高考英語(yǔ)二輪復(fù)習(xí)外刊閱讀訓(xùn)練：大公司如何裁員

高考英語(yǔ)外刊閱讀訓(xùn)練——閱讀理解：大公司如何裁員【原標(biāo)題】HowBigCompaniesChooseWhoIsLaidOff【原文】Soonafteracompanydecidestocutitsheadcount,thedebatebegins:Whoshouldgo?Inthecurrenteconomicenvironment,afinaldecisioncantakeweeks,accordingtoexecutivesandcorporateadvisers.Workersremaininshortsupply,raisingthestakesofdeterminingwhoisexpendableandwhoisworthkeeping.Withlayoffsthattargetcorporatestaff,departmentheadsoftentaketheleadandhumanresourcestroubleshootstheirlists,whichcanleadtointensedebateandmultiplerewrites.SeniorityonceguidedlayoffsatmanyU.S.businesses,withcompanieseliminatingjunioremployeesfirst.Todayitismorecommonforcompaniestoconductlayoffsbasedonskillsratherthantenure,accordingtohuman-resourcesexecutives.Anemployee’srecentperformancewilllikelyfactorheavilyintoanydecision.Employeeswithhighsalariesalsomightfacegreaterattention,thoughadviserssaidthoseworkersmightbeamongacompany’stopperformers.Atmanycompanies,topleaders,includingthechiefexecutiveofficerandchieffinancialofficer,oftensethigh-levelcriteriaforalayoff,mandatingthatacompanycutacertainpercentageofitsworkforce,forexample,orreachaspecifiedcostsavings.Someconfinelayoffstospecificareas.BoeingCo.earlierthisyearsaiditplannedtocut2,000jobsprimarilyinfinanceandhumanresources,whilehiringinengineering.Amazonsaiditslatestcutswouldmostlybeconcentratedinitscloud-computing,advertisingandTwitchstreamingbusinesses.Thetaskofdecidingwhoshouldbeeliminatedoftenfallstodivisionalleadersanddepartmentheads,accordingtoexecutives.Thebusiness-softwarecompanyOktaInc.inFebruarysaiditwouldcut300employees,or5%ofstaff,afterthecompanysaiditoverhiredduringthepandemic.Manydepartmentsacrossthecompanyweregivenspecificfinancialcost-cuttingtargetstomeet,saidCEOToddMcKinnon,anddidsoindifferentways.Manythinkitisthejobofhuman-resourcesstafferstoselecttheindividualemployeestoterminate,thoughitisoftenfarmorelikelythatthebusinessleadersineachareaofacompanysuggestnamesofemployeestotarget,saidKathyZwickert,aformerchiefpeopleofficeratNetSuiteandmostrecentlyadirectoratthecloud-basedsoftwareproviderAvalara.Inadditiontoreviewinganemployee’sperformancehistory,manycompaniesconsiderworkers’potentialtoadaptandtakeonnewjobsinthefuture.“It’sreallydowntoaone-on-oneassessmentofperformanceindeterminingwhoyou’regoingtokeep,”saidPaulJ.Sarvadi,CEOofInsperityInc.,ahuman-resourcesservicesandoutsourcingcompany.Debatesarefrequent.Somemanagersmightattempttojockeyforcertainemployeestoremain,anddisputescanemergebetweenleadersaboutthephilosophyofalayoff—say,whethertocutalayerofmiddlemanagement,ortofiremoreexecutivesoverfront-lineemployees,Mr.Pennsaid.Evenwhencompaniesdecidetoshutdownentirebusinessunits,executivesmightmakedecisionstokeepsomehigh-achievingemployeesandmovethemelsewhere,saidAnnaA.Tavis,aformerglobaldirectoroftalentattheinsurerAmericanInternationalGroupInc.,whonowteachesandresearcheshuman-capitalmanagementissuesatNewYorkUniversity’sSchoolofProfessionalStudies.“There’salotofsubjectivityinvolved,evenwithalltherulesinplace,”shesaid.【重點(diǎn)詞匯】1.current[?k?r?nt]adj.現(xiàn)行的，當(dāng)前的；通用的，流行的；最近的n.水流，氣流；電流；思潮，趨勢(shì)【名】（current）（英）柯倫特（人名）；currents2.economic[???k??n?m?k]adj.經(jīng)濟(jì)的，經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的；有利可圖的；節(jié)約的3.accord[??k??d]n.協(xié)議，條約；符合，一致v.使受到，給予（某種待遇）；（與……）一致，符合；accords；accords；according；accorded；accorded4.executive[?g?zekj?t?v]adj.行政的，有執(zhí)行權(quán)的；高檔的，豪華的；供主管人員使用的；（有關(guān)）經(jīng)營(yíng)管理的，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的n.主管，經(jīng)理；行政部門(mén)，執(zhí)行委員會(huì)；executives5.stake[ste?k]n.股本，股份；樁，標(biāo)樁，籬笆樁；賭注；賽馬獎(jiǎng)金（stakes）；比賽，競(jìng)賽（stakes）；利害關(guān)系；火刑柱；（制作籃子的）縱向基桿，經(jīng)條；（鐵匠用的）小鐵砧；摩門(mén)主教管轄區(qū)v.拿…...冒險(xiǎn)，以…...打賭；用樁支撐；資助，幫助【名】（stake）（瑞典）斯塔克（人名）；stakes；stakes；staking；staked；staked6.layoff[?le????f]n.解雇，下崗；休養(yǎng)，停工期；layoffs7.resource[r??s??s]n.自然資源；資源（指錢(qián)、物、人等）；有助于實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)的東西，資料；（對(duì)付困境所需的）個(gè)人素質(zhì)（resources）；（逆境中的）出路，應(yīng)付辦法；謀略，智謀v.向……提供資金（或設(shè)備）；resources；resources；resourcing；resourced；ense[?n?tens]adj.很大的，十分強(qiáng)烈的；嚴(yán)肅緊張的，激烈的；熱情的，熱切的；專注的，認(rèn)真的；intenser9.eliminate[??l?m?ne?t]v.剔除，根除；對(duì)……不予考慮，把……排除在外；（比賽中）淘汰；鏟除，殺害；（生理）排除，排泄；消去；eliminates；eliminating；eliminated；eliminated10.employee[?empl?????,?m?pl???]n.雇員；employees11.factor[?f?kt?]n.因素，要素；等級(jí)，系數(shù)；因數(shù)，因子；遺傳因子，基因；（血液中的）凝血因子；代理公司，代理商；地產(chǎn)管理人，管家；測(cè)量水平v.把……作為因素計(jì)入，把……包括在內(nèi)（factorin）；把……作為因素排除，不把……包括在內(nèi)（factorout）；將……分解為因子；代理經(jīng)營(yíng)，（代管）產(chǎn)業(yè)；做代理商【名】（factor）（英）法克特（人名）；factors；factors；factoring；factored；factored12.financial[fa??n?n??l,?f?-]adj.財(cái)政的，金融的；有錢(qián)的；（俱樂(lè)部或社團(tuán)成員）已繳費(fèi)的n.（組織或個(gè)人的）財(cái)務(wù)狀況；金融公司股票13.criterion[kra??t??r??n]n.尺度，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，準(zhǔn)則；criteria；criterions14.specify[?spes?fa?]v.明確指出；具體說(shuō)明；把……列入說(shuō)明書(shū)；specifies；specifying；specified；specified15.saving[?se?v??]n.（錢(qián)、時(shí)間或其他資源的）節(jié)約，節(jié)??；儲(chǔ)蓄金，存款；保留，例外；存錢(qián)adj.節(jié)約的，節(jié)省的；節(jié)儉的，省錢(qián)的prep.除了，除……外【名】（saving）人名，（瑞典）薩溫v.救援，挽救；節(jié)??；保存（sav.的現(xiàn)在分詞形式）；savings16.confine[?k?nfa?n]v.限制，局限；防止……擴(kuò)散；關(guān)押，監(jiān)禁；使離不開(kāi)（或受困于床、輪椅等）n.邊界，范圍；限制，局限；confines；confines；confining；confined；confined17.engineering[?end???n??r??]n.工程，工程學(xué)；控制，引導(dǎo)，管理；籌劃，出謀劃策v.設(shè)計(jì)，建造；策劃，精心安排（engineer的現(xiàn)在分詞形式）18.mostly[?m??stl?]adv.多半，主要地；幾乎全部，幾乎所有19.compute[k?m?pju?t]v.估算，計(jì)算；不合情理，講不通；用計(jì)算機(jī)計(jì)算n.計(jì)算，估計(jì)；computes；computing；computed；computed20.terminate[?t??m?ne?t]v.（使）結(jié)束，（使）終止；到達(dá)終點(diǎn)站；終止妊娠，人工流產(chǎn)；解雇；謀殺（某人）；在……結(jié)尾，以……收尾adj.結(jié)束的；terminates；terminating；terminated；terminated21.dispute[d?s?pju?t]n.爭(zhēng)論，辯論，糾紛v.對(duì)……提出質(zhì)疑，否認(rèn)；爭(zhēng)論，辯論；爭(zhēng)奪，競(jìng)爭(zhēng)；阻止（著陸），抵抗（進(jìn)攻）；disputes；disputes；disputing；disputed；disputed22.emerge[??m??d?]v.浮現(xiàn)，出現(xiàn)；顯露，知悉；恢復(fù)過(guò)來(lái)，幸存下來(lái)；形成，興起；emerges；emerging；emerged；emerged23.philosophy[f??l?s?f?]n.哲學(xué)；哲學(xué)體系，思想體系；人生哲學(xué)，生活（工作）準(zhǔn)則；（某一知識(shí)或經(jīng)驗(yàn)領(lǐng)域的）理論基礎(chǔ)研究，基本原理；philosophies24.layer[?le??]n.層；層次，等級(jí)；擺放者，鋪設(shè)者，產(chǎn)卵者；壓條v.分層放置；把（頭發(fā)）分層剪短；用壓條培育（植物）；layers；layers；layering；layered；layered25.management[?m?n?d?m?nt]n.經(jīng)營(yíng)，管理，安排；管理人員，管理層；（成功的）處理手段，（有效的）處理能力；治療，監(jiān)控；欺騙，欺詐；managements26.elsewhere[?els?we?]adv.在別處，去別處pron.別處，別的地方27.global[?gl??b?l]adj.全球的，全世界的；全面的，整體的；（計(jì)算機(jī)）全局的；球形的28.issue[??sju?]n.議題，爭(zhēng)論點(diǎn)；（報(bào)紙、雜志等的）期，號(hào)；發(fā)放，分配；（新股票或郵票等的）發(fā)行；子女，后嗣；流出，發(fā)出；結(jié)果，后果v.發(fā)表，頒布；分發(fā)，分配；正式發(fā)行；流出，發(fā)出；由……產(chǎn)生，由……得出；issues；issues；issuing；issued；issued29.involve[?n?v?lv]v.牽涉，涉及；包含，需要；使陷入，使卷入；（使）參加，加入；使承擔(dān)，使面對(duì)；involves；involving；involved；involved【閱讀理解練習(xí)題】1.Whatisthemaintopicofthearticle?A.Thedifficultyinlayingoffemployeesduringaneconomicdownturn.B.Thevariousmethodscompaniesusetodeterminelayoffs.C.Theroleofhumanresourcesinselectingemployeesfortermination.D.Thedebateamongcorporateexecutivesoverlayoffs.答案：B。這篇文章主要講述了各種各樣的企業(yè)裁員方式。2.Accordingtohuman-resourcesexecutives,whatisthemostcommonfactorindetermininglayoffstoday?A.SeniorityB.JobskillsC.RecentperformanceD.Salary答案：B。根據(jù)人力資源高管的說(shuō)法，現(xiàn)在決定裁員最常見(jiàn)的因素是工作技能。3.Whodoesthetaskofdecidingwhoshouldbeeliminatedoftenfallto?A.Human-resourcesstaffersB.JunioremployeesC.DivisionalleadersanddepartmentheadsD.Corporateadvisers答案：C。文章提到，決定裁員的任務(wù)通常落在部門(mén)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和部門(mén)負(fù)責(zé)人身上。4.Inadditiontoperformancehistory,whatdomanycompaniesconsiderwhenselectingemployeestokeep?A.SeniorityB.PotentialtoadaptandtakeonnewjobsC.LengthoftenureD.Employee'ssalary答案：B。文章提到，除了績(jī)效歷史記錄外，許多公司在選擇留下哪些員工時(shí)還會(huì)考慮員工適應(yīng)能力和接受新工作的潛力。5.Whattypeofdisputesmightemergebetweenleadersaboutthephilosophyofalayoff?A.DisputesoverwhichbusinessunitstoshutdownB.DisputesoverwhethertocutmiddlemanagementorexecutivesC.DisputesovertheroleofhumanresourcesinselectingemployeesforterminationD.Disputesoverwhichdepartmentheadsshouldleadlayoffs答案：B。文章提到，關(guān)于裁員策略的哲學(xué)，比如是否裁掉中層管理或高管，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)之間可能出現(xiàn)爭(zhēng)議?！鹃L(zhǎng)難句分析】Atmanycompanies,topleaders,includingthechiefexecutiveofficerandchieffinancialofficer,oftensethigh-levelcriteriaforalayoff,mandatingthatacompanycutacertainpercentageofitsworkforce,forexample,orreachaspecifiedcostsavings.主句是主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)（topleaderssethigh-levelcriteria）。Atmanycompanies是地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。includingthechiefexecutiveofficerandchieffinancialofficer是現(xiàn)在分詞作后置定語(yǔ)。often是副詞作頻率狀語(yǔ)。foralayoff是介賓短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)。mandatingthatacompanycutacertainpercentageofitsworkforce,forexample,orreachaspecifiedcostsavings是現(xiàn)在分詞作伴隨狀語(yǔ)。that引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句。or并列cut和reach。很多企業(yè)中，包括首席執(zhí)行官和首席財(cái)務(wù)官在內(nèi)的高層管理者常常會(huì)為裁員設(shè)定高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，例如規(guī)定裁員比例達(dá)到多少，或者節(jié)省的成本要達(dá)到多少?！菊Z(yǔ)言點(diǎn)積累】學(xué)習(xí)headcount的用法。這個(gè)詞有兩個(gè)含義：其一，theactofcountinghowmanypeoplearepresentinaparticularplaceatonetime，點(diǎn)人數(shù)，例：Theteachersdidaheadcounttocheckthatnoneofthekidswasmissing.老師們清點(diǎn)學(xué)生人數(shù)以核實(shí)沒(méi)有孩子丟失。其二，thenumberofpeopleworkingforacompany，職員總數(shù)。【全文翻譯】Soonafteracompanydecidestocutitsheadcount,thedebatebegins:Whoshouldgo?在一家公司決定裁員后不久，爭(zhēng)論就開(kāi)始了：誰(shuí)應(yīng)該去？Inthecurrenteconomicenvironment,afinaldecisioncantakeweeks,accordingtoexecutivesandcorporateadvisers.Workersremaininshortsupply,raisingthestakesofdeterminingwhoisexpendableandwhoisworthkeeping.Withlayoffsthattargetcorporatestaff,departmentheadsoftentaketheleadandhumanresourcestroubleshootstheirlists,whichcanleadtointensedebateandmultiplerewrites.高管和企業(yè)顧問(wèn)表示，在當(dāng)前的經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境下，最終決定可能需要數(shù)周時(shí)間。工人仍然供不應(yīng)求，這增加了決定誰(shuí)是可消耗的，誰(shuí)值得保留的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。隨著針對(duì)公司員工的裁員，部門(mén)負(fù)責(zé)人往往會(huì)帶頭，人力資源部門(mén)會(huì)對(duì)他們的名單進(jìn)行故障排除，這可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致激烈的辯論和多次重寫(xiě)。SeniorityonceguidedlayoffsatmanyU.S.businesses,withcompanieseliminatingjunioremployeesfirst.Todayitismorecommonforcompaniestoconductlayoffsbasedonskillsratherthantenure,accordingtohuman-resourcesexecutives.Anemployee’srecentperformancewilllikelyfactorheavilyintoanydecision.Employeeswithhighsalariesalsomightfacegreaterattention,thoughadviserssaidthoseworkersmightbeamongacompany’stopperformers.資歷曾經(jīng)引導(dǎo)許多美國(guó)企業(yè)裁員，公司首先淘汰初級(jí)員工。人力資源主管表示，如今，公司基于技能而非任期進(jìn)行裁員的情況更為普遍。員工最近的表現(xiàn)可能會(huì)對(duì)任何決策產(chǎn)生重大影響。高薪員工也可能面臨更大的關(guān)注，盡管顧問(wèn)們表示，這些員工可能是公司表現(xiàn)最好的員工之一。Atmanycompanies,topleaders,includingthechiefexecutiveofficerandchieffinancialofficer,oftensethigh-levelcriteriaforalayoff,mandatingthatacompanycutacertainpercentageofitsworkforce,forexample,orreachaspecifiedcostsavings.Someconfinelayoffstospecificareas.BoeingCo.earlierthisyearsaiditplannedtocut2,000jobsprimarilyinfinanceandhumanresources,whilehiringinengineering.Amazonsaiditslatestcutswouldmostlybeconcentratedinitscloud-computing,advertisingandTwitchstreamingbusinesses.在許多公司，包括首席執(zhí)行官和首席財(cái)務(wù)官在內(nèi)的高層領(lǐng)導(dǎo)通常會(huì)為裁員制定高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，例如，要求公司裁員一定比例，或達(dá)到特定的成本節(jié)約。有些公司將裁員限制在特定領(lǐng)域。波音公司（BoeingCo.）今年早些時(shí)候表示，計(jì)劃裁員2000人，主要是在財(cái)務(wù)和人力資源領(lǐng)域，同時(shí)在工程領(lǐng)域招聘。亞馬遜表示，其最新的削減將主要集中在其云計(jì)算、廣告和Twitch流媒體業(yè)務(wù)上。Thetaskofdecidingwhoshouldbeeliminatedoftenfallstodivisionalleadersanddepartmentheads,accordingtoexecutives.Thebusiness-softwarecompanyOktaInc.inFebruarysaiditwouldcut300employees,or5%ofstaff,afterthecompanysaiditoverhiredduringthepandemic.Manydepartmentsacrossthecompanyweregivenspecificfinancialcost-cuttingtargetstomeet,saidCEOToddMcKinnon,anddidsoindifferentways.高管們表示，決定誰(shuí)應(yīng)該被淘汰的任務(wù)往往落在部門(mén)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和部門(mén)負(fù)責(zé)人身上。商業(yè)軟件公司奧卡股份有限公司（OktaInc.）2月份表示，將裁減300名員工，即5%的員工，此前該公司表示在疫情期間過(guò)度雇傭員工。首席執(zhí)行官ToddMcKinnon表示，公司的許多部門(mén)都被賦予了具體的財(cái)務(wù)成本削減目標(biāo)，并以不同的方式實(shí)現(xiàn)。Manythinkitisthejobofhuman-resourcesstafferstoselecttheindividualemployeestoterminate,thoughitisoftenfarmorelikelythatthebusinessleadersineachareaofacompanysuggestnamesofemployeestotarget,saidKathyZwickert,aformerchiefpeopleofficeratNetSuiteandmostrecentlyadirectoratthecloud-basedsoftwareproviderAvalara.NetSuite前首席人事官、最近擔(dān)任云計(jì)算軟件提供商Avalara董事的KathyZwickert表示，許多人認(rèn)為，選擇要解雇的員工是人力資源員工的工作，盡管公司每個(gè)領(lǐng)域的商業(yè)領(lǐng)袖建議目標(biāo)員工的名字的可能性往往要大得多。Inadditiontoreviewinganemployee’sperformancehistory,manycompaniesconsiderworkers’potentialtoadaptandtakeonnewjobsinthefuture.“It’sreallydowntoaone-on-oneassessmentofperfo