跨文化交際資料

Shortanswerquestion(5*3’)Unit1.Discussthefourtrendsthatmakeourworldmoreinterdependent.(P8-P9)[4points]Convenienttransportationsystems.Innovativecommunicationsystems.Economicglobalization（經(jīng)濟全球化）.Widespreadmigrations(移民).Whatarethethreeingredientsofculture.[3points]Artifacts(thematerialandspiritualproductspeopleproduce)Behavior(whattheydo)Concepts(beliefs,valued,worldviews...)(whattheythink)Howtounderstandculturaliceberg.[2aspects]Theculturelikeicebergthatisvisibleabovethewaterlineandisonlyasmallpartoftheiceberg.Theculturelikeicebergthatisinvisiblesectionbelowthewaterlineandonlycanbesuspectedandimaged.Characteristicofculture.[4points]Cultureisshared.Cultureislearned.Cultureisdynamic.Cultureisethnocentric.Characteristicsofcommunication.[6pints]Communicationisdynamic.Communicationisirreversible(不可逆的).Communicationissymbolic(符號性的).Communicationissystematic(系統(tǒng)的).Communicationistransactional(交互式的).Communicationiscontextual(上下文的，受語境影響的).Unit2-4ThedifferencesinaddressingpeoplebetweenEnglishandChinesecultures.Nameorder.[East：Surname+GivennameWest：Givenname+surname]East：Usingthefirstname.West：Givennameislimited.Chinausekinshiptermstorelatebybloodormarriage.EnglishdonotusekinshiptermslikeChinese.Addressbytitle,office,profession.Chinese：Addresspeoplebyperson’stitle,officeorprofession(職業(yè)).English：Onlyafewoccupationsortitlescouldbeused.Socialfunctionsofcompliments(稱贊).[7points]P50.Pra1st.Complimentshaveaseriousofsocialfunctions:Creatingorreinforcingsolidarity(加強團結(jié)).Greetingpeople.Expressingthanksorcongratulations.Encouragingpeople.Softeningcriticism(軟化批評).Startingaconversation.Overcomingembarrassment(難堪).Unit5DifferentfeaturesofM-timeandP-time(定義要寫).M-time(MonochronicTime單一性時間觀)meansonlydoonethingatatime.Itfeaturesoneeventatatime.Timeisperceivedasalinearstructureorsomethingconcrete(有形的),tangible(切實的).P-time(PolychronicTime多元時間觀)meansbeinginvolvedwithmanythingsatonce.Itislessrigidandclock-bound.Itfeaturesseveralactivitiesatthesametime.Thiswayismoreflexibleandhuman-centered(以人為中心).Unit5Differencesexandgender.(P121.table)SexGenderBiologicalSocially-constructedPermanentVariedovertimeandacrossculturesWithanindividualpropertyWithasocialandrelationalqualityInfluencedthegendersocialization.[2points]Therearetwoprimaryinfluencesongendersocialization:Familycommunication,particularlybetweenmothersandchildren,andrecreationalinteractionamongchildren.Recreationalinteractionamongchildren.Sixprinciplesforeffectivecross-gendercommunication.[P127]Suspendjudgement(暫不決斷)Recognizethevalidityofdifferentcommunicationstyles.Providetranslationcues.Seektranslationcues.Enlargeyourowncommunicationstyle.Suspendjudgement.Unit7Theconceptsofhighcontextcultureandlowcontextculture.Highcontextismessagesthatareimplicitly(隱含性)coveredbycontextandnon-verbalunderstandingsascontrastedwithexplicitlyconveyingmessagesbyverbalcodes。Lowcontextismessagesthatareexplicitly(明確的)coveredbyverbalcodes.WhataretheAmerican/Chineseculturalvalueslikeintermsofculturalorientationputforwardbykluckhohnandstrodtbeck?Whatisthecharacterofinnatehumannature?Whatistherelationofmantonature?Whatisthetemporalfocusofhumanlife?Whatisthemodeofhumanactivity?Whatisthemodeofhumanrelationships?Americanculturehold:Humannatureisevilbutperfectible(可完善的).Mankindcanconquer/(gainmasterywith)nature.Theyhavealineartimeconceptandfuture-oriented.Focusondoing,leadingtoexternalachievements.Fosterthedevelopmentofautonomousindividuals.Chineseculturehold:Humannatureisgoodbutcorruptible(易墮落的).Humancanliveinharmonywithnature.Theyhavecyclicalconceptoftimeandpast-oriented.Humanisbeingandbecoming(成為)atlitudetowardhumanactivity,keepinnerpeace.Theyarefocusmoreonbenefitofgroup.Casestudy10%(課外案例分析.閱讀一個案例，回答三個小問題)（深入研究unit5和unit2，unit4（culturally-loadedwords），每單元的重點案例，以及單元后面的練習(xí)A,B（劃過的問答題，C（euphemismunderstanding），以及E（culturalpuzzles）））Fourdimensions:Individualism個人主義：self-confidence，self-independence，self-esteem(自尊)Individualculture：Selfismoreimportantthangroup.Collectivistside(Group)：Peoplemakedecisionsbyconsensus(一致).PaddleyouowncanceSelf-relianceSelf-confidenceandself-reliancearethemainstaysofastrongcharacter.Self-relianceSomanymen,somanyminds.Selfishness(自私)Ahappylifeisonewhichisinaccordancewithitsownnature.Self-esteem(自尊)Everytubmuststandonhisownbottom.Self-relianceSelf-helpisthebesthelp.Self-relianceOurexpensesareallforconformity.IndividualityEverymanhashishobbyhorse.Individuality.Powerdistance權(quán)利距離：Culturesareclassifiedonacontinuum(連續(xù)統(tǒng)一體)ofhightolowdistancethatishierarchyvs.egalitarian(平等主義).HierarchySocialhierarchyisprevailing(盛行).Inequalityshouldbeminimized.Personsarenotequal.Equalopportunitytosuccess.Eachonehashisownpositionandactaccordingly.Selfactualization.Comfortablewithunequaldistributionofpower.Superiorsaretobeblamed.Humility(showrespect)byself-disparaging.Innovation.Obedience.Uncertaintyavoidance不確定性規(guī)避：Asociety’stoleranceforambiguitypeoplewillendureandhowmuchrisktheyliketotake.[Reflectedonrisk-taking,whetherthepeoplearewillingtotakerisks,makechanges,breakrulesandsoon.]HighuncertaintyavoidanceLowuncertaintyavoidanceAvoiduncertaintyComfortablewithinherent(固有的)uncertaintyStability(穩(wěn)定性)providedToleratetheunusual(容忍不尋常)Formulatedetailedrules(明確地表達(dá)詳細(xì)的規(guī)則)Dislikerules(討厭規(guī)則)Nottoleratedeviantideas(不尋常的想法)PrizeinitiativeLiabletoanxietyandstress(容易感受到焦慮與壓力)LesstenseandmorerelaxedMasculinity男性化：Masculinecultures:highvaluesonmasculinetraits,stressassertiveness,competitionandmaterialsuccess.Femininecultures:highvaluesonfemininetraits,stressqualityoflife,interpersonalrelationships,andconcernfortheweak.Forexample:Whydidthefarmerdothat?Whatvaluesarereflectedinthisstory?---thefarmerexplainedtohissonthatonecouldneveratanytimeinanywaymakeotherpeoplefeelinferior,evenunintentionallyandoutofgoodwill.Whataccountsforthefarmer’sbehavioristhathebelievedinindividualism,independence,self-reliance,self-esteem,andegalitarianism,themajorvaluesintheUSA.Powerdistance：Germanydosenothavealargegapbetweenthewealthyandthepoor,buthaveastrongbeliefinequalityforeachcitizens.TheUSexhibitsamoreunequaldistributionwealththanGermansociety.Andthedistancebetweenthehaves’andhave-nots’growslargerandlarger.Lowandhighuncertaintyavoidance:Unitedstates,possessesarelativelylowuncertaintyavoidanceindex.Japan___high問答題：1.Discussthefourtrendsthatmakeourworldmoreinterdependent.

(1)convenienttransportationsystems(便捷的交通系統(tǒng)）

(2)innovativecommunicationsystems(革新通信技術(shù)）

(3)economicglobailzation(經(jīng)濟全球化）

(4)widespreadmigrations(廣泛的移民）2.Whatarethecharacteristic(特點）ofculture?

(1)shared

(2)learned(enculuration文化習(xí)得：learningone'sculture)

(3)dynamic(動態(tài)的）（accultration文化適應(yīng)：adoptsthechangesbroughtaboutbyanotherculture)

(4)ethnocentric(ethnocentrism文化中心主義：ownculturalbackgroundissuperior)

3.Whatarethecharacteristicofcommunication?

(1)dynamic(動態(tài)性）

(2)irreversible(不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的）

(3)symbolic(符號的）

(4)systematic(系統(tǒng)性）

(5)transactional（互動性）

(6)contextual(語境)

4.Discussthecontentsof…1)Chronemics:Thestudyofhowpeopleperceiveandusetime.時間學(xué)(1)MonochronicTime:payingattentiontoanddoingonlyonethingatatime.(2)PolychronicTime:beinginvolvedwithmanythingsatonce.

2)Proxemics:theperceptionanduseofspace.空間學(xué)

3)Kinetics:thestudyofbodylanguage.身勢學(xué)

4)Paralanguage:involvingsoundsbutnotwordsandlyingbetweenverbalandnonverbalcommunication.5..HowisChineseaddressingdifferentfromAmericanaddressing?

1)InChinesethesurnamecomesfirstandisfollowedbythegivenname,butinEnglishthisorderisreversed.

2)InChinaseniority(資歷）ispaidrespectsto.

Nowadays,manyEnglish-speakingpeopletendtoaddressothersbytheirgivennames,evenwhenmeetingforthefirsttime.3)(Aboutaddressingbyrelationship）Chineseoftenextenkinshiptermstopeoplenotrelatedbybloodormarriage.Americanstendtousejustthefirstnameandleaveoutthetermofrelationship.4)Chineseuseaperson'stitle,office,orprofessiontoindicate(表明）theperson'sinfluential(有權(quán)勢的）status.InEnglish,onlyafewoccupationsortitlescouldbeused.(p24)6.Whatarethesocialfunctionsofcompliments?（贊美的社會作用）

Creatingorreinforcing(加固）solidarity,greetingpeople,expressingthanksorcongratulations,encouragingpeople,softeningcriticism（委婉批評）,startingaconversation,orevenovercomingembarrassment（窘迫）.

7.WhatarethedifferentfeaturesofM-TimeandP-time?

M-Timethinktimeisperceivedasalinearstrucure.認(rèn)為時間是線性的

P-Timeislessrigid(刻板）andclock-bound,moreflexibleandmorehuman-centered.

8..Whathasinfluencedthegendersocialization?（什么會影響性別社會化）

Therearetwoprimaryinfluencesongendersocialization:familycommunication,part