物流管理,供應鏈管理課件chorach

8-1Chapter8

AggregatePlanning

intheSupplyChain8-2OutlineRoleofaggregateplanninginasupplychainTheaggregateplanningproblemAggregateplanningstrategiesImplementingaggregateplanninginpractice8-3RoleofAggregatePlanning

inaSupplyChainCapacityhasacost,leadtimesaregreaterthanzeroAggregateplanning:processbywhichacompanydetermineslevelsofcapacity,production,subcontracting,inventory,stockouts,andpricingoveraspecifiedtimehorizongoalistomaximizeprofitdecisionsmadeataproductfamily(notSKU)leveltimeframeof3to18monthshowcanafirmbestusethefacilitiesithas?8-4RoleofAggregatePlanning

inaSupplyChainSpecifyoperationalparametersoverthetimehorizon:productionrateworkforceovertimemachinecapacitylevelsubcontractingbackloginventoryonhandAllsupplychainstagesshouldworktogetheronanaggregateplanthatwilloptimizesupplychainperformance8-5TheAggregatePlanningProblemGiventhedemandforecastforeachperiodintheplanninghorizon,determinetheproductionlevel,inventorylevel,andthecapacitylevelforeachperiodthatmaximizesthefirm’s(supplychain’s)profitovertheplanninghorizonSpecifytheplanninghorizon(typically3-18months)SpecifythedurationofeachperiodSpecifykeyinformationrequiredtodevelopanaggregateplan8-6InformationNeededfor

anAggregatePlanDemandforecastineachperiodProductioncostslaborcosts,regulartime($/hr)andovertime($/hr)subcontractingcosts($/hror$/unit)costofchangingcapacity:hiringorlayoff($/worker)andcostofaddingorreducingmachinecapacity($/machine)Labor/machinehoursrequiredperunitInventoryholdingcost($/unit/period)Stockoutorbacklogcost($/unit/period)Constraints:limitsonovertime,layoffs,capitalavailable,stockoutsandbacklogs8-7OutputsofAggregatePlanProductionquantityfromregulartime,overtime,andsubcontractedtime:usedtodeterminenumberofworkersandsupplierpurchaselevelsInventoryheld:usedtodeterminehowmuchwarehousespaceandworkingcapitalisneededBacklog/stockoutquantity:usedtodeterminewhatcustomerservicelevelswillbeMachinecapacityincrease/decrease:usedtodetermineifnewproductionequipmentneedstobepurchasedApooraggregateplancanresultinlostsales,lostprofits,excessinventory,orexcesscapacity8-8AggregatePlanningStrategiesTrade-offbetweencapacity,inventory,backlog/lostsalesChasestrategy–usingcapacityastheleverTimeflexibilityfromworkforceorcapacitystrategy–usingutilizationastheleverLevelstrategy–usinginventoryastheleverMixedstrategy–acombinationofoneormoreofthefirstthreestrategies8-9ChaseStrategyProductionrateissynchronizedwithdemandbyvaryingmachinecapacityorhiringandlayingoffworkersasthedemandratevariesHowever,inpractice,itisoftendifficulttovarycapacityandworkforceonshortnoticeExpensiveifcostofvaryingcapacityishighNegativeeffectonworkforcemoraleResultsinlowlevelsofinventoryShouldbeusedwheninventoryholdingcostsarehighandcostsofchangingcapacityarelow8-10TimeFlexibilityStrategyCanbeusedifthereisexcessmachinecapacityWorkforceiskeptstable,butthenumberofhoursworkedisvariedovertimetosynchronizeproductionanddemandCanuseovertimeoraflexibleworkscheduleRequiresflexibleworkforce,butavoidsmoraleproblemsofthechasestrategyLowlevelsofinventory,lowerutilizationShouldbeusedwheninventoryholdingcostsarehighandcapacityisrelativelyinexpensive8-11LevelStrategyMaintainstablemachinecapacityandworkforcelevelswithaconstantoutputrateShortagesandsurplusesresultinfluctuationsininventorylevelsovertimeInventoriesthatarebuiltupinanticipationoffuturedemandorbacklogsarecarriedoverfromhightolowdemandperiodsBetterforworkermoraleLargeinventoriesandbacklogsmayaccumulateShouldbeusedwheninventoryholdingandbacklogcostsarerelativelylow8-12FundamentalTradeoffsinAggregatePlanningCapacity(regulartime,overtime,subcontract)InventoryBacklog/lostsalesBasicStrategiesChasestrategyTimeflexibilityfromworkforceorcapacityLevelstrategy8-13AggregatePlanningat

RedTomatoTools8-14AggregatePlanningatRedTomatoTools8-15AggregatePlanningatRedTomatoTools

(DefineDecisionVariables)Wt=Workforcesizeformontht,t=1,...,6Ht=Numberofemployeeshiredatthebeginningofmontht,

t=1,...,6Lt=Numberofemployeeslaidoffatthebeginningofmontht,

t=1,...,6Pt=Productioninmontht,t=1,...,6It=Inventoryattheendofmontht,t=1,...,6St=Numberofunitsstockedoutattheendofmontht,

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