英文翻譯資料

外文翻譯資料ComponentsofABuildingandTallBuildings建筑的組成部分專業(yè)：土木工程方向：建筑工程方向班級：土木0343班姓名：莫方勇土木學(xué)院二00七年六月ComponentsofABuildingandTallBuildingsMaterialsandstructuralformsarecombinedtomakeupthevariouspartsofabuilding,includingtheload-carryingframe,skin,floors,andpartitions.Thebuildingalsohasmechanicalandelectricalsystems,suchaselevators,heatingandcoolingsystems,andlightingsystems.Thesuperstructureisthatpartofabuildingaboveground,andthesubstructureandfoundationisthatpartofabuildingbelowground.Theskyscraperowesitsexistencetotwodevelopmentsofthe19thcentury:steelskeletonconstructionandthepassengerelevator.SteelasaconstructionmaterialdatesfromtheintroductionoftheBessemerconverterin1885.GustaveEiffel(1832-1932)introducedsteelconstructioninFrance.HisdesignsfortheGaleriedesMachinesandtheTowerfortheParisExpositionof1889expressedthelightnessofthesteelframework.TheEiffelTower,984feet(300meters)high,wasthetalleststructurebuiltbymanandwasnotsurpasseduntil40yearslaterbyaseriesofAmericanskyscrapers.ElishaOtisinstalledthefirstelevatorinadepartmentstoreinNewYorkin1857.In1889,EiffelinstalledthefirstelevatorsonagrandscaleintheEiffelTower,whosehydraulicelevatorscouldtransport2,350passengerstothesummiteveryhour.Load-CarryingFrame.Untilthelate19thcentury,theexteriorwallsofabuildingwereusedasbearingwallstosupportthefloors.Thisconstructionisessentiallyapostandlinteltype,anditisstillusedinframeconstructionforhouses.Bearing-wallconstructionlimitedtheheightofbuildingbecauseoftheenormouswallthicknessrequired；forinstance,the16-storyMonadnockBuildingbuiltinthe1880’sinChicagohadwalls5feet(1.5meters)thickatthelowerfloors.In1883,WilliamLeBaronJenney(1832-1907)supportedfloorsoncast-ironcolumnstoformacage-likeconstruction.Skeletonconstruction,consistingofsteelbeamsandcolumns,wasfirstusedin1889.Asaconsequenceofskeletonconstruction,theenclosingwallsbecomea“curtainwall”ratherthanservingasupportingfunction.Masonrywasthecurtainwallmaterialuntilthe1930’s,whenlightmetalandglasscurtainwallswereused.Aftertheintroductionofbuildingscontinuedtoincreaserapidly.AlltallbuildingswerebuiltwithaskeletonofsteeluntilWorldWarⅡ.Afterthewar,theshortageofsteelandtheimprovedqualityofconcreteledtotallbuildingbeingbuiltofreinforcedconcrete.MarinaTower(1962)inChicagoisthetallestconcretebuildingintheUnitedStates；itsheight—588feet(179meters)—isexceededbythe650-foot(198-meter)PostOfficeTowerinLondonandbyothertowers.Achangeinattitudeaboutskyscraperconstructionhasbroughtareturntotheuseofthebearingwall.InNewYorkCity,theColumbiaBroadcastingSystemBuilding,designedbyEeroSaarinenin1962,hasaperimeterwallconsistingof5-foot(1.5meter)wideconcretecolumnsspaced10feet(3meters)fromcolumncentertocenter.Thisperimeterwall,ineffect,constitutesabearingwall.Onereasonforthistrendisthatstiffnessagainsttheactionofwindcanbeeconomicallyobtainedbyusingthewallsofthebuildingasatube；theWorldTradeCenterbuildingisanotherexampleofthistubeapproach.Incontrast,rigidframesorverticaltrussesareusuallyprovidedtogivelateralstability.Skin.Theskinofabuildingconsistsofbothtransparentelements(windows)andopaqueelements(walls).Windowsaretraditionallyglass,althoughplasticsarebeingused,especiallyinschoolswherebreakagecreatesamaintenanceproblem.Thewallelements,whichareusedtocoverthestructureandaresupportedbyit,arebuiltofavarietyofmaterials:brick,precastconcrete,stone,opaqueglass,plastics,steel,andaluminum.Woodisusedmainlyinhouseconstruction；itisnotgenerallyusedforcommercial,industrial,orpublicbuildingbecauseofthefirehazard.壞Floo龜rs.谷持The氧con咽stru雀ctio序nof嶄the貼flo均ors良ina摘bui料ldin戀gde閣pend鉤son迎the枕bas慧ics多truc址tura鵝lfr妄ame甩that拒is奸used預(yù).In加ste霉els標(biāo)kele壘ton方cons壇truc歌tion娛,fl坊oors灣are燥eit驗her抄slab比sof抹con源cret激ere叔stin父gon就ste口elb狡eams剃or煩ade滲ckc滾onsi婦stin過gof撒cor拜ruga卵ted鴨stee優(yōu)lwi榨tha紐con區(qū)cret肺eto戲ppin畜g.I囑nco冒ncre資tec中onst習(xí)ruct蜘ion,生the疏flo憑ors廁are謎eith展ers刮labs等of典conc顧rete陜on激conc窩rete頸bea副mso眾ra狗seri責(zé)eso禿fcl鼓osel蔽ysp堪aced雙con沾cret宵ebe浮ams海(rib偷s)i鵲ntw污odi晃rect漆ions貿(mào)top看ped胞with眠at稈hin音conc伶rete淘sla朽b,g餃ivin鍛gth凝eap偷pear著ance片of攜awa嶺ffle牌on家its盯unde薄rsid灑e.憐The斃kin擠dof漸flo感ort子hat誠isu貸sed披depe間nds捐ont曲hes展pan錦betw筆een勸supp霞o(jì)rti文ngc盈olum芳nso肺rwa擇lls呢and勝the則func迷tion展of術(shù)the赤spac汗e.I臨nan名apa史rtme關(guān)ntb使uild圾ing,宴for國ins損tanc焦e,w嘴here饒wal裙lsa沙ndc鐘olum睛nsa貢res銅pace算dat獲12土to1臣8fe定et(計3.7籠to5惑.5m偶eter禮s),主the垮most滑pop狗ular及con創(chuàng)stru載ctio予nis飛as鼠olid轎con宮cret競esl贏abw問ith融nob判eams立.Th孕eun甲ders笑ide崗oft摩hes逃lab磚serv蒼esa暢sth升ece束ilin市g(shù)fo丙rth顏esp扇ace阿belo態(tài)wit屠.Co輩rrug估ated笑ste蝴eld知ecks半are掃oft閉enu孝sed脅ino智ffic忠ebu眾ildi澇ngs乒beca廈use窯the念corr波ugat擠ions孫,wh航ene煙nclo爹sed機(jī)bya熄noth自ers塵heet古of筑meta疑l,f繭orm輪duct虎sfo艦rte政leph微one雷and耍elec不tric爽all仰ines在.哭Mech充anic靠ala粥ndE德lect足rica剛lSy腐stem刪s.鴉Am腫oder螞nbu掩ildi果ngn寒oto畜nly僅cont耀ains應(yīng)the欠spa內(nèi)cef射orw浩hich攜it蔬isi罷nten錢ded散(off啟ice,長cla做ssro陷om,泛apar輔tmen膛t)b盯uta窗l(fā)so招cont普ains支anc讓illa成rys析pace姐for榨mec喘h(huán)ani劣cal買and右elec決tric以als乖yste脾mst慕hat澆help栽to屆prov喘ide旬a(chǎn)co晴mfor角tabl體een可viro缺nmen糧t.T陳hese棄anc魯illa柔ry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倫君敦郵政塔早和其它的冒塔。罰在關(guān)于摩腰天大樓建逢筑中的承腎重墻的使擁用在看法葉上有了改銜變。在紐薄約，臭由既Eero勁Saa省rine墓n謊于機(jī)196洗2映年設(shè)計的授哥倫比亞配廣播公司豐大樓，四錫周的墻奮由停1.嶺5冤米寬的混沃凝土柱構(gòu)浩成，柱與面柱的中心就間距述為媽3坊米。這種渠圍護(hù)墻有準(zhǔn)效地構(gòu)成賞了建筑物癢的承重墻握。這種趨露勢發(fā)展的涉原因是建冒筑物的墻嶺像一個管但道可以有孟利地抵抗袍風(fēng)的強(qiáng)烈悼作用；世轉(zhuǎn)貿(mào)大樓是水另一個管歉道法的例蠟子。相比險之下，堅連固的框架諒或垂直支博撐通常提兔供建筑的奴橫向穩(wěn)定庫。嘗圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)剝。一個建銳筑的圍護(hù)捐結(jié)構(gòu)由透赤明的窗戶化和不透明偵的墻組成沫。窗戶采幕用傳統(tǒng)上糞的玻璃作餡為材料年表，然而塑德料也被使捉用，特別剪在破損嚴(yán)搬重和保養(yǎng)符難的學(xué)校酒里。墻被聚用來覆蓋刪結(jié)構(gòu)和起葬支撐作用氣，它是由罷多樣化的步建筑材料美組成：磚糊、現(xiàn)澆混愁凝土、石碼頭、不透征明的玻璃目、塑料、撒鋼材和鋁肢材。木頭球是過去建惜造房屋的間主要材料柳；因為它悉易著火，溜因而不常皆用于商業(yè)說的、工業(yè)料的和公共畏建筑。旺樓地面。鐵一幢建筑凡的樓地面提結(jié)構(gòu)取決資于它所使騰用的基本屯結(jié)構(gòu)框架嗓。在鋼框虎架建筑中靠，樓地面跳或者是鋼唉梁上的混虜凝土樓板瀉，或者是倡由波紋鋼頂配有混凝鉤土骨料組余成的地板姓。在混凝攔土結(jié)構(gòu)中緒，樓地面霉或者是混漫凝土梁上服的混凝土閘樓板或者油是一系列于緊密分布啦于混凝土怖梁在方向冠上端的薄枕混凝土樓鑰板，在它缺的下面抹迫一層抹面帖。樓層的低種類取決各于支撐柱公之間的距鐮離或者墻嘩和空間的被功能性。盞在一棟公瘦寓大樓中細(xì)，例如，櫻墻和柱隔驚開裙3.懂7醒米墳到孕5.浮5羅米，最常棍見的結(jié)構(gòu)唯是無梁實(shí)符心混凝土雹樓蓋。樓米蓋的下表傲面是樓蓋餓以下空間版的最高限戚度。辦公拼大樓中常汪使用波紋狗鋼地板，痛這是因為味波紋鋼地導(dǎo)板的波紋爬當(dāng)由另一烈塊金屬板憲蓋上時，啊可以形成裳電話線和悲電線管道司。槍機(jī)械電力站系統(tǒng)。一揉個現(xiàn)代建侮筑不僅包軍括必要使征用空間而徑且也包括仰機(jī)械、電燈力系統(tǒng)等悠的輔助空冤間，以便蓄營造一個套舒適的生刪活環(huán)境。征這些輔助歉空間可能住占摩天大傘樓總建筑驅(qū)面積鄭的熟25伍%遠(yuǎn)。在一個暮辦公大樓愧中，供暖黃、通風(fēng)、右電力和衛(wèi)供生設(shè)備系殃統(tǒng)的預(yù)算奉額占實(shí)際針建筑總預(yù)榜算額城的腎40餃%歌，顯示了槽它們在建姥筑中的重歲要性。因姑為許多建曉筑是密封若的，窗戶質(zhì)不能被打狼開，因而塔由機(jī)械系議統(tǒng)提供了娛通風(fēng)設(shè)備洗和空氣調(diào)農(nóng)節(jié)設(shè)備。爬新鮮空氣秤從中央換與氣室由空藝氣調(diào)節(jié)器醋用管道輸站入。通風(fēng)攝管和控制絨照明設(shè)備彩單元由懸六掛在上面刺樓層結(jié)構(gòu)鎖下面的天辨花板遮住種了。提供絞動力的電肯力線路和奏電話通訊潮線路也可希能在天花鍋板里或者鹽也可能在責(zé)樓地面結(jié)歇構(gòu)層中的爭管道或?qū)е本€管里。婦我們曾嘗愈試性地把桑機(jī)械、電御力系統(tǒng)加頑入建筑物畢的建筑風(fēng)喪格中去，侮讓他們裸械露在結(jié)構(gòu)鞭的外部；陳例如美國朽保險公司洽大困樓荷inD績esM盯orin恰es尸,宏衣阿華，凝管道和樓動地面的結(jié)陰構(gòu)層有組凱織的、優(yōu)拋美的懸掛居在天花板魂上。這類肝型的方法戴使得建筑咸物的花費(fèi)御盡可能的誓減少了并靈且使結(jié)構(gòu)慘有了創(chuàng)新訓(xùn)，例如在獄結(jié)構(gòu)間距沉方面。甜土地和地患基