詞匯學詞的意義及理據(jù)

（優(yōu)選）詞匯學詞的意義及理據(jù)目前一頁\總數(shù)五十一頁\編于十一點Outline

WordMeaning詞義Motivationsofmeaning詞的理據(jù)詞的意義究竟指什么？這個詞為什么是這個意思？目前二頁\總數(shù)五十一頁\編于十一點關(guān)于詞義的一些基本理論和基本概念wordsdefinedasthingswordsdefinedasreference目前三頁\總數(shù)五十一頁\編于十一點1wordsdefinedasthingsWordmeaningcanbedefinedasareciprocalrelationbetweennameandmeaning.‘Meaning’iswhattheformstandsfor.意義指的是它代表的內(nèi)容。e.g.desk:somethingyousitatandyoudoyourwork.目前四頁\總數(shù)五十一頁\編于十一點所指關(guān)系relationshipbetweenlanguageandtheworld;betweenwordsandthethings,actions,events,andqualitiestheystandfor.Bymeansofreference,aspeakerindicateswhichthingsintheworld(includingpersons)arebeingtalkedabout.

Forexample,theword‘tree’referstotheobject‘tree’.2wordsdefinedasreference目前五頁\總數(shù)五十一頁\編于十一點Inotherwords,onlywhenaconnectionhasbeenestablishedbetweenthelinguisticsign（語言符號）

andareferent（所指物）,i.e.,anobject,aphenomenon,aperson,etc.doesthesignbecomemeaningful.Thereferenceofawordtoathingoutsidethelanguageisarbitrary（隨意的）andconventional（約定俗成的）.Thisconnectionistheresultofgeneralization（歸納）

andabstraction（抽象）.目前六頁\總數(shù)五十一頁\編于十一點SemanticTriangle語義三角意義（概念）Meaning(Concept)詞Word形式Form所指對象Referenttree目前七頁\總數(shù)五十一頁\編于十一點

Whatisconcept?

Itisthegeneralideaormeaningwhichisassociatedwithawordorsymbolinaperson’smind.

指詞或符號在人腦中的大致印象或意義。Tree

目前八頁\總數(shù)五十一頁\編于十一點

MeaningandConcept：difference

closelyconnectedbutnotidentical（關(guān)系密切、并不相同）Theyarebothrelateddirectlytoreferentsandarenotionsofthewordsbutbelongtodifferentcategories.Concept,whichisbeyondlanguage,istheresultofhumancognition,reflectingtheobjectiveworldinthehumanmind.Conceptisuniversaltoallmenalikeregardlessofculture,race,languageandsoon.目前九頁\總數(shù)五十一頁\編于十一點Butmeaningbelongstolanguage,soisrestrictedtolanguageuse.Aconceptcanhaveasmanyreferringexpressionsastherearelanguagesintheworld.Eveninthesamelanguage,thesameconceptcanbeexpressedindifferentwords.概念屬于人類認知領(lǐng)域思維領(lǐng)域；意義屬于語言領(lǐng)域。目前十頁\總數(shù)五十一頁\編于十一點WordsandReferents專有名詞無詞義，有所指對象；不同的專有名詞指同一個對象；少數(shù)詞有詞義，無所指對象；目前十一頁\總數(shù)五十一頁\編于十一點propernamestypicallyhaveonlyonereferenceBarackHusseinObama目前十二頁\總數(shù)五十一頁\編于十一點Sometimestwodifferentpropernameshave

thesamereferent.MarkTwainSamuelLanghorneClemens目前十三頁\總數(shù)五十一頁\編于十一點hobbits目前十四頁\總數(shù)五十一頁\編于十一點unicorn目前十五頁\總數(shù)五十一頁\編于十一點HarryPotter目前十六頁\總數(shù)五十一頁\編于十一點Somewordsjustdon’thavereferentsinrealworld,buttheymakesense,but,

whatissense?

有些詞雖然在現(xiàn)實世界中沒有具體對象，但它們卻有意義。

什么是意義？

目前十七頁\總數(shù)五十一頁\編于十一點Sense

語義詞或句子本身所表示的語言本身的意義。即，詞義和句義。每個有詞義的詞都有語義，但不一定有所指稱的事物（reference）。目前十八頁\總數(shù)五十一頁\編于十一點reference&sense:differenceSensedenotestherelationshipsinsidethelanguage.Referencedenotestherelationshipbetweenwordsandthethings,actions,events,andqualitiestheystandfor.Everywordthathasmeaninghassensebutnoteverywordhasreference.e.g:but,almost.Thesegrammaticalwordsdonotrefertoanything.AndwordslikeGod,dragonandphoenixrefertoimaginarythings.目前十九頁\總數(shù)五十一頁\編于十一點LimitationsofReferenceTheoryManywordshavenoreal-worldreferents.Yetspeakersdoknowthemeaningsoftheseexpressions.Similarly,functionwordshavenoreal-worldentitiestoreferto.目前二十頁\總數(shù)五十一頁\編于十一點Conceptsrelated

WordMeaning詞義Sense語義Reference所指Referent所指物Concept概念目前二十一頁\總數(shù)五十一頁\編于十一點2MotivationofWordMeaning1.Whatismotivation理據(jù)?Itreferstotheconnectionbetweenthelinguisticsymbolanditsmeaning.理據(jù)解釋語言符號與意義之間的關(guān)系。目前二十二頁\總數(shù)五十一頁\編于十一點MotivationofWordMeaningonamatopoeiamotivation擬聲morphologicmotivation形態(tài)semanticmotivation語義etymologicmotivation詞源目前二十三頁\總數(shù)五十一頁\編于十一點1.OnomatopoeicMotivation擬聲理據(jù)Itmeanstheimitationofsoundsbysounds.（語言對聲音的模仿）Wordscoinedinimitationofthesoundsassociatedwiththethingsnamedarecalledonomatopoeia.

目前二十四頁\總數(shù)五十一頁\編于十一點OnomatopoeicMotivationPrimaryonomatopoeiaPrimaryonomatopoeiameanstheimitationofsoundsbysounds.目前二十五頁\總數(shù)五十一頁\編于十一點ApesBearsBullsCatsEaglesFrogsGoatsgibbergrowlbellowmew(purr)scream.croak.bleat.目前二十六頁\總數(shù)五十一頁\編于十一點Henscluck.LarkswarbleLionsroarMagpieschatter.Micesqueak

Owlshoot(screech)pigeonscoo.Pigssqueal.Snakeshiss.Wolveshowl.Turkeysgobble.目前二十七頁\總數(shù)五十一頁\編于十一點Soundmadebymetal：clash,clank,ting,tinkle,clang,jangle,ding-dong,tick-tack目前二十八頁\總數(shù)五十一頁\編于十一點Soundbyliquid：splash,bubble,sizz,sizzle,splish-splosh,drip-drop目前二十九頁\總數(shù)五十一頁\編于十一點SecondaryOnomatopoeiaItmeansthatcertainsoundsandsoundsequencesareassociatedwithcertainsensesinanexpressiverelationship.目前三十頁\總數(shù)五十一頁\編于十一點Sn-breath-noise:sniff,snuff,snore,snort2)quickseparationormovement:snip,snap,snatch3)creeping:snake,snail,sneak,snoop目前三十一頁\總數(shù)五十一頁\編于十一點Sl-slippery:slide,slip,slither,slush,sluice,sludge2)pejorativesense:slattern,slut,slang,sly,sloppy,slovenly目前三十二頁\總數(shù)五十一頁\編于十一點Sk-:與表面接觸：skate,skim,skin,skid,skimp-ump:表示圓形體：plump,chump,rump,hump,stump,dump,mump目前三十三頁\總數(shù)五十一頁\編于十一點/h/表示猛烈使勁時的氣喘聲：heavy,haste,hurry,hit,heave,hoarse,hurl等目前三十四頁\總數(shù)五十一頁\編于十一點Wh-表示“劇烈”的擬聲詞：wham,whang,whap,whop,wheeze,whicker,whinny,whomp,whoop目前三十五頁\總數(shù)五十一頁\編于十一點Wordswhichwereformedbymeansofmorphologicalstructurebelongtothecategoryofmotivationbymorphology.

Compounds

and

derivedwordsaremulti-morphemicwordsandthemeaningsofmanyofthemarethesumtotalofthemorphemescombined.2.Morphologicalmotivation形態(tài)理據(jù)目前三十六頁\總數(shù)五十一頁\編于十一點Whenwetalkedaboutderivationalaffixes,wesaidmostofthemhaveaspecificmeaning,andwhenaddedtoaroot,theyderiveanewword.Ifoneknowsthemeaningoftheaffixandtheroot,say–ableandread,thenonecanimmediatelytellthatthemeaningofthewordreadableis“thatcanberead”.Wesaythewordismorphologicallymotivated,foradirectconnectioncanbeobservedbetweenthemorphemicstructureofthewordanditsmeaning.目前三十七頁\總數(shù)五十一頁\編于十一點Compoundwordsmaybemorphologicallymotivatedtoo.Themeaningofwordslikegood-looking,headache,daydreamandmanyothersderivefromthecombinedmeaningofthecomponentparts.However,notallcompoundsaremotivated.Wecannotinferthemeaningofwordslikebigwig,eggheadfromtheircomponentparts.目前三十八頁\總數(shù)五十一頁\編于十一點Itreferstothementalassociations聯(lián)想意義

suggestedbytheconceptualmeaning概念意義

ofaword.Itexplainstheconnectionbetweentheliteralsense字面意義

andfigurativesense比喻意義

oftheword.

3.SemanticMotivation語義理據(jù)目前三十九頁\總數(shù)五十一頁\編于十一點MetonymyAnalogy目前四十頁\總數(shù)五十一頁\編于十一點1)useaperson’snametorefertothethingsrelated;HereadShakespeare.2)useacontainertorefertowhatisinside;Thekettleisboiling.Heisaddictedtothebottle.Pleasedrinkacup.Metonymy借代目前四十一頁\總數(shù)五十一頁\編于十一點3)usepartofbodyorganstorefertotheirfunctions:anearformusicDon’tletyourheartruleyourhead.4)usetheplacenametorefertotheproductproducedthere.Icoulddowithacupofcanary.Canaryisaplacewherethiskindofgrapewineisproduce.5)useprominentfeaturestorefertothepersonconcernedTheblueeyeswalkedintotheroom.目前四十二頁\總數(shù)五十一頁\編于十一點2AnalogyWordsarecreatedinimitationofotherwords:telethon,talkathon:frommarathon目前四十三頁\總數(shù)五十一頁\編于十一點1Colouranalogy類比blacklist,whitelist,

graylistblue-collarworkers,whitecollarworkersgray-collarworkers目前四十四頁\總數(shù)五十一頁\編于十一點2NumberAnalogyFirstladyFirstMotherFirstFamilytheFourthworld目前四十五頁\總數(shù)五十一頁\編于十一點3PlaceandSpaceAnalogylandscape:moonscape,marscapesunrise:earthriseearthquake:starquake目前四十六頁\總數(shù)五十一頁\編于十一點SynonymousAnalogy

Gapmissile~production~development~credibility~generation~Pollutionenvironmental~visual/eye~noise/sound~Cultural~Graffiti~目前四十七頁\總數(shù)