形副大一下語法adjectives and adverbs

Chapter14Adjectives預(yù)習(xí)要點(diǎn)1.品質(zhì)形容詞與類屬形容詞的差別2.多個形容作定語的位置3.程度副詞的位置4.形容詞都有比較級嗎？5.修飾比較級結(jié)構(gòu)的詞和詞組6.修飾同級比較as…as的詞和詞組7.修飾最高級結(jié)構(gòu)的詞和詞組8fairly,rather和quite的用法9.形容詞比較級的特殊用法more…than;less…than;nomore…than;noless…than;morethansb.cando;翻譯下列句子：1.Theneweditionisnomoreexpensivethantheoldedition.2.Asadriver,Johnisnolessskilledthanyou.3.Heismoreapoetthanaphilosopher.4.Hewaslessangrythansurprised.5.Thegirlisasbrilliantassheisbeautiful.6.SamisasmodestasPeterishonest.7.Shewasmorethanpleasedwiththeresult.8.Itismorethanfleshandbloodcanbear.Theusualorderforadjectivesinanounphrase

Whatisthecorrectorderforthefollowingadjectives?aBritishnew

plastic

blacknicelongpenanicelongnewblackBritishplasticpenClassificationQualitativeadj.(品質(zhì)形容詞):nice,cleverClassifyingadj.(類屬形容詞)：cultural,marriedColoradj.Emphasingadj.:total,perfect-ingadj.-edadj.Compoundadj.:good-tempered不用于比較級、最高級theusualorderfortheadjective：①品質(zhì)形容詞+顏色形容詞+類屬形容詞②thecoinedword“.p”如：abeautifulbignewredplastichatasmallgreyrectangularFrenchradio（參考《實(shí)用英語語法》第389頁）.p:op→opinionadjectives:sh→sizeorshapeadjectivesa→ageadjectivesc→coloradjectiveso→originadjectivesm→materialadjectivesp→purposeadjectives.p中:op代表opinion，指表示人們觀點(diǎn)的形容詞，如beautiful，horrible，lovely，nice等；sh代表shape，指表示長短、大小形容詞，如long，short，narrow等；a代表age，指表示年齡、時代的形容詞，如old，new，young等；c代表color，指表示顏色的形容詞，如red,black,等；o代表origin，指表示國籍、地區(qū)、產(chǎn)地的形容詞，如British，Canadian，German等；m代表material，指表示材料的形容詞，如plastic，metal，oil等。p代表purpose,指表示功能、用途、目的的形容詞，如sleeping(asin"sleepingbags")等。Anopinionadjectiveexplainswhatyouthinkaboutsomething(otherpeoplemaynotagreewithyou).Examples:

silly,beautiful,horrible,difficult

Asizeadjective,ofcourse,tellsyouhowbigorsmallsomethingis.Examples:

large,tiny,enormous,little

Ashapeadjectivedescribestheshapeofsomething.Examples:

square,round,flat,rectangular

Anageadjectivetellsyouhowyoungoroldsomethingorsomeoneis.Examples:

ancient,new,young,oldAcolouradjective,ofcourse,describesthecolourofsomething.Examples:

blue,pink,reddish,grey

Anoriginadjectivedescribeswheresomethingcomesfrom.Examples:

French,lunar,American,eastern,Greek

Amaterialadjectivedescribeswhatsomethingismadefrom.Examples:

wooden,metal,cotton,paper

Apurposeadjectivedescribeswhatsomethingisusedfor.Theseadjectivesoftenendwith"-ing".Examples:

sleeping(asin"sleepingbag"),roasting(asin"roastingtin")

劍橋英語語法手冊UNIT98Adjectives:wordorder(anicenewhouse),A.Sometimesweusetwoormoreadjectivestogether:*Mybrotherlivesinanicenewhouse.*Inthekitchentherewas'abeautifullargeroundwoodentable.Adjectiveslikenew/large/round/woodenarefactadjectives.Theygiveusfactualinformationaboutage,size,colouretc.Adjectiveslikenice/beautifulareopinionadjectives.Theytelluswhatsomebodythinksofsomethingorsomebody.Opinionadjectivesusuallygobeforefactadjectives.anice(opinion)long(fact)summerholidayaninteresting(opinion)young(fact)manandelicious(opinion)hot(fact)vegetablesoupabeautiful(opinion)largeroundwooden(fact)tableB.Sometimesweusetwoormorefactadjectives.Veryoften(butnotalways)weputfactadjectivesinthisorder:1.howbig?->2.howold?->3.whatcolor?->4.wherefrom?->5.whatisitmadeof?->NOUNatallyoungman(1->2)alargewoodentable(1->5)bigblueeyes(1->3)anoldRussiansong(2->4)asmallblackplasticbag(1->3->5)anoldwhitecottonshirt(2->3->5)Adjectivesofsizeandlength(big/small/tall/short/longetc.)usuallygobeforeadjectivesofshapeandwidth(round/fat/thin/slim/wideetc.):alargeroundtable/atallthingirl/alongnarrowstreetWhentherearetwocolouradjectives,weuseand:ablackandwhitedressared,whiteandgreenflagbutalongblackdress(not'alongandblackdress')1.Whichisthecorrectorder?asmallthinCanadianlady①aCanadiansmallthinlady②asmallCanadianthinlady③athinsmallCanadianlady④2.Whichisthecorrectorder?

acarvingsteelnewknife①

anewsteelcarvingknife②

asteelnewcarvingknife③

anewcarvingsteelknife④3.Whichisthecorrectorder?

asailingbeautifulblueboat

①

abluebeautifulsailingboat②

abeautifulbluesailingboat

③

abluesailingbeautifulboat④4.Whichisthecorrectorder?ahugewoodensailingship①awoodenhugesailingship②ahugesailingwoodenship③ahugesailingwoodenship④5.Whichisthecorrectorder?aninterestingoldphysicsteacher①aninterestingphysicsoldteacher②aphysicsinterestingoldteacher③anoldphysicsinterestingteacher④6.Whichisthecorrectorder?

anoldlargewoodensquaretable①

alargesquarewoodenoldtable②

alargewoodenoldsquaretable

③

alargeoldsquarewoodentable

④ThedegreeofadjectivesTherearethreeformsofcomparison:-positive

-comparative

-superlativeDifferenceinmeaningwithdifferentirregularcomparisonofadjectives:far—farther—farthest(distance)far—further—furthest(distanceortime)old—older—oldest(peopleandthings)old—elder—eldest(peopleofafamily;notusedbeforethan;usedasamodifier)E.g.:Myelder/oldersisteristhreeyearsolderthanme.SomeadjectiveswithnocomparisonNotalladjectiveshavetheircomparativeorsuperlativeform.Forexamplewecannotsay“Sheismoreperfectthanhereldersister”thoughweoftenhear“她比她的姐姐更完美”.Perfect:oftheverybestpossiblekind,degreeorstandard“Perfect”isalimitadjective.Soithasnocomparison.1.limitadjective(極限形容詞)

所謂極限形容詞是指本身就表達(dá)一個絕對、極端意義的形容詞。此類形容詞通常不能用于比較級和最高級。屬于該類的常見形容詞有：absolute,perfect,unique,excellent,extreme,impossible,worthless,speechless,empty,full,disgusting,amazed,terrific,marvelous,exhausted;maximal,mere,minimal,matchless,sole,only（最…唯一…）等等。但這些詞前卻可以帶諸如absolutely,completely,quite,totally,utterly等的程度副詞作修飾語，表示最高的程度；如,"Thatisquiteimpossible"還可帶有諸如almost,nearly,practically,virtually等程度副詞，表示接近最高的程度之意。如,"Itisalmostimpossibletosay"。2.non-gradableadjectives(非等級形容詞)

此類形容詞不能表示“等級”的不同，只可表“是”與“非”。如，married(已婚)一詞，我們不能說一個人“moremarried”或“l(fā)essmarried”，只能說“married”或"unmarried"。屬于該類的常見形容詞有：1)表示國籍的形容詞，如Chinese,British,American,Spanish等等；2)表示顏色的形容詞，如red,blue,yellow等；3)表示方向、方位的形容詞，如northern,southern,eastern,western,middle,right,left,outdoor,indoor,等等；4）部分表示事物性質(zhì)、物質(zhì)材料或結(jié)構(gòu)成分的形容詞。如atomic,cultural,electric，economic,educational,golden,political,scientific,silken,urban,wooden，monthly,weekly,yearly,daily,等等很多"concerning...","about"意義的形容詞，一般都不可用于比較級和最高級。但上述形容詞有時也可以用于比較級來表示特殊的意義。如,“TheforeigntouristismoreChinesethanaChinese."意為"TheforeigntouristbehavesorseemsverymuchlikeatypicalChineseperson."或"TheforeigntouristspeaksChineselanguageverywell,evenbetterthanaChineseperson."Chapter15AdverbsClassificationsofadverbsAdverbsofFrequency,AdverbsofManner,AdverbsofTime,AdverbsofPlace,AdverbsofDegree,EmphasingAdverbs,InterrogativeAdverbs,ConjunctiveAdverbs,RelativeAdverbs,SentenceAdverbs.PositionsofadverbsinasentenceAdverbsareusedtomodifyverbsoradjectivesorotheradverbs.Anadverbwhichmodifiesaverbmayoccupyoneofthreemainpositionsinaclause.Thesepositionsmaybereferredtoasthebeginningposition,themiddleposition,andtheendposition.

1.AdverbstomodifyadjectivesoradverbsAdverbswhichmodifyadjectivesorotheradverbsusuallyimmediatelyprecedethewordstheymodify.E.g.Thepackageisextremely

large.

Weexperiencedrelatively

fewdifficulties.

Busesdepartquite

regularly.

2.AdverbstomodifyaverbManytypesofadverbswhichmodifyverbstakethisorder:Manner+Place+Time+Purpose

orplace+manner+time+purpose(位移動詞)E.g.Wewaited

patiently

outsidethetheater allafternoon

tobuytickets.Iwillgo

tothelibrary

bybustomorrowtoreturnthebook.Bethswimsenthusiasticallyinthepooleverymorningbeforedawntokeepinshape.OrderofAdverbsSometimestheorderofadverbsisvaried.E.g.:Everymorningbeforedawn,Bethswimsenthusiasticallyinthepooltokeepinshape.Wewaitedpatientlyallafternoonoutsidethetheatertobuytickets.

Theadverbshouldnotbeputbetweentheverbandtheobject.E.g.:Heategreedilythechocolatecake.×Heatethechocolatecakegreedily.√3.AdverbstomodifyasentenceSentenceadverbsusuallyappearatthebeginningpositiontomodifythewholesentence.E.g.Fortunately,hefoundthemoneyhehadlost.Adverbsoffrequencyoftenoccurbeforetheverb,afterthe“be”verborauxiliariesormodalverbs.Adverbsofdegreeusuallyimmediatelyprecedethewordstheymodify(suchasverbs,adjectivesandotheradverbs).Adverbsofdegreego

before

Adverbsoffrequency.Adverbsofplacegobeforeadverbsoftime.Adverbsofmannerareusuallyplacedafterthemainverboraftertheobject.

Only在句子中的位置(參看課本P428）Heboughtacaryesterday.Onlyheboughtacaryesterday.Heonlyboughtacaryesterday.Heboughtonlyacaryesterday.Heboughtacaronlyyesterday.Notethatprobablygoesbeforethenegative.Sowesay:*Iprobablywon'tseeyou.orIwillprobablynotseeyou.(butnot'Iwon'tprobably...')1.“more…than”construction

Premodifierssuchas:

“alittle”,“abit”,“slightly”,

“alot”,“agreatdeal”,“far”,“byfar”,“even”,“still”,“no”,“many”and“much”

usedbefore

“more…than”construction.many只是用于可數(shù)的復(fù)數(shù)名詞，如manymorestudentse.g.TomisalittleyoungerthanTim.Yougetfarmorethanyoupayforit.修飾比較級more…than的副詞Listeningskillsarejustasimportantasspeaking.MaybeIdidn’tloveyouquiteasoftenasIshouldhave.2.“as…as”construction

Premodifierssuchas:

“just”,“almost”,“nearly”,“quite”areusedbefore“as…as”construction.e.g.修飾同級比較as…as的副詞3.修飾最高級結(jié)構(gòu)的副詞Premodifierssuchas“byfar”,“almost”,“nearly”,“quite”,“much”areusedbefore“themost”construction.

E.g.:Heisbyfarthebestofallthestudents.Heisalmostthetallesthere.※much修飾最高級應(yīng)置于最高級前的定冠詞之前，而不是之后?！癿uch+the+最高級”的意思是“最最……”,“絕對是最……”。如：Thisismuchthemostdifficult.這是最最難的。That’smuchthebestplan.那絕對是最好的計劃。(參考課本P413)比較結(jié)構(gòu)中的“假朋友”現(xiàn)象在英語的比較結(jié)構(gòu)中也存在一些“假朋友”現(xiàn)象,即有一些特殊的比較結(jié)構(gòu),它們在表現(xiàn)形式上與普通的比較結(jié)構(gòu)非常相似,但表達(dá)的意義卻相去甚遠(yuǎn),有的甚至截然相反。1.nomore...than... 2.noless...than...3.more...than… 4.less...than...5. as…as… 6.morethan+adj./+do7.morethansb.cando翻譯下列句子：1.Theneweditionisnomoreexpensivethantheoldedition.2.Asadriver,Johnisnolessskilledthanyou.3.Heismoreapoetthanaphilosopher.4.Hewaslessangrythansurprised.5.Thegirlisasbrilliantassheisbeautiful.6.SamisasmodestasPeterishonest.7.Shewasmorethanpleasedwiththeresult.8.Itismorethanfleshandbloodcanbear.1.Theneweditionisnomoreexpensivethantheoldedition.誤譯:新版本不比舊版本貴。正譯:舊版本和新版本都不算貴?！皀omore...than...”用于兩個事物比較時,帶有否定意義,表示than前后兩個事物程度相同,是“同......一樣不......”的意思。譯為漢語時通常要把分句次序顛倒,才能表達(dá)出重點(diǎn)來。它不同于“notmore...than...”,試比較:Theneweditionisnotmoreexpensivethantheoldedition.新版本不比舊版本貴。2.Asadriver,Johnisnolessskilledthanyou.誤譯:在駕駛方面,約翰的技術(shù)不比你遜色。正譯:在駕駛方面,約翰和你一樣熟練。“noless...than...”結(jié)構(gòu)在這里正好和“nomore...than

”結(jié)構(gòu)的意義相反,表示前后都肯定,解釋為“和......一樣……”。又如:Thewriterisnolessapersonagethanaprince.這位作家簡直和王子一樣出名。此外,“noless...than...”結(jié)構(gòu)的另一個意思是“不是別的,正是......”,這時,noless和than中間只能是名詞。例如:

Wehopetoinvitenolessapersonthananassistantprofessor.我們想聘請的正是一位助理教授。3.Heismoreapoetthanaphilosopher.誤譯:他是詩人比他是哲學(xué)家更多。正譯:說他是詩人比說他是哲學(xué)家更合適?！癿ore+adj.+than+adj.為“與其說是......,不如說是......”、是......而不是......”之意。如：Hisbrotherismorekindthanintelligent.他兄弟人挺好,可是不夠聰明。4.Hewaslessangrythansurprised.誤譯:他生氣比吃驚少。正譯:與其說他生氣,不如說他吃驚。這一結(jié)構(gòu)同“more...than...”也譯為“與其說是......,不如說是......”、是......而不是......”之意。只是它側(cè)重于后者,其意思是肯定后者,否定前者。moreAthanB:是A而不是BlessAthanB:是B而不是A5.Thegirlisasbrilliantassheisbeautiful.這句是對一個人的兩種品質(zhì)進(jìn)行描述，譯為：既…又…譯文：這女孩既聰明又漂亮。

6.SamisasmodestasPeterishonest.這兩句是對兩個人兩種品質(zhì)進(jìn)行對比，譯為：“…而…”譯文：山姆很謙虛，而彼得很誠實(shí)。7.Shewasmorethanpleasedwiththeresult.Inthissentence“morethan”functionsasanadverb.Itmeans“very,extremely”.她對結(jié)果極其滿意。Thismorethansatisfiedme.這使我極其滿意。8.Itismorethanfleshandbloodcanbear.“morethan…sb./sth.cando”means“非……所能做”非常人（血肉之軀）所能忍受。如：ThebeautyoftheplaceismorethanIcandescribe.1.Fairly分量最輕，quite居中，rather分量最重。其區(qū)別可這樣表示：nothot→

fairlyhot→quitehot→ratherhot→veryhot

fairly,quiteandrather

比如說一部電影fairlygood，意思也許是“勉強(qiáng)可以看”；如果你認(rèn)為這部電影quitegood，那就意在推薦，認(rèn)為值得一看；如果說這部電影rathergood，那就是勝過多數(shù)電影了；pretty和rather差不多，只是大多數(shù)情況下用于非正式文體中。而說verygood,則相當(dāng)于說oneofthebest了。

fairly,quiteandratherfairly,quiteandrather2.程度副詞fairly,quiteandrather都可修飾形容詞和副詞的原級。Fairly:只用于修飾褒義的形容詞和副詞.rather主要用于貶義，如ratherpoor/bad,但它也可以用在某些褒義的形容詞和副詞前，具有比fairly更強(qiáng)烈的褒義，相當(dāng)于very，如rathergood/well/pretty/clever。3.只有rather可修飾形容詞與副詞的比較級；如：ratherwarmer,quite可用在better前，指病完全好了。

4.只有rather可與too連用；如：rathertoosure(有點(diǎn)太自信)，5.rather還可和“貶義”詞連用；Tomisquiteclever,buthisyoungerbrotherisratherstupid.fairly,quiteandrather6.quite修飾極限形容詞或無級別形容詞(impossible,perfect,dead…)表示completely或absolutely(完全)的意思。如：quiteexhausted(精疲力盡)，quiteperfect（好極了）。fairly,quiteandrather7.quite和rather也可和動詞連用，fairly則不能。如：Iquitelikeher.Iratherenjoydoingnothing.