.rejected28.A.Similarly B.Namely C.Traditionally D.Unexpectedly29.A.selling B.continuing C.extending D.returning30.A.inneighborhood B.athome C.oncampus D.incities31.A.instead B.rather C.otherwise D.moreover32.A.occupy B.purchase C.organize D.leave33.A.confidence B.communities C.organizations D.civilization34.A.relationship B.performance C.transportation D.service35.A.challenge B.dream C.qualification D.contribution【答案】21.B22.B23.A24.C25.C26.D27.A28.A29.C30.B31.C32.A33.B34.D35.D【解析】【分析】本篇文章是一篇說明文。主要講了美國歷史上一位受人銘記的總統(tǒng)Carter在位期間在國內(nèi)外做出的突出貢獻?！?1題詳解】考查形容詞的辨析。句意：他在美國歷史上經(jīng)歷了一段特別艱難的時期。A.powerful有力量的；B.tough艱難的、粗糙的；C.different不同的；D.unique獨特的。根據(jù)下文“AmericanstakenhostageintheMiddleEast,majorgasolineshortagesaroundthe___2___,andapoorrelationshipwithapotentialenemy”可知當(dāng)時汽油短缺，美國與他國有敵對關(guān)系，這是一個艱難的時期，結(jié)合選項可知答案為B。【22題詳解】考查名詞的辨析。句意：美國人在中東被劫持，世界各地嚴重的汽油短缺。A.world世界；B.country國家；C.West西部；D.East東部。根據(jù)空格后一句“andapoorrelationshipwithapotentialenemy和潛在的敵人關(guān)系不好”可知空格處所說也是國內(nèi)形勢，即國內(nèi)石油短缺，故答案為B?！?3題詳解】考查動詞的辨析。句意：他可能會因為他離開白宮后所做的工作而被更多地記住。A.remembered記??；B.criticized批評；C.well-known著名；D.admired欽佩。根據(jù)前文“EverybodyhasheardofJimmyCarter.AspresidentoftheUnitedStatesfrom1977to1981,每個人都聽說過吉米卡特，他從1977年到1981年擔(dān)任美國總統(tǒng),”可知很多人都記著這位總統(tǒng)，故答案為A。24題詳解】考查名詞的辨析。句意：他在世界各地的人道主義問題上的記錄，使他成為一個關(guān)心他人、有奉獻精神的人，他希望看到那些經(jīng)濟或社會地位低下的人從這個國家的巨大財富、權(quán)力和慷慨中受益。A.speech演講；B.theory理論；C.record記錄、記載；D.suggestion建議。根據(jù)下文“whowantstoseethoseofloweconomicorsocialstatus___5___fromthegreatwealth,power,andgenerosityofthiscountry.他希望看到那些經(jīng)濟或社會地位低下的人從這個國家的巨大財富、權(quán)力和慷慨中受益。”可知這是他所奉行的人道主義所期望的，這是人們根據(jù)他的事跡的記載做出的總結(jié)評價，結(jié)合選項可知答案為C?！?5題詳解】考查動詞的辨析。句意：他在世界各地的人道主義問題上的記錄，使他成為一個關(guān)心他人、有奉獻精神的人，他希望看到那些經(jīng)濟或社會地位低下的人從這個國家的巨大財富、權(quán)力和慷慨中受益。A.survive幸免；B.start開始；C.benefit有利于；D.develop發(fā)展。根據(jù)前文所描述的人道主義可知此處指的是讓經(jīng)濟或社會地位的人的到一些好處，再結(jié)合與空格后from一詞的搭配，可知答案為C?！?6題詳解】考查名詞的辨析。句意：Carter在他職業(yè)生涯中關(guān)注的主要問題之一，就是中東的和平。A.activities活動；B.policies政治；C.ideas思想；D.issues議題、問題。下文“peaceintheMiddleEast.中東和平”是當(dāng)時的一個政治問題，結(jié)合選項可知答案為D?！?7題詳解】考查動詞的辨析。句意：他推行國家能源政策，旨在減少美國對外國石油的依賴，早在這樣做受歡迎之前，并通過談判達成了以色列和埃及之間的和平條約。A.promoted促進；B.questioned質(zhì)疑；C.studied研究、學(xué)習(xí)；D.rejected拒絕?？崭窈鬄椤癮nationalenergypolicy一項國際能源政策”，根據(jù)謂語與賓語語義上的合理搭配，再結(jié)合上下文語境可知答案為A?！?8題詳解】考查副詞的辨析。句意：他同樣也是最早公開堅持世界各地人人享有基本人權(quán)的人之一。A.Similarly相似地；B.Namely換句話所、即是；C.Traditionally傳統(tǒng)地；D.Unexpectedly出乎意料地?？崭窈笠痪洹癶ewasamongthefirsttoinsistpubliclyonbasichumanrightsforeveryonearoundtheworld,他也是最早公開堅持世界各地人人享有基本人權(quán)的人之一”和前文講述Carter奉行人道主義，推行和平條約都是類比關(guān)系，故答案為A?！?9題詳解】考查動名詞的辨析。句意：在他看來，這包括將現(xiàn)代醫(yī)療保健擴展到發(fā)展中國家，以便控制疾病，提高全世界的生活質(zhì)量。A.selling賣；B.continuing繼續(xù)；C.extending擴展；D.returning返回。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知空格處所填與下文“andimprovequalityoflifearoundtheworld.”中的improve是并列關(guān)系，結(jié)合語境可知答案為C。【30題詳解】考查介詞短語的辨析。句意：他同樣積極工作以提升本國人民的生活水平。A.inneighborhood在附近；B.athome在家；在國內(nèi)；C.oncampus在學(xué)校；D.incities在城市。根據(jù)前文“Carterdoesnotfocusallhiseffortsabroad.”可知Carter.不僅在國際上做出貢獻，此處指他在國內(nèi)的一些貢獻，故答案為B?！?1題詳解】考查副詞的辨析。句意：這個以志愿者為基礎(chǔ)的組織致力于為那些原本可能買不起房子的人建造負擔(dān)得起但質(zhì)量很好的住房。A.instead代替、反而；B.rather相當(dāng)?shù)?；C.otherwise否則、原本；D.moreover然而。根據(jù)語境，再結(jié)合語義此處指為那些原本買不起房子的人修建房子，故答案為C?！?2題詳解】考查動詞的辨析。句意：和將要入住的家庭一起工作。A.occupy占有、居??；B.purchase購買、追求；C.organize組織；D.leave離開。根據(jù)上文，此處指的志愿者個即將入住房子的人一起工作建造房子，故答案為A。【33題詳解】考查名詞的辨析。句意：居住區(qū)的構(gòu)建不僅僅是建造房屋，它還要構(gòu)建造社區(qū)。A.confidence自信；B.communities社區(qū)；社團；C.organizations組織；D.civilization文明。根據(jù)前文“morethanbuildhouses”可知此處是指最終要建成一個很多房屋組成的完善的居住區(qū)域，結(jié)合選項可知答案為B?！?4題詳解】考查名詞的辨析。句意：Carter把他的職業(yè)生涯奉獻給了公共服務(wù)，他應(yīng)該得到尊重。A.relationship關(guān)系；B.performance表演；C.transportation交通；D.service服務(wù)。根據(jù)前文所講述Carter在國內(nèi)外做出貢獻的描述，可知此處指的是他對公共事業(yè)的貢獻，結(jié)合選項可知答案為D?！?5題詳解】考查名詞的辨析。句意：每個人都會贊同他的慈善事業(yè)，并承認他對全人類的貢獻。A.challenge挑戰(zhàn)；B.dream夢想；C.qualification資格；D.contribution貢獻。本篇文章主要講Carter總統(tǒng)在任職期間做出的貢獻，結(jié)合文章主要內(nèi)容可知答案為D。(B)Inthefuture,wewillbecompetingagainstmedically-enhancedworkerswhocanworklongerandharderthanus.Artificialintelligencewillmakeiteasiertomonitoroureverymoveintheoffice.Thismaysoundlikesciencefiction,butit’salikely___36___,accordingtoa

newreport

byprofessionalservicesfirmPricewaterhouseCoopers.Thereport,which___37___ateamofscienceresearchersandasurveyofmorethan10,000workersbasedinChina,Germany,India,theU.K.,andtheU.S.,predictsthatrapidadvancesintechnology,resource___38___,andpopulationdemographicsareamongthekeyforcesthatwouldradically___39___thefutureofworkby2030.AccordingtoPwC,theseforceswillresultinfourpotentialfutures:onewhere“humanscomefirst,”onewhere“innovation___40___,”onewhere“companiescare,”andonewhere“corporateisking.”Inthefutureworldwherecorporationsreign,PwCstatesthat

“humaneffortis___41___throughsophisticateduseofphysicalandmedicalenhancementtechniquesandequipment,andworkers’performanceand___42___aremeasured,monitoredandanalysedateverystep.Anewbreedofelitesuper-workersemerges.”Thisisaworldwhereperformanceiseverything,andworkerswillneedtocreateevery___43___tostayahead.Thismaysoundlikeastressfulobjective,butthemajorityofpeoplesurveyed___44___thechallenge.Seventypercentoftheworkerssurveyedsaidthattheywouldundergo____45____toimprovetheirbodyandmindifitwouldimprovetheirchancesofemployment.Thiscouldbebecausewebelieveit’suptoustoimproveourcareers

—evenifthatmeanspill-poppingperformance-enhancingdrugs.Ofthosesurveyed,74%saiditwastheirindividual____46____“toupdatetheirskillsratherthanrelyingonanyemployer.”Tovisualizethis____47____future,PwCcreatedamocknewsarticlereportingfrom2030thatdetailedthefirstlarge-scaleuseofbrain-enhancingdrugsintheworkplace.Butyoudon’tneedafakenewsreporttoseethisfuture;realnewsreportsaboutaugmentedbodiesintheofficehaveexistedforsometime.CompaniesintheU.S.andEuropeare

alreadyoffering

microchipimplantstoworkers,sotheycanentercompanybuildingsandgettheirchipsfromthevendingmachinewiththe____48____ofahand.PwCpredictsthattheideaofacyborgworkforcewillgofromsciencefictionnoveltytomainstreaminthenextfewdecades.“Soimplantsatworkarealreadypossibleandhappeningandpeoplewilluseit____49____topayforthingsandtogetontobusesandpublictransport.Whywouldtheynot10yearslatergo,sure,putoneinmybraintomakemethinkharderorfor____50____?”

JonWilliams,PwC’speopleandorganizationsdivisionleader

told

TheAustralian

aboutitssurvey.“It’sjustnaturalprogression.”36.A.dimension B.vision C.integrity D.reality37.A.drewupon B.countedon C.signedin D.madeup38.A.availability B.scarcity C.rivalry D.privatization39.A.demolish B.induce C.alter D.shape40.A.exceeds B.offsets C.rules D.withdraws41.A.dwarfed B.maximized C.converted D.marginalized42.A.wellbeing B.priority C.emotions D.ideology43.A.fantasy B.interference C.advantage D.expertise44.A.resented B.welcomed C.ventured D.overcame45.A.reassurance B.violation C.reformation D.treatments46.A.dream B.expectation C.responsibility D.perspective47.A.corporate-dominated B.career-oriented C.human-centered D.cognitive-enhanced48.A.wave B.pulse C.check D.strike49.A.urgently B.socially C.privately D.solely50.A.farther B.closer C.longer D.shorter【答案】36.D37.A38.B39.D40.C41.B42.A43.C44.B45.D46.C47.D48.A49.B50.C【解析】【分析】這是一篇說明文。文章講述了專業(yè)服務(wù)公司普華永道（PricewaterhouseCoopers）的一份最新報告顯示，在未來，我們將與那些能比我們工作時間更長、工作更努力的工作者展開競爭。這是一個績效決定一切的世界，員工需要創(chuàng)造一切優(yōu)勢來保持領(lǐng)先?！?6題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：這聽起來像科幻小說，但很可能是現(xiàn)實。A.dimension維度；B.vision愿景；C.integrity誠信；D.reality現(xiàn)實。根據(jù)上文的Thismaysoundlikesciencefiction,butit’salikely(這聽起來像科幻小說，但很可能是)可知與“科幻小說”相反的是“現(xiàn)實（reality）”，故選D項?！?7題詳解】考查動詞詞組辨析。句意：該報告依靠一組科學(xué)研究人員和一項對中國、德國、印度、英國和美國的10000多名工人進行的調(diào)查分析得出。A.drewupon利用；依靠；B.countedon指望；C.signedin登錄；D.madeup化裝。根據(jù)空后的ateamofscienceresearchersandasurveyofmorethan10,000workers(一組科學(xué)研究人員和對10000多名工人的調(diào)查)可知此處表示該報告“利用”對這些人的調(diào)查，drawupon意為“利用”，符合語境，故選A項?！?8題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：到2030年，技術(shù)、資源匱乏和人口統(tǒng)計的快速發(fā)展將是從根本上塑造工作的未來的關(guān)鍵力量。A.availability可用性；B.scarcity稀缺性；C.rivalry競爭性；D.privatization私有化。根據(jù)上文的rapidadvancesintechnology(技術(shù)的快速發(fā)展)，下文的andpopulationdemographics(和人口統(tǒng)計)及by2030(到2030年)可知此處表示的是資源“稀缺性（scarcity）”，故選B項?！?9題詳解】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：到2030年，技術(shù)、資源匱乏和人口統(tǒng)計的快速發(fā)展將是從根本上塑造工作的未來的關(guān)鍵力量。A.demolish拆除；B.induce誘導(dǎo)；C.alter改變；D.shape塑造。根據(jù)空前的thekeyforcesthatwouldradically及空后的thefutureofworkby2030可知這些是“塑造（shape）”未來的關(guān)鍵力量，故選D項?！?0題詳解】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：普華永道稱，這些力量將導(dǎo)致四種潛在的未來：一種是“以人為本”，一種是“創(chuàng)新操縱”，一種是“企業(yè)關(guān)心”，一種是“企業(yè)為王”。A.exceeds超過；B.offsets補償；C.rules操縱；D.withdraws取款。根據(jù)上文onewhere“humanscomefirst,”(一種是“以人為本”)及下文onewhere“corporateisking.”(一種是“企業(yè)為王”)可知此處表示創(chuàng)新“操縱（rules）”，故選C項?！?1題詳解】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：通過復(fù)雜的物理和醫(yī)療增強技術(shù)和設(shè)備的使用，最大限度地發(fā)揮人的努力作用。A.dwarfed矮化；B.maximized最大化；C.converted轉(zhuǎn)化；D.marginalized邊緣化。根據(jù)空后的throughsophisticateduseofphysicalandmedicalenhancementtechniquesandequipment(通過復(fù)雜的物理和醫(yī)療增強技術(shù)和設(shè)備的使用)可知通過這些，人的努力將被“最大化”（maximized），故選B項?！?2題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：并在每一步都對員工的績效和健康進行了測量、監(jiān)控和分析。A.wellbeing健康；B.priority優(yōu)先權(quán)；C.emotions情感；D.ideology意識形態(tài)。根據(jù)上文throughsophisticateduseofphysicalandmedicalenhancementtechniquesandequipment(通過復(fù)雜的物理和醫(yī)療增強技術(shù)和設(shè)備的使用)可知通過這些，可以對員工的健康（wellbeing）進行測量、監(jiān)控和分析。故選A項。【43題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：這是一個績效決定一切的世界，員工需要創(chuàng)造一切優(yōu)勢來保持領(lǐng)先。A.fantasy幻想；B.interference干擾；C.advantage優(yōu)勢；D.expertise專長。根據(jù)上文Thisisaworldwhereperformanceiseverything,andworkerswillneedtocreateevery(這是一個績效決定一切的世界，員工需要創(chuàng)造)可知選項中只有advantage(優(yōu)勢)符合語境，故選C項?！?4題詳解】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：這聽起來像是一個壓力很大的目標(biāo)，但大多數(shù)被調(diào)查者都歡迎這個挑戰(zhàn)。A.resented憤怒；B.welcomed歡迎；C.ventured冒險；D.overcame克服。根據(jù)上文Thismaysoundlikeastressfulobjective,butthemajorityofpeoplesurveyed可知雖然聽起來壓力很大，但是大多數(shù)被調(diào)查者還是歡迎（welcome）它。故選B項?！?5題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：70%的受訪員工表示，如果能提高他們的就業(yè)機會，他們將接受改善身心的治療。A.reassurance保證；B.violation違規(guī)；C.reformation改造；D.treatments治療。根據(jù)下文evenifthatmeanspill-poppingperformance-enhancingdrugs.(即使這意味著服用興奮劑。)可知此處表示受訪員工表示他們愿意接受治療（treatments），故選D項?！?6題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：在接受調(diào)查的人中，74%的人認為更新自己的技能是他們個人的責(zé)任，而不是依賴任何雇主。A.dream夢想；B.expectation期望；C.responsibility責(zé)任；D.perspective視角。根據(jù)下文ratherthanrelyingonanyemployer(而不是依賴任何雇主)可知此處表示受訪人認為這是個人的責(zé)任（responsibility），故選C項?！?7題詳解】考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：為了想象這種認知能力增強的未來，普華永道做了一篇模擬新聞文章，報道了2030年首次在工作場所大規(guī)模使用大腦增強藥物。A.corporate-dominated企業(yè)主導(dǎo)型；B.career-oriented職業(yè)導(dǎo)向型；C.human-centered以人為本；D.cognitive-enhanced認知增強型。根據(jù)上文Seventypercentoftheworkerssurveyedsaidthattheywouldundergo___10___toimprovetheirbodyandmindifitwouldimprovetheirchancesofemployment.(70%的受訪員工表示，如果能提高他們的就業(yè)機會，他們將接受改善身心的治療。)可知這是一種“認知能力增強的”（cognitive-enhanced）未來，故選D項。【48題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：美國和歐洲的公司已經(jīng)開始向員工提供芯片植入，這樣他們就可以進入公司大樓，用手一揮就可以從自動售貨機上拿到薯片。A.wave揮舞；B.pulse脈沖；C.check檢查；D.strike打擊。根據(jù)上文CompaniesintheU.S.andEuropearealreadyofferingmicrochipimplantstoworkers,sotheycanentercompanybuildingsandgettheirchipsfromthevendingmachinewiththe(美國和歐洲的公司已經(jīng)開始向員工提供芯片植入，這樣他們就可以進入公司大樓，從自動售貨機上拿到薯片)可知植入了芯片的員工揮一揮手（thewaveofahand）就可以從自動售貨機上拿到薯片故選A項?！?9題詳解】考查副詞詞義辨析。句意：因此，植入在工作中已經(jīng)是可能的，并且正在發(fā)生，人們將利用它來支付費用，并乘坐公共汽車和公共交通工具。A.urgently急迫地；B.socially社交地；C.privately私人地；D.solely單獨地。根據(jù)空后的topayforthingsandtogetontobusesandpublictransport(支付費用，并乘坐公共汽車和公共交通工具)可知這是社交地（socially）使用它。故選B項?！?0題詳解】考查副詞詞義辨析。句意：當(dāng)然，為什么他們不在10年后在我的大腦里放一個，讓我更努力或更長久地思考？A.farther更遠；B.closer更近；C.longer更長；D.shorter更短。根據(jù)上文makemethinkharderorfor(讓我更努力思考)可知此處表示時間上讓我更長久地（longer）思考。故選C項。IV.ReadingcomprehensionSectionA(10分)Directions:(Readthefollowinginterviewexcerptbetweenajournalist(J)andaprofessor(P).Completetheinterviewexceptbyusingthequestionsintheboxthatbestfitstheprofessor’sanswer.Therearetwoextraquestionsthatyoumaynotneed.)Interview:isevolutionpredictable?4thAugust2017IfweweretoreplaythetapeoflifehereonEarthfromscratch,wouldweashumansstillevolve?That’sakeyquestionnewresearchintheareaofexperimentalevolutionisseekingtoaddress.WespeaktoJonathanLosos,professorintheDepartmentofOrganismicandEvolutionaryBiologyandcuratorofherpetologyattheMuseumofComparativeZoology,aheadofpublicationofhisfirstbook

ImprobableDestinies:HowPredictableisEvolution?J:______51______P:Inshort,it’snewevidence.StephenJayGouldwroteinhisseminalandhighlyinfluentialbook

WonderfulLife

thatwewerenotfatedtoevolvethewaywedid;thatifyoucouldreplaythetapeoflifeandletevolutionproceedfromanearlypoint,thentheendresultwouldnotatallbethesame.ButGould’sargumentwasbasedentirelyonlogicandthoughtexperiments.Thirtyyearslater,wehavelotsofdataonhowdeterministicevolutionis,howsubjectitistothewhimsandflukesofhistory.Wearefinallyinapositiontore-assesswhetherGouldwasrightornot.J:_____52_____P:Theanswertothatissomewhereinthemiddle,aswithmanydebates.Tosomeextent,ifyouputthesamespeciesinthesameenvironment,experiencingthesameselectivepressures,theyoftendoevolveinthesameway.Thisisparticularlycommonwhenyou’redealingwithcloselyrelatedspecies,andthere’sareasonforthat.Closelyrelatedspecieshavethesamegenesandthesamebiology,soit’sveryeasyforthemtoevolveinthesameway.Differentspecies,however,havedifferentwaysofreactingtoagivenevolutionarypressure.SoevolutionisprobablymoredeterministicthanGouldwaswillingtorecognize,butit’snotquiteaspervasiveassomeothershaveargued.Whereistheconvergentduck-billedplatypus,forexample?Ifevolutionissoconvergent,whydon’twehavethisanimaloutsideAustralia?Evolutionisoftennotpredictable;it’scontingentonpreviouscircumstances.J:_____53_____P:Ican’treallyanswerthatquestion.What’schangedrecentlyisourknowledgeabouthowmanyEarth-likeplanetstheremaybe,evenwithinourownMilkyWaygalaxy.Withtherealizationthattheseplanetsexist,manypeoplethinkthelikelihoodthatlifehasevolvedonsomeofthemisprettyhigh.Wehaven’tdetectedthatyet,butitmaybethatwejusthaven’tfiguredouthowtodetectityet.J:_____54_____P:Ihavenoevidencetoarguethatonewayortheother.Idothink,however,thatiftherearemillionsofmoonsandplanetsoutthere,thelikelihoodseemsveryhigh.Iflifehasevolved,myexpectationisthatitwouldnotlookatalllikelifeonEarth.Whoknowswhatsortofchemicalbiologyitmightbebasedon,butthebuildingblocksoflifetherewouldalmostcertainlybedifferenttosomeextentfromhereonEarth.EvenhereonEarth,unrelatedspeciesreactindifferentways.Mypredictionwouldbethatlifeevolvedonotherplanetswillnotbeatallrecognisablewithwhatwehavehere.J:______55______P:Yes,Ithinkweare.Ourconceptionoflifeisbiasedbyourownexperience,butlookatoctopuses.Weknowthey’refairlyintelligent,buttheirbiologyiscompletelydifferentfromours.I’mnotsayingtheyhavehuman-levelintelligence,buttheyhavealotgoingonintheirbrainsandthey’renothinglikeus.A.Giventhetimeevolutiontakes,isthatwhy–sofarasweknow–Earthistheonlyplanetonwhichevolutionhasmadeprogress?B.DoestheevolutionaryconvergenceofDNAmakeitvitalforintelligentlife?C.Whatarethenextstepsinyourresearch?D.Whyhaveyoudecidedtorevisitconvergentevolution?E.CouldevolutionbehappeningelsewhereintheUniverseandcanyoutellfromyourresearchwhatitmightlooklike?F.Areweconstrainedinourconceptofintelligentlifebyourownlarge-brained,humanoidexistence?G.Isevolutionafixedprogramme,steeredonlybyenvironmentandaccidents?【答案】51.D52.G53.A54.E55.F【解析】【分析】本文是一篇采訪稿。記者主要圍繞生命的進化及地球是否是唯一有生命的星球展開采訪?！?1題詳解】根據(jù)第一段“IfweweretoreplaythetapeoflifehereonEarthfromscratch,wouldweashumansstillevolve?That’sakeyquestionnewresearchintheareaofexperimentalevolutionisseekingtoaddress.如果我們重放地球上生命的錄像，人類還會進化嗎？這是實驗進化領(lǐng)域的一個關(guān)鍵問題。”可知此次采訪的目的就是圍繞這一關(guān)鍵問題，且空格處為第一個問題，再根據(jù)空格下一段首句“Inshort,it’snewevidence.”可知，簡而言之，這是新的證據(jù)。空格處詢問處詢問研究的的意義和目的，故D選項“為什么你決定重新審視趨同進化?”切題。故選D項?！?2題詳解】根據(jù)空格下一段“Theanswertothatissomewhereinthemiddle,aswithmanydebates.Tosomeextent,ifyouputthesamespeciesinthesameenvironment,experiencingthesameselectivepressures,theyoftendoevolveinthesameway.答案在中間的某個地方，就像許多辯論一樣。在某種程度上，如果你把同樣的物種放在同樣的環(huán)境中，經(jīng)歷同樣的選擇壓力，它們通常會以同樣的方式進化?！笨芍獑栴}是有關(guān)如何進化與環(huán)境關(guān)系的，故G選項“進化是一個固定的程序，只受環(huán)境和意外事件的控制嗎?”切題。故選G項?！?3題詳解】根據(jù)空格后一段“Ican’treallyanswerthatquestion.What’schangedrecentlyisourknowledgeabouthowmanyEarth-likeplanetstheremaybe,evenwithinourownMilkyWaygalaxy.Withtherealizationthattheseplanetsexist,manypeoplethinkthelikelihoodthatlifehasevolvedonsomeofthemisprettyhigh.Wehaven’tdetectedthatyet,butitmaybethatwejusthaven’tfiguredouthowtodetectityet.我真的不能回答這個問題。最近改變的是我們對于類地行星數(shù)量的認識，即使是在我們的銀河系中。認識到這些行星的存在，許多人認為其中一些行星上的生命進化的可能性相當(dāng)高。我們還沒有檢測到，但可能是我們還沒有找到檢測的方法。”可知此處問題是有關(guān)地球是否是唯一有生命進化的星球以及是否有相關(guān)的研究進展，故A選項“考慮到進化所花費的時間，這就是為什么——就我們所知—