2022年浙江省紹興市大學英語6級大學英語六級

2022年浙江省紹興市大學英語6級大學英語六級學校:________班級:________姓名:________考號:________

一、2.ReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(20題)1.

WhichofthefollowingisNOTprobablyareasonforelectricvehicles'"goodtime"?

A.Risinggasolineprice.

B.Fueleconomy.

C.Affordableprice.

D.Variouschoices.

2.

Theinformationcostsconcern______.

3.

Thee-wasteproblemwillbesolvedinthenearfutureifallcountriesadopttheapproachdesignedbyTheCentreforDesignatRM1TUniversity,aleaderinthegrowingfieldofDesignfortheEnvironment.

A.YB.NC.NG

4.

"Nothingsucceedsliketheappearanceofsuccess"means______inthispassage.

5.

Comparedwithcloninghumanandbringingthemupasanarmy,itwouldbemuchcheaperto______.

6.

Socialstudierslearnbetterby______thanbyreading.

7.

Manyscientistsbelievedthattheycouldproduceananti-AIDSvaccinethatcouldbegiventopeopleto______thedisease.

8.

It'snecessarytoseekadvicefromaqualifiedlawyerinallofdivorcecases.

A.YB.NC.NG

9.GlobalWarming

Ⅰ.INTRODUCTION

Globalwarmingincreasesintheaveragetemperatureoftheatmosphere,oceans,andland-massesofEarth.Theplanethaswarmedmanytimesduringthe4.65billionyearsofitshistory.AtpresentEarthappearstobefacingarapidwarming,whichmostscientistsbelieveresults,atleastinpart,fromhumanactivities.Thechiefcauseofthiswarmingisthoughttobetheburningoffossilfuels,suchascoal,oil,andnaturalgas,whichreleasesintotheatmospherecarbondioxideandothersubstancesknownasgreenhousegases.Astheatmospherebecomesricherinthesegases,itbecomesabetterinsulator,retainingmoreoftheheatprovidedtotheplanetbytheSun.

TheaveragesurfacetemperatureofEarthisabout15Celsiusdegree.Overthelastcentury,thisaveragehasrisenbyabout0.6Celsiusdegree.Scientistspredictfurtherwarmingof1.4to5.8Celsiusdegreesbytheyear2100.Thistemperatureriseisexpectedtomeltpolaricecapsandglaciersaswellaswarmtheoceans,allofwhichwillexpandoceanvolumeandraisesealevelbyanestimated9to100cm,floodingsomecoastalregionsandevenentireislands.Someregionsinwarmerclimateswillreceivemorerainfallthanbefore,butsoilswilldryoutfasterbetweenstorms.Thissoildesiccationmaydamagefoodcrops,disruptingfoodsuppliesinsomepartsoftheworld.Plantandanimalspecieswillshifttheirrangestowardthepolesortohigherelevationsseekingcoolertemperatures,andspeciesthatcannotdosomaybecomeextinct.Thepotentialconsequencesofglobalwarmingaresogreatthatmanyoftheworld'sleadingscientistshavecalledforinternationalcooperationandimmediateactiontocounteracttheproblem.

Ⅱ.THEGREENHOUSEEFFECT

TheenergythatlightsandwarmsEarthcomesfromtheSun.Mostoftheenergythatfloodsontoourplanetisshort-waveradiation,includingvisiblelight.WhenthisenergystrikesthesurfaceofEarth,theenergychangesfromlighttoheatandwarmsEarth.Earth'ssurface,inturn,releasessomeofthisheataslong-waveinfraredradiation.

Muchofthislong-waveinfraredradiationmakesitallthewaybackouttospace,butaportionremainstrappedinEarth'satmosphere.Certaingasesintheatmosphere,includingwatervapor,carbondioxide,andmethane,providethetrap.AbsorbingandreflectinginfraredwavesradiatedbyEarth,thesegasesconserveheatastheglassinagreenhousedoesandarethusknownasgreenhousegases.Astheconcentrationofthesegreenhousegasesintheatmosphereincreases,moreheatenergyremainstrappedbelow.AlllifeonEarthreliesonthisgreenhouseeffectwithoutit,theplanetwouldbecolderbyabout33Celsiusdegrees,andicewouldcoverEarthfrompoletopole.However,agrowingexcessofgreenhousegasesinEarth'satmospherethreatenstotipthebalanceintheotherdirectiontowardcontinualwarming.

Ⅲ.TYPESOFGREENHOUSEGASES

Greenhousegasesoccurnaturallyintheenvironmentandalsoresultfromhumanactivities.Byfarthemostabundantgreenhousegasiswatervapor,whichreachestheatmospherethroughevaporationfromoceans,lakes,andrivers.

Carbondioxideisthenextmostabundantgreenhousegas.Itflowsintotheatmospherefrommanynaturalprocesses,suchasvolcaniceruptions;therespirationofanimals,whichbreatheinoxygenandexhalecarbondioxide;andtheburningordecayoforganicmatter,suchasplants.Carbondioxideleavestheatmospherewhenitisabsorbedintooceanwaterandthroughthephotosynthesisofplants,especiallytrees.Photosynthesisbreaksupcarbondioxide,releasingoxygenintotheatmosphereandincorporatingthecarbonintonewplanttissue.

Humansescalatetheamountofcarbondioxidereleasedtotheatmospherewhentheyburnfossilfuels,solidwastes,andwoodandwoo

A.YB.NC.NG

10.

Newton'sstudyoflightledhimtolearnwhy______seenthroughatelescopedonotseemsharpandclear.

11.

ForlocalpeopleinNorthWales,manyofthemconsiderEnglishaforeignlanguageandtheirmotherlanguageis______.

12.

ShireenAdenwallamovedherlabandofficefrequentlybecause______.

A.herhousemovedtoNebraska

B.shekeptgettingpromoted

C.theequipmentwasborrowed

D.shecouldn'tgetabundantfunding

13.

Byvoting,thepublicmadethefinalselectionoftheeurosymbols.

A.YB.NC.NG

14.

It'snecessaryforustobackupoursystemsto______.

A.harddriveofthecomputer

B.CDsandputthemindesk

C.sometransferablemediumandputitsomewhereelse

D.remotenetworkserverswithwhichyouarenotfamiliar

15.

InthecaseofLAMWsdisastrousaccident,itcanapply______toensurethevehiclelandingsafely.

16.

Workitselfisnotasingle,concept,weworkinordertomake______.

17.

SomescientistssetupdomesinthePolarRegions.

A.YB.NC.NG

18.

ThecollegelifeisregardedbymanyAmericansas______.

19.

Thevalueofunderstandingthelanguageofaforeigncountryshouldnotbeover-estimated,thoughmanyblundersininternationaladvertisingresultdirectlyfromtranslationmistakes.

A.YB.NC.NG

20.FreedbySudan,"Geographic"ReporterArrivesHomeinU.S.

After34daysinaSudanesejail,NationalGeographicjournalistPaulSalopek,whohadbeenchargedwithspying,landedinhishomestateofNewMexicoonSundaymorning.

Atthetimeofhisarrest,Salopek,44,hadbeenfreelancereportingforNationalGeographicmagazineontheSahelregion,whichstretcheseast-westacrossAfricaalongthesouthernedgeoftheSahara.

DonBelt,Salopek'seditorfortheSahelassignment,embracedthereporteruponhisarrivalandlatersaidhemighthavelostalittleweight,buthelookslikehe'snonetheworseforwear.

"We'reoverthemoonaboutSalopek'sreturn",Beltadded.

Salopek,whoisonascheduledleaveofabsencefromtheChicagoTribune,arrivedinAlbuquerquewithhiswife,hisTribuneeditor,andNewMexicoGovernorBillRichardson.

Salopeksaiditfeels"fantastic"tobehome.

"It'sgreattoseemywife,who'sbeenthroughalot-insomewaysmorethanmyself-inthelast35days,"hesaid.

Afterhe'sspentsometimewithhisfamily,Salopeksays,heplansto"makeroundsinChicagoandWashington"tothankhisfriendsattheTribuneandtheNationalGeographicSociety.

"Icanneverreallyrepaythem,"hesaid.But,hejokedatapressconferenceSundayattheAlbuquerqueinternationalairport,whathecandois"rackupanenormousbeerbill."

OnbehalfofNationalGeographic,BeltthankedRichardson,theTribune,Sudan'sambassadortotheUnitedStates,andJimmyCarter.TheformerU.S.PresidenthadwrittentoSudanesePresidentOmarA1-BashironSalopek'sbehalf-agesturethathadbeenkeptsecretuntilSunday.

(BothNationalGeographicNewsandNationalGeographicmagazinearepartsoftheNationalGeographicSociety.)

OnceSalopekisbackonthejob,heintendstoreturntoAfrica,firsttoChadtocheckuponhistwoassistants,whowerearrestedandfreedalongsidehim.ThenhewillcompletehisNationalGeographicassignmentinChad,Mali,Niger,Nigeria,andSenegal.

DetainedinNorthDarfur

ThePulitzerPrizewinnerandhisChadianassistants-driverIdrissAbdulrahamAnuandinterpreterSuleimanAbakarMoussa-werearrestedonAugust6aftertravelingfromChadtoSudan'stroubledDarfurProvincewithoutavisa.

Thebordercrossinghadbeenalastminutedecision,SalopeksaidattheSundaypressconference.

Normally,thethreewouldhavebeendeported.Instead,onAugust26theywerechargedwithespionage,passinginformationillegally,anddisseminating"falsenews",inadditiontothechargeofenteringthecountryunlawfully.

ThethreemenwereconfinedtoasinglecellinElFasher,capitalofNorthDarfurProvince.

Fromthecell,Salopeksays,theycouldseeprotestorsdailyinveighing(痛罵)againsttheUnitedStatesandtheUnitedNations,whichareleadinganefforttodeployaUNpeacekeepingforcetoneighboringDarfurProvince.

Salopekandhiscellmates,though,weren'twithoutwelcomecompany.

U.S.soldiers-intheregionadvisinganAfricanUnionpeacekeepingforce-discoveredthatanAmericanwasbeingheldinElFasherandtookuphiscause.

"Theyvisitedusvirtuallyeveryday,"Salopeksaid."Theywerelikeourguardianangels."

Theefforttofreethereporterandhiscolleagues,though,wasn'texactlyheavenly.

Itwaslikea"carnivalride,"Salopeksaid,"upanddown,daytoday."

TheRelease

GovernorRichardsonflewtoSudanonThursdaytonegotiatethethreemen'sreleaseonhumanitariangrounds,ThanksinparttopriordealingswiththeSudaneseambassadortotheU.S.andwithSudanesePresidentOmarA1-Bashir,Richardsonsuccee

A.YB.NC.NG

二、3.ListeningComprehension(20題)21.SectionB

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.

聽力原文：AmyJohnsonwasapioneerairwomanin26,Britain.ShewasbornonJuly1st,1903,inYorkshireandlivedthereuntil1923whenshewenttoSheffieldUniversitytostudy.(30)Aftergraduationfromuniversity,shetookajobasasecretarytoaLondonlawyer.Atthesametimeshebecameinterestedinflying.Soonherbobbybecameadeterruination,notsimplytomakeacareerinaviation,buttosucceedinsomeprojectwhichwouldprovetotheworldthatwomencouldbeascompetentasmeninamale-dominatedfieldinthosedays.

Earlyin1930s,shechoseherobjective:toflysolotoAustraliaandtobreakthepreviousrecordof16days.Herparentsandsomeofherfriendslenthermoneytobuyausedairplane.(31)AmysetoffonMay5,1930.HerroutetookheroverViennaandBaghdad.Shewascaughtinasandstormaidhadtomakemiemergencylandinginthedesert.SixdayslatershelandedinIndia.(31)Afterexperiencing:muchhardship,shefinallyreachedAustraliaonMay24,completingaflightof11000miles.ShewasthefirstwomantoflyalonetoAustralia.Inlateryears,shesetseveralotherrecordsinflighthistory.

DuringWorldWarII,Amyjoinedotherprofessionalpilotstoservehercountry.HerflyingdutiesconsistedoftransportingaircraftfromfactoriestoBritishairbases.Itwasduringoneofthoseflightsill1941thatAmycrashedintoariverandwasdrowned,atragicandearlyendtothelifeofBritain'smostfamouswomanpilot.

(27)

A.Anairwoman.B.Ateacher.C.Alawyer.D.Asecretary.

22.

【B2】

23.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD,anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.

聽力原文：M:Excuseme.I'mastrangerhereandhavelostmyway.CouldyoutellmewhereTreadHallis?

W:Oh,justwalkdownthisroad,takethefirstturningontheleft.Thenwalkfourblocksandyou'llseea20-storeybuilding.TheTreadHallisjustnexttoit.

Q:WhereistheTreadHall?

(12)

A.TheTreadHallisontheleftofa20-storeybuilding.

B.TheTreadHallisontherightofa20-storeybuilding.

C.TheTreadHallisbehinda20-storeybuilding.

D.TheTreadHallisnexttoa20-storeybuilding.

24.聽力原文：W:Iamreallygladourclubdecidedtoraisemoneyforthechildren'shospital,andmostofthepeoplewehavephonedseemedhappytocontribute．

M:Yeah,Iagree.Nowwehavegonethroughallthenumbersonourlistnow,soIguesswecancallitaday.

Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?

(19)

A.Gohomeandhaveagoodrest.

B.Callallthepeopleonthelisttoday.

C.Gothroughailthenumbersontheirlist.

D.Askpeopleonthelisttocontribute.

25.聽力原文：W:I'mlookingforatextbookformysociologycourse,It'scalledAmericanSocietyattheCrossroads.Doyouhaveit?

M:Yes,wedo.You'llfinditinsection24,onthetopshelf.

Q:What'sthewoman'soccupationprobably?

(18)

A.Atrafficguard.

B.Asociologist.

C.Astudent.

D.Asalesperson.

26.(39)

27.(22)

A.Sherequeststhemannottocallheragain.

B.Sherequeststhemantocallherinafewdays.

C.Sherequeststochangeasalesman.

D.Sherequestsacheaperpriceforwhatthemanoffers.

28.【B10】

29.(34)

A.Informationinshort-termmemoryisdifferentfromthatinlong-termmemoryonlyincontent.

B.Long-termmemorycanbeachievedonlybytraining.

C.Itiseasiertotestshort-termmemorythanlong-termmemory.

D.Henninggaveatestonvocabularytohissubjects.

30.聽力原文：W:Didyouseethedoctorthismorning,dear?Whatdidheprescribeforyou?

M:Well,hesaidtherewasnoneedtotakeanymedicineifIkepthealthydietandregularexercises.

Q:Whatcanweinferfromtheconversation?

(16)

A.Nothingcouldhelpthemanifhedidnoexercises.

B.Nomedicinecouldsolvetheman'sproblem.

C.Themanshouldeatmoreanddomoreexercises.

D.Rightfoodandproperexercisesareimportantfortheman'shealth.

31.(20)

A.Thestudentsneededoff-campusjob.

B.Thetheaterdepartmentneededmoretalentedstudents.

C.Theoperacompanywaslookingforvolunteers.

D.Thenewdeanthoughtitwouldprovidegoodexperienceforthestudents.

32.

【B9】

33.聽力原文：W:Inthesecoupleofrooms,wehavepostwarAmericanpaintingsdoneinNewYorkinthe1950s.Allofthisworkisconsideredabstract.

M:Hmmm,interesting.Actually,Icouldneverunderstandmodernart.It'ssoabstract.

W:Ihappentoknowalittlebitaboutthistypeofart.Theartistsweremotivatedbytheideasofthattime.Theirworksreflectedhowtheymadesenseofthesocietyaroundthem.

M:Pleasetellmeabouttheoneonthewall.Idon'tunderstanditatall.Itlookslikeabunchofsplashesofpainttome.

W:Actually,itis,andthat'sexactlywhatthisparticularartistintendedtodo.Heplacedthecanvasonhisstudiofloorandpouredpaintonitveryquickly.

M:(Chuckling)Icouldhavetoldyouthat]Butwhywouldhedothat?

W:Inthefifties,manyartistswereinterestedinpsychologicaltheories.Theybelievedthatmostpaintingsweredirectedbytheconsciousmind,andtheywantedtoavoidthat.Bypaintingwithacceleratedspeeds,theyhopedtousetheunconsciousmind.Bypaintingquickly,theyfeltthattheywereforcingtheirunconsciousmindstomakeinstant,intuitivedecisionsaboutthecolor.Theybelievedthatlogical,deliberatedecisionswouldinterferewiththefreeflowofimagesandideas.Theseartistsbelievedthattheirworkwasmorehonestusingthismethodandtheybelievedthathonestworkwasmostimportant.

M:Thankyoufortellingmethis.Ialwayswonderedwhytheypaintedthisway.ModernartmakesalotmoresensetomewhenIknowtheideasbehindit.

(23)

A.Inastudio.

B.Inagallery

C.Inanartsupplystore

D.Inapsychologist'soffice.

34.聽力原文：M:Thecityisgoingtopulldownthoseoldhousesandputupanewshoppingcenter.

W:Anothershoppingcenter?That'snothingnew!

Q:Whatdoesthewomanmean?

(17)

A.Newshoppingcentersareverycommon.

B.Theshoppingcenterisveryold.

C.Thecityneedsmoreshoppingcenters.

D.Theoldhouseshouldbeturnedintostores.

35.(32)

A.Hewasoneofthebest-educatedmenoftheWest.

B.Hewasthebest-knownlawyerinIllinois.

C.HewastheonlyUnitedStatesPresidentwhoWasbornintoapoorfamilyandhadlittleformaleducation.

D.Hewasoneoftheworld'sgreatestmenofalltime.

36.

【B8】

37.聽力原文：SciencefictionwritershaveoftenimaginedhumanbeingsgoingtoliveonMars.Butthesedays,scientistsaretakingtheideaseriously.Ithasagreatdealtorecommendit,sinceitmightsolvetheproblemofovercrowdingontheearth.Butobviously,itwouldnotbeworthmakingtheeffortunlesspeoplecouldlivetherenaturally.Iftheatmospherewerelikethatoftheearth,thismightbepossible.Butinfactitismostlycarbondioxide.Apartfromthat,thereareotherproblemstobeovercome.Forexample,thetemperatureWouldhavetoberaisedfrom60degreesbelowzeroto15degreesaboveit.ScientistswhostudyMarshavelaiddowntheprogramthattheycanfollow.Tobeginwith,theywillhavetofindoutwhetherlifehaseverexistedontheplanetofMarsinthepast.Secondly,theywillhavetomakeareliablemapofitssurface.Andfinally,theywillhavetomakealistofthegases.Aboveall,theywillhavetodiscoverhowmuchnitrogenitpossesses,sincenitrogenisfourfifthsoftheairwebreathe.TheyaresurprisinglyoptimisticaboutraisingthetemperatureonMarsandbelieveitcouldbedoneintwohundredyears.ItWilltakeabitlonger,though,totransform.theatmospheresothathumanbeings,couldlivethere.Scientistsestimatethatthiswilltakeonehundredthousandyears.

(33)

A.Becausepeoplemighthavetomigratetheresomeday.

B.Becauseitisverymuchliketheearth.

C.Becauseitiseasiertoexplorethanotherplanets.

D.Becauseitsatmosphereisdifferentfromthatoftheearth.

38.(28)

A.Therearemanyformsofcommunicationinexistencetoday.

B.Verbalizationisthemostcommonform.ofcommunication.

C.Ideasandthoughtscanbetransmittedbybodylanguage.

D.Thedeafandthemuteuseanoralform.ofcommunication.

39.SectionB

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.

聽力原文：ThefavoritefoodintheUnitedStatesisthehamburger.Thefavoriteplacetobuyahamburgerisafastfoodrestaurant.Atfastfoodrestaurants,peopleordertheirfood,waitforafewminutes,andcarryittotheirtablesthemselves.Peoplealsotaketheirfoodoutoftherestaurantandeatitintheircarsorintheirhomes.Atsomefastfoodrestaurants,peoplecanordertheirfood,payforitandpickitupwithoutleavingtheircars.

TherearemanykindsoffastfoodrestaurantsintheUnitedStates.Thegreatestinnumbersellhamburgers,Frenchfriesandsoon.TheyarepopularfoodamongAmericans.Besides,fastfoodrestaurantsthatserveChinesefood,Mexicanfood,Italianfood,chicken,seafoodandice-creamareverymany.

FastfoodrestaurantsarepopularbecausetheyreflectAmericanlifestyle.Customerscanwearanytypeofdresswhentheygotoafastfoodplace.Second,theyarefast.Peoplewhoarebusydonotwanttospendtimepreparingtheirownfoodorwaitingwhilesomeonepreparesit.Infastfoodrestaurantsthefoodisusuallyreadybeforethecustomerevenordersit.Finallymostfoodinafastfoodrestaurantisnotexpensive.Therefore,peopleareabletobuyandeatthereoften,whiletheymaynotbeabletogotoamoreexpensiverestaurantveryoften.

(27)

A.Theyorderandeattheirfoodattherestaurant.

B.Theybuyandtaketheirfoodoutandeatitintheircarsorintheirhomes.

C.Theyorder,payforandgettheirfoodintheircars.

D.Theydooneofthethreeabove-mentionedthings.

40.SectionC

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhearapassagethreetimes.Whenthepassageisreadforthefirsttime,youshouldlistencarefullyforitsgeneralidea.Whenthepassageisreadforthesecondtime,youarerequiredtofillintheblanksnumberedfrom36to43withtheexactwordsyouhavejustheard.Forblanksnumberedfrom44to46youarerequiredtofillinthemissinginformation.Fortheseblanks,youcaneitherusetheexactwordsyouhavejustheardorwritedownthe

Shynessisthecauseofmuchunhappinessforagreatmanypeople.Shypeopleareanxiousand【B1】______;thatis,theyareexcessivelyconcernedwiththeirownappearanceandactions.【B2】______thoughtsareconstantlyoccurringintheirminds:whatkindofimpressionamImaking?Dotheylikeme?DoIsoundstupid?AmIwearing【B3】______clothes?

Itisobviousthatsuchuncomfortablefeelingsmustaffectpeople【B4】______.Aperson'sself-conceptis【B5】______inthewayheorshebehaves,andthewayapersonbehavesaffectsotherpeople's【B6】______.Ingeneral,thewaypeoplethinkaboutthemselveshasa【B7】______effectonallareasoftheirlives.

Shypeopleareverysensitiveto【B8】______;theyfeelitconfirmstheirinferiority.【B9】______.Ashypersonmayrespondtoacomplimentwithastatementlikethisone:"You'rejustsayingthattomakemefeelgood.Iknowit'snottrue."【B10】______.

Canshynessbecompletelyeliminated,oratleastreduced?【B11】______.People'sexpectationsofthemselvesmustberealistic.Livingontheimpossibleleadstoasenseofinadequacy.

【B1】

三、4.ReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(20題)41.

WhydidsomepractitionersagreetobethesubjectsofEmily'sexperiment?

A.Itinvolvednothingmorethanmereguessing.

B.Theythoughtitwasgoingtobealotoffun.

C.Itwasmorestraightforwardthanotherexperiment.

D.Theysensednoharminalittlegirl%experiment.

42.

Whatdoes"...buthasmadeavastnumberofover-35-year-oldsredundant"(Line2,Para.5)refertoaccordingtothepassage?

A.Globalizationhascausedmanywomenwhoareolderthan35yearsoldtolosetheirjobs.

B.Over-35-year-oldworkingwomenarestuckinindustriesthatarenolongerthriving.

C.Thereisagreatneedofover-35-year-oldwomenduetotheprocessofglobalization.

D.Therewasababyboom35yearsagoandtherearemanyover-35-year-oldwomenworking.

43.

Itcanbeinferredthatahearingaidcanfunctionwellat______.

A.aquietplaceorcorner

B.aclassroomwithmanystudents

C.acinemawithcomfortableseats

D.acarpetedroomwhereapartyison

44.

FromHrncirik'sremarkswecansayanMBAprogramis______.

45.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,thereisashortpassagewith5questionsorincompletestatements.Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.

Thebacteriathatcauseacommonfood-borneillnessshowlowdrugresistanceinAustralia,unlikesimilarstrainsfromtheUnitedStatesandEurope,astudyhasfound.ScientistsbehindthefindingsayAustralia'sdefactobanoncertainantibioticsinpoultry(家禽)andotherlivestockhelpsexplainwhy.

Inthestudy,researchersanalyzedsamplesofCampylobacterjejuni(空腸彎曲桿菌)bacteriafrom585patientsinfiveAustralianstates.

Scientistsfoundthatonly2percentofthesampleswereresistanttociprofloxacin(環(huán)丙沙星),oneofthegroupofantibioticsknownasfluoroquinolonones.Bycontrast,18percentofCampylobacter(弧形桿菌)samplesinU.S.patientsareimmunetofluoroqulnolonones,whichhavebeenusedintheU.S.topreventortreatrespiratory(呼吸的)diseaseinpoultryforadecade.

Thestudy,ledbyLeanneUnicomb,agraduatestudentatAustralianNationalUniversityinCanberra,waspublishedintheMayissueofthejournalClinicalInfectiousDiseases.

"Thefindingsaddtothegrowingbodyofevidencesuggestiveoftheproblemsofusingfluoroquinolononesinfood-producinganimals,"Unicombwroteinanemail.

Campylobacteristhemostcommonfood-bornediseaseintheU.S.andmanyotherindustrializedcountries.

Peoplecancontractthepathogen(病原體)byconsumingundercookedpoultryormeat,rawmilk,orcontaminated(被污染的)water.

Symptomsincludefever,vomiting,anddiarrhea(腹瀉).Inrarecases,thediseasecantriggerparalysisordeath.

"InmostindustrialcountriesCampylobacterismorecommonlyreportedthanSalmonella(沙門氏菌),abetter-knowncauseoffoodpoisoning,"Unicombsaid.

"ThenumberofcasesofCampylobacterhasbeenontheriseinAustraliasincetheearly90's."

IntheU.S.,about1.4millionpeoplecontractedCampylobacterinfectionslastyear,accordingtotheU.S.CentersforDiseaseControlendPrevention(CDC)inAtlanta,Georgia.

WhiletheinfectionrateintheU.S.hasdroppedoverthelastdecade,thebacteriahavegrownmoredrag-resistant.

AccordingtotheCDC,surveysbetween1986and1990foundnosignsofresistancetotheantibioticsinU.S.Campylobacterinfections.Butby1997,strainsresistanttotheantibioticsaccountedfor12percentofhumancases.In2001thefigureclimbedto18percent.

PublichealthexpertssaymanyfactorscontributetoCampylobacter'sdrugresistance;thewidespreaduseoffluoroquinolonunesbyU.S.poultryfarmersoverthepastdecadeisoneofthem.

FluoroquinoloneswerefirstapprovedforuseinhumansbytheU.S.FoodandDrugAdministration(FDA)in1986.In1995theFDAgrantedpoultryfarmerspermissiontotheusethedrugsinlivestock.LastyeartheFDAbannedtheantibioticfromfood-producinganimals,citingtheconcernsraisedbypublichealthexpertsoverdrag-resistantbacteria.

FrederickAngulo,anepidemiologistwiththeCDC,monitorsthedrugresistanceoffood-bornepathogensintheU.S.foodsupply."Thepeoplewhoaremostlikelytogetinfectedwithfood-bornediseasesincludethemostvulnerablepeopleinthepopulation--infantsandyoungchildrenandalsotheelderly,"hesaid.HesaysthatCampylobacterinfectionsareentirelypreventable,asisthebacteria'santibioticresistance."Inmanywayswhat'soccurringwithCampylobacterisanindicatorforabroaderissue,whichis...antibiotic-resistantbacteriainthefoodsupply,"hesaid.

Whydofood-bornepathogensinAustraliashowlowdrugresistance?

46.SectionB

Directions:Thereare