四川農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)招收攻讀博士學(xué)位研究生考試試題

四川農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)招收攻讀博士學(xué)位碩士考試試題科目名稱(chēng)：1080英語(yǔ)(總分：100分)適用專(zhuān)業(yè)：各專(zhuān)業(yè)考生注意：全部答案必需寫(xiě)在答題紙上，不然無(wú)效！本試題隨同答題紙交回！PartIReadingComprehension(45Directions:Thereare6passagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA.B.CandD.YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.PassageOneQuestions1to5arebasedonthefollowingpassage.AstheEnglishlanguagehaschangedatafastspeedinthiscentury,sohastheuseoftheEnglishlanguage.AftertheBritishBroadcastingCorporation(BBC)wasfoundedin1927,theparticularstyleofspeechoftheBBCannouncerswasrecognizedasStandardEnglishorReceivedPronunciation(RP)English.Now,mostpeoplestillconsiderthatthepronunciationanddeliveryofBBCannouncersistheclearestandmostunderstandablespokenEnglish.Englishhashadastrongassociationwithclassandsocialstatus.However,sincetheSecondWorldWartherehasbeenaconsiderablechangeofattitudetowardsspeechsnobbery,andhallmarksofclassdistinctionsuchasstylesofspeechhavebeengraduallydiscarded,especiallybytheyoungergeneration.Astheneedhasarisen,newwordshavebeeninventedorfoundfromotherlanguagesandincorporatedintoEnglish.Similarly,oldwordsandexpressionshavebeendiscardedastheirusefulnesshasdiminishedorthefashionshavepassed.Thisalsohappenstostylesandmodesofspeechwhichbecamefashionableataparticulartimeandinspecificcircumstances.Bytheendofthe1960sitbecameapparentthatitwasnotnecessarytospeakStandardEnglishorevencorrectgrammartobecomepopular,successfulandrich.Thefashionablespeechofthedaywasnolongertheprerogativeofaprivilegedclassbutratheradefiantexpressionofclasslessness.ThegreatestsingleinfluenceoftheshapingoftheEnglishlanguageinmoderntimesistheAmericanEnglish.Overthelast25yearstheEnglishusedbymanypeople,particularlybythoseinthemedia,advertisingandshowbusiness,hasbecomemoreandmoremid-Atlanticinstyle,deliveryandaccent.Inthe1970s,fashionfavouredstresslesspronunciationandalanguagefullofjargon,slangand“in”words,muchofitquiteincomprehensibletotheoutsideworld.WhatisconsideredmodernandfashionableinBritaintodayisoftennotthekindofEnglishtaughtinschoolsandcolleges.1.WhichoneofthefollowingisNOTtrue?A.TheuseoftheEnglishlanguagehasnotchangedmuchinthiscentury.B.TheBBSannouncersspeakStandardEnglish.C.Englishhasnoassociationwithclassandsocialstatusnow.D.YoungpeopleallspeakEnglishinthesameway.2.Whatdoestheauthorimplybysaying“therehasbeenaconsiderablechangeofattitudetowardsspeechsnobbery”(Para.3)?A.PeopleallspeakEnglishlikeBBCannouncers.B.ThereisagreatchangeofattitudeabouthowEnglishshouldbespoken.C.Somepeoplestillthinktheirwayofspeakingisinferior.D.Mostpeopledon’tbelievetheirwayofspeakingisinferior.3.Accordingtotheauthor,therewasatrendintheU.S.fortheyoungpeople_________.tospeakStandardEnglish.tospeakEnglishwithoutclassdistinctiontospeakEnglishwithclassdistinctiontospeakEnglishwithgrammarmistakes4.Theword“mid-Atlantic”inthepassage(Para.6)probablymeans_________.AmericanandEuropeanAmericanandBritishtheAtlanticOceaninthemiddleoftheAtlanticOcean5.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat________.StandardEnglishistaughtinschoolandcollegestheyoungpeoplearedefiantbecausetheyrefusetospeakstandardEnglishEnglishlanguageisinfluencedbyAmericanEnglishinthelast25yearstherehasbeenagreatchangeintheEnglishlanguageinthiscenturyPassageTwoQuestions6to10arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Awisemanoncesaidthattheonlythingnecessaryforthetriumphofevilisforgoodmentodonothing.So,asapoliceofficer,Ihavesomeurgentthingstosaytogoodpeople.DaysafterdaysmymenandIstruggletoholdbackatidalwaveofcrime.Somethinghasgoneterriblywrongwithouronce-proudAmericanwayoflife.Ithashappenedintheareaofvalues.Akeyingredientisdisappearing,andIthinkIknowwhatitis:accountability.Accountabilityisn’thardtodefine.Itmeansthateverypersonisresponsibleforhisorheractionsandliablefortheirconsequences.Ofthemanyvaluesthatholdcivilizationtogether–honesty,kindness,andsoon–accountabilitymaybethemostimportantofall.Withoutit,therecanbenorespect,notrust,nolaw–and,ultimately,nosociety.Myjobasapoliceofficeristoimposeaccountabilityonpeoplewhorefuse,orhaveneverlearned,toimposeitonthemselves.Butaseverypolicemanknows,externalcontrolsonpeople’sbehaviorarefarlesseffectivethaninternalrestraintssuchasguilt,shameandembarrassment.Fortunatelytherearestillcommunities–smallertowns,usually–whereschoolsmaintaindisciplineandwhereparentsholdupstandardsthatproclaim:“Inthisfamilycertainthingarenottolerated–theysimplyarenotdone!”Yetmoreandmore,especiallyinourlargercitiesandsuburbs,theseinnerrestraintsareloosening.Yourtypicalrobberhasgone.Heconsidersyourpropertyhisproperty;hetakeswhathewants,includingyourlifeifyouenragehim.Themaincauseofthisbreak-downisaradicalshiftinattitudes.Thirtyyearsago,ifacrimewascommitted,societywasconsideredthevictim.Now,inashockingreversal,it’sthecriminalwhoisconsideredvictimized:byhisunderprivilegedupbringing,bytheschoolthatdidn’tteachhimtoread,bythechurchthatfailedtoreachhimwithmoralguidance,bytheparentswhodidn’tproviedastablehome.Idon’tbelieveit.Manyothersinequallydisadvantagedcircumstanceschoosenottoengageincriminalactivities.Ifwefreethecriminal,evenpartly,fromaccountability,webecomeasocietyofendlessexcuseswherenooneacceptsresponsibilityforanything.WeinAmericadesperatelyneedmorepeoplewhobelievethatthepersonwhocommitsacrimeistheoneresponsibleforit.6.Whatthewisemansaidsuggeststhat_______.it’sunnecessaryforgoodpeopletodoanythinginfaceofevilit’scertainthatevilwillprevailifgoodmendonothingaboutitit’sonlynaturalforvirtuetodefeatevilit’sdesirableforgoodmentokeepawayfromevil7.Accordingtotheauthor,ifapersonisfoundguiltyofacrime,_________.societyistobeheldresponsiblemoderncivilizationisresponsibleforitthecriminalhimselfshouldbeartheblamethestandardsoflivingshouldbeimproved8.Comparedwiththoseinsmalltowns,peopleinlargecitieshave________.lessself-disciplinebettersenseofdisciplinemoremutualrespectlesseffectivegovernment9.Thewriterissorrytohavenoticedthat___________.peopleinlargecitiestendtoexcusecriminalspeopleinsmalltownsstillsticktoolddisciplineandstandardstoday’ssocietylackssympathyforpeopleindifficultypeopleindisadvantagedcircumstancesareengagedincriminalactivities.10.Thekeypointofthepassageisthat_________.stricterdisciplineshouldbemaintainedinschoolsandfamiliesmoregoodexamplesshouldbesetforpeopletofollowmorerestrictionsshouldbeimposedonpeople’sbehaviormorepeopleshouldacceptthevalueofaccountabilityPassageThreeQuestions11to15arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Manyofthemostdamagingandlifethreateningtypesofweathertorrentialrains,severethunderstorms,andtornadoesbeginquickly,strikesuddenly,anddisappearrapidly,destroyingsmallregionswhileleavingneighboringareasuntouched.SucheventasatornadostruckthenortheasternsectionofEdmonton,Alberta,inJuly1987.TotaldamaConventionalcomputermodelsoftheatmospherehavelimitedvalueinpredictingshortlivedlocalstormsliketheEdmontontornado,becausetheavailableweatherdataaregenerallynotdetailedenoughtoallowcomputerstostudycarefullythesubtleatmosphericchangesthatcomebeforethesestorms.Inmostnations,forexample,weather–balloonobservationsaretakenjustonceeverytwelvehoursatlocationstypicallyseparatedbyhundredsofmiles.Withsuchlimiteddata,conventionalforecastingmodelsdoamuchbetterjobpredictinggeneralweatherconditionsoverlargeregionsthantheydoforecastingspecificlocalevents.Untilrecently,theobservationintensiveapproachneededforaccurate,veryshort–rangeforecasts,or“Nowcasts,”wasnotfeasible.Thecostofequippingandoperatingmanythousandsofconventionalweatherstationswasextremelyhigh,andthedifficultiesinvolvedinrapidlycollectingandprocessingtherawweatherdatafromsuchanetworkwerehardtoovercome.Fortunately,scientificandtechnologicaladvanceshaveovercomemostoftheseproblems.Radarsystems,automatedweatherinstruments,andsatellitesareallcapableofmakingdetailed,nearlycontinuousobservationoverlargeregionsatarelativelylowcost.Communicationssatellitescantransmitdataaroundtheworldcheaplyandinstantaneously,andmoderncomputerscanquicklycompileandanalyzethislargevolumeofweatherinformation.Meteorologistsandcomputerscientistsnowworktogethertodesigncomputerprogramsandvideoequipmentcapableoftransformingrawweatherdataintowords,symbols,andvividgraphicdisplaysthatforecasterscaninterpreteasilyandquickly.Asmeteorologistshavebegunusingthesenewtechnologiesinweatherforecastingoffices,Nowcastingisbecomingareality.11.Theword“exceeded”inparagraphImostprobablymeans____________.A.addeduptoB.weremorethanC.wereaboutD.werelessthan12.Conventionalcomputermodelsoftheatmospherefailstopredictsuchashort–livedtornadobecause______________.A.thecomputerisnotusedtoforecastspecificlocaleventsB.thecomputersarenotadvancedenoughtopredictitC.theweatherdatapeoplecollectareoftenwrongD.weatherconditionsinsomesmallregionsarenotavailable13.Accordingtothepassage,theword“Nowcast”(paragraph3)means_______________.A.awayofcollectingrawweatherdataB.aforecastwhichcanpredicttheweatherconditionsinthesmallareainanaccuratewayC.anetworktocollectinstantweatherdataD.amoreadvancedsystemofweatherobservation14.Accordingtothepassage,___________isthekeyfactortomaking“Nowcasts”areality.A.scientificandtechnologicaladvancessuchasradar,orsatellitesB.computerscientistC.meteorologistsD.advancedcomputerprograms15.Accordingtotheauthor,thepassagemainlydealswith________________.A.atornadoinEdmonton,AlbertaB.what’sa“Nowcast”C.thedisadvantageofconventionalcomputermodelsoftheweatherforecastD.abreakthroughinweatherforecastPassageFourQuestions16to20arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Bringingupchildrenisahardwork,andyouareoftentoblameforanybadbehaviorofyourchildren.Ifso,JudithRichHarrishasgoodnewsforyou.Parents,sheargues,havenoimportantlong–termeffectsonthedevelopmentofthepersonalityoftheirchildren.Farmoreimportantaretheirplaygroundfriendsandneighborhood.Ms.Harristakestohittingtheassumption,whichhasdominateddevelopmentalpsychologyforalmosthalfacentury.Ms.Harris’sattackonthedevelopmentalists’“nature”argumentlookslikelytoreinforcedoubtsthattheprofessionwasalreadyhaving.Ifparentsmatter,whyisitthattwoadoptedchildren,rearedinthesamehome,arenomoresimilarinpersonalitythantwoadoptedchildrenrearedinseparatehomes?Orthatapairofidenticaltwins,rearedinthesamehome,arenomorealikethanapairofidenticaltwinsrearedindifferenthomes?Difficultasitistotrackthepreciseeffectsofparentalupbringing,itmaybehardertomeasuretheexactinfluenceofthepeer(同齡人)groupinchildhoodandadolescence.Ms.Harrispointstohowchildrenfromimmigranthomessoonlearnnottospeakatschoolinthewaytheirparentsspeak.Butacquiringalanguageissurelyaskill,ratherthanacharacteristicofthesortdevelopmentalpsychologistshuntfor.Certainlyitisdifferentfromgrowinguptenselyorrelaxed,orfromlearningtobehonestorhard–workingorgenerous.Easythoughitmaybetoprovethatparentshavelittleimpactonthosequalities,itwillbehardtoprovethatpeershavevastlymore.Moreover,mumanddadsurelycannotbeditchedcompletely.Youngadultsmay,asMs.Harrisargues,bekeentoappearliketheirpeers.Buteveninthoseearlyyears,parentshavethepowertoopendoors:theymayinitiallychoosethepeerswithwhomtheiryoungassociate,andpickthatinfluentialneighborhood.Moreover,mostpeoplesuspectthattheycometoresembletheirparentsmoreinmiddleage,andthatpeople’schildbearinghabitsmaybeformedpartlybywhattheirparentsdid.Sothebalanceofinfluencesisprobablycomplicated,asmostparentsalreadysuspectedwithoutbeingabletodemonstrateitscientifically.Evenifitturnsoutthatthegenestheypassonandthefriendstheirchildrenplaywithmatterasmuchasaffection,disciplineandgoodexample,parentsarenotcompletelyoffthehook.16.AccordingtoMs.Harris,___________________.A.parentsaretoblameforanybadbehavioroftheirchildrenB.parentswillaffectgreatlythechildren’slifeinthelongrunC.natureratherthannurturehasasignificanteffectonchildren’spersonalitydevelopmentD.children’spersonalityisshapedbytheirfriendsandneighbors17.Whichofthefollowingviewsisconsistentwithwhatthedevelopmentalistshold?A.Childrenaremoreinfluencedbytheirpeersthanbytheirparents.B.Twinsarequitedifferentiftheyarerearedintwoseparatefamilies.C.Identicaltwinsrearedinthesamehomearedifferentinpersonality.D.Nurturehasalesssignificanteffectonchildren’spersonalitydevelopment.18.AccordingtoPara.3,whichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?A.Itishardertotrackthepreciseeffectsofparentalupbringingthantheexactinfluenceofthepeergroupinchildren.B.Immigrantchildrentendtodiscardthewaytheirparentsspeakquicklywhentheygotoschool.C.Ithasbeenprovedthatpeershavemoreimpactonchildren’squalitiessuchastobehonestorhard–workingorgenerous.D.Itiseasierforchildrentoacquirealanguageatschoolthanathome.19.Theword“ditched”(Line1,Para.4)couldbebestreplacedby__________.A.provedB.emphasizedC.comparedD.ignored20.Whatistheauthor’smainpurpose?A.TohighlypraiseMs.Harris’swork.B.TocounterMs.Harris’swork.C.ToobjectivelyreportonMs.Harris’swork.D.TocriticallycommentonMs.Harris’swork.PassageFiveQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Lazinessisasin,everyoneknowsthat.Wehaveprobablyallhadlecturespointingoutthatlazinessisimmoral,thatitiswasteful,andthatlazypeoplewillneveramounttoanythinginlife.Butlazinesscanbemoreharmfulthanthat,anditisoftencausedbymorecomplexreasonsthansimplewishtoavoidwork.Somepeoplewhoappeartobelazyaresufferingfrommuchmoreseriousproblems.Theymaybesodistrustfuloftheirfellowworkersthattheyareunabletojoininanygrouptaskforfearofridiculeorfearofhavingtheirideasstolen.Thesepeoplewhoseemlazymaybeparalyzedbyafearoffailurethatpreventsfruitfulwork.Orothersortsoffantasiesmaypreventwork;somepeoplearesobusyplanning,sometimesplanninggreatdealsorfantasticachievements,thattheyareunabletodealwithwhatever"lesser"workisonhand.Stillotherpeoplearenotavoidingwork;strictlyspeaking,theyaremerelyprocrastinating-reschedulingtheirday.Lazinesscanactuallybehelpful.Likeprocrastinators(拖延者),somepeoplemaylooklazywhentheyarereallythinking,planning,contemplating,researching.Weshouldallrememberthatsomegreatscientificdiscoveriesoccurredbychanceorwhilesomeonewas"goofingoff(游手好閑),"Newtonwasn'tworkingintheorchardwhentheapplehithimandhedevisedthetheoryofgravity.Allofuswouldliketohavesomeone"lazy"buildthecarorstovewebuy,particularlyifthat"laziness"werecausedbytheworker'stakingtimetocheckeachstepofhisworkandtodohisjobright.Andsometimes,being“l(fā)ady”-thatis,takingtimeoffforarest-isgoodforanoverworkedstudentor,executive.Takingarestcanbeparticularlyhelpfultotheathletewhoistryingtoohardorthedoctorwho'ssimplyworkinghimselfovertimetoomanyevenings,attheclinic.Sobecarefulwhenyou'retemptedtocallsomeonelazy.Thatpersonmaybethinking,resting,orplanninghisorhernextbook.21.Themainideaofthispassageisthat.AlazinessisamoralsinBthereareadvantagesinbeinglazyClazinessindicatesdeep-seatedemotionalproblemsDlazypeopledomorecarefulwork22.Thepassagestatesthat.AlazinessisadiseaseBsomelazypeopleareinsecureClazinessismorebeneficialthanharmfulDAgooddefinitionoflazinessisemotionalillness23.Whichofthefollowingconclusiondoesthepassagesupport?AThewordlazinessissometimesappliedincorrectly.BMostofthetimelazinessisavirtue.CMostassemblylineworkersarelazy.DMostinsecurepeoplearelazy.24.Thefinalparagraphis.AsomberBhumorousCseriousDtrite(陳腐)25.Theword"devised"in(Para.2)means.AformulatedBunderstoodCwroteDprovedPassageSixQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.ThetwomostobviouschangesinAmericaneconomyaretheemergenceofahighlysophisticatedtechnologyandtheriseofgiantcorporations.Inaddition,marketforceshavelostsomeoftheirsignificanceasplanninghasbecomemoreimportant.Thegovernmenthasassumedagreatlychangedroleintheeconomy.Propertyrelationshipsanddecision-makingpowerhaveshifted.Thedemandforhighlyeducatedspecialistshasincreasedenormously.WemaythinkoftheAmericaneconomy,asconsistingoftwocompletelydifferentsectors.Theworldofthegiantcorporations,whichcanbecalledthe"industrialsystem",consistsof500or600firmsthatprovide"nearlyallcommunications,nearlyallproductionanddistributionofelectricpower,muchtransportation,mostmanufacturingandmining,asubstantialshareofretailtrade,andaconsiderableamountofentertainment."Outsideofthisindustrialsystemfallmostagriculturalenterprises,someminingandtrucking,professionalandartisticpursuits,someretailtrade,andmostpersonalanddomesticservices.Theclassicaleconomiclawsofsupplyanddemandstillapplytosomedegree.Buttodaytheindustrialsectorischaracterizedfarmorebyplanningandcertaintythanbythefreeplayofmarketforces.Itappearsthatitcouldscarcelybeotherwise.Inlargecorporationswithadvancedtechnologicalsystemsandcomplexorganizationsofhighlytrainedspecialists,plansforproducinganyoneitemaremadewellinadvance.Suchplans,oncemade,arehardtochange.Becauselong-termplanningdemandscertainty,marketforcesareavoidedbyvariousmeans.Forexample,thecorporationmayachieve"verticalintegration"bybuyingcompaniesthatsupplyrawmaterialsatoneendoftheprocessanddistributionoutletsattheother.Corporationsmayagreeon"justprices"forthingstheybuyandsell.Theymayentermutuallyadvantageouslong-termcontractswithsuppliersandcustomers.Moreover,intheirquestforcertaintytheygenerallyhavethesupportofthestate.26.TheAmericangiantcorporationspossesssomanynewcharacteristicsthat.A)highlyeducatedmanagersareimportantforthecorporationsBgiantcorporationsbecomedecentralizedCeconomiclawsofthemarketareeffectiveinsidecorporationsDheadsofthegiantcorporationstrytocontrolthegovernment27.Bythesecondparagraph,weknowthat.Aretailtradeaccountsforabigpartinnon-industrialsystemBtherearemoregiantcorporationsthanagriculturalenterprisesCgiantcorporationscontroleverypartofAmericaneconomyDgiantcorporationsprovidemostofproductionsandservices28.Fromthewholepassage,wecaninferthatAmericaneconomy.AisexperiencingtheriseofgiantcorporationsBisdeterminedbyhundredsofgiantcorporationsChasfailedtobalancesupplyanddemandDbecomeshighly-plannedone29.Inthethirdsentenceoflastparagraph,thesecond"it"mayreferto.AclassiceconomiclawofsupplyanddemandBindustrialsectorCAmericaneconomyDmarketforce30.Whichofthefollowingisnotmentionedinthepassage?AAmericaneconomyischaracterizedbyhightechnologyandgiantcorporations.BAmericaneconomyconsistsofindustrialsystemsandagriculturalenterprises.CMarketeconomyisgraduallyreplacedbyplannedeconomy.DHighlytrainedspecialistsareneeded.PartIIUseofEnglish(10points)Directions:Thereare20blanksinthefollowingpassage.ForeachblankthereareforchoicesmarkedA,B,CandDontherightsideofthepaper.YoushouldchoosetheONEthatbestfitsintothepassage.ThenmarkthecorrespondinglettertheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.Fromchildhoodtooldage,wealluselanguageasameansofbroadeningourknowledgeofourselvesandtheworldaboutus.Whenhumansfirst31,theywerelikenewbornchildren,unabletousethis32tool.Yetoncelanguagedeveloped,thepossibilitiesforhumankindsfuture33andculturalgrowthincreased.Manylinguistsbelievethatevolutionis34forourabilitytoproduceanduselanguage.They35thatourhighlyevolvedbrainprovidesus36aninnatelanguageabilitynotfoundinlower37.Proponentsofthisinnatenesstheorysaythatour38forlanguageisinborn,butthatlanguageitselfdevelopsgradually,39afunctionofthegrowthofthebrainduringchildhood.Thereforetherearecritical40timesforlanguagedevelopment.Current41ofinnatenesstheoryaremixed,however,evidencesupportingtheexistenceofsomeinnateabilitiesisundeniable.42,moreandmoreschoolsarediscoveringthatforeignlanguagesarebesttaughtin43grades.Youngchildrenoftencanlearnseverallanguagesbybeing44tothem,whileadultshaveamuchhardertimelearninganotherlanguageoncethe45oftheirfirstlanguagehavebecomefirmlyfixed.46someaspectsoflanguageareundeniablyinnate,languagedoesnotdevelopautomaticallyinavacuum.Childrenwhohavebeen47fromotherhumanbeingsdonotpossesslanguage.Thisdemonstratesthat48withotherhumanbeingsisnecessaryforproperlanguagedevelopment.Somelinguistsbelievethatthisisevenmorebasictohumanlanguage49thananyinnatecapacities.Thesetheoristsviewlanguageasimitative,learnedbehavior.50,childrenlearnlanguagefromtheirparentsbyimitatingthem.Parentsgraduallyshapetheirch31.AgeneratedBevolvedCbornDoriginated32.AvaluableBappropriateCconvenientDfavorite33.AattainmentsBfeasibilityCentertainmentsDevolution34.AessentialBavailableCreliableDresponsible35.AconfirmBinformCclaimDconvince36.AforBfromCofDwith37.AorganizationsBorganismsChumansDchildren38.ApotentialBperformanceCpreferenceDpassion39.AasBjustasClikeDunlike40.AideologicalBbiological