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Chapter6Semantics語義學(xué).DefinitionDefinition“Semantics”referstothestudyofthecommunicationofmeaningthroughlanguage.Orsimply,itisthestudyofmeaningLeech’s7typesofmeaningsConceptualmeaning概念意義Associativemeaning聯(lián)想意義:Connotativemeaning內(nèi)涵意義Socialmeaning社會(huì)意義Affectivemeaning情感意義Reflectivemeaning反映意義Collocativemeaning搭配意義Thematicmeaning主題意義Conceptualmeaning概念意義Conceptualmeaning概念意義-----denotativemeaningThecoreoftheoryTherelationshipbetweenwordsandthethingstheyreferto,similartoreferencewomen:[HUMAN][FEMALE][ADULT]Pig:[ANIMALE][DOMESTICATED]…Connotativemeaning內(nèi)涵意義Connotativemeaning內(nèi)涵意義:coloredwithemotionPolitician&StatesmanWoman:housewife,gentle,cry,fragile,weak,dependenthesitantPig:fat,lazy,dirty,greedy,docileSocialmeaning社會(huì)意義Socialmeaning:WhatiscommunicatedofthesocialcircumstancesoflanguageuseStylisticMeaninghorse(common)steed(formal/poetic)nag(slang)gee(colloquial/childlanguage)稱謂:老婆,媳婦,堂客,屋里的,孩子他媽,內(nèi)人,愛人,夫人,老伴兒,老婆子Degreesofformality:
Frozen—formal—consultative—casual—intimate(MartinJoos
TheFiveClocks)Formal—informal—literary—archaic—slangAffectivemeaning情感意義Affectivemeaning情感意義Theattitudeandfeelingsofthespeaker/writerappreciative/commendatorymeaningprerogative/derogatorymeaningReflectivemeaning反映意義Reflectivemeaning反映意義AssociationofanothersenseofthesameexpressionReflectedMeaning通過與同一個(gè)詞的另一個(gè)意義的聯(lián)想來傳遞的意義。E.g.
“圣靈”Comforter(comfort)TheHolyGhost多義詞Intercourse,cockBottomup干杯!屁股朝天!Childish/womanish/boyish/Childlike/womanly/manly褒貶視語境而定:“sonofbitch”—crudevulgarity—friendliness,intimacy“討厭”Collocativemeaning搭配意義Collocativemeaning搭配意義Associationwithwordswhichtendtooccurintheenvironmentofanotherwordprettyvs.handsome
whiteelephant,whitelie(白)
greenonthejob,greenfruit,greenwithenvy,green-eyedColorterms:
MrBrownisaverywhiteman.Heislookingrathergreen.Buthehasbeenfeelingbluelately.WhenIsawhim,hewasinabrownstudy.Ihopehe’llsoonbeinthepinkagain.Thematicmeaning主題意義Whatiscommunicatedbythewayinwhichthemessageisorganizedintermsoforderandemphasis說話者或?qū)懳恼碌娜私柚M織信息的方式(語序強(qiáng)調(diào)手段,信息焦點(diǎn)的安排)來傳遞的一種意義。TwohooligansbeatXiaoMingyesterday.XiaoMingwasbeatenyesterday.IwenttotheGreatWalllastyear.LastyearIwenttotheGreatWall.3.Majorsense/semanticrelationshipSynonymy同義關(guān)系A(chǔ)ntonymy反義關(guān)系Hyponymy上下義關(guān)系Polysemy一詞多義關(guān)系Homonymy同形/同音異義關(guān)系SynonymySynonymyreferstothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaning.synonyms:Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalledsynonyms.Differencesofsynonyms:dialect地域;register場(chǎng)合;style風(fēng)格;formality正式度;attitude態(tài)度Typesofsynonymsdialectalsynonyms:petroleum(AE)/gasoline;girl/lass(Scotish)stylisticsynonyms:oldman/daddy/dad/father/maleparentemotiveorevaluativesynonyms:thrifty/miserTypesofsynonymscollocationsynonyms:accuseof---chargewithSemanticallydifferentsynonyms:surprise/amaze困惑/astound難以置信AntonymyAntonymyreferstooppositionsofmeaningwordsthatstandoppositeinmeaningarecalled“antonyms”,oroppositesCategoriesofantonyms3
categories:gradableantonyms---good-badcomplementaryantonyms---single-marriedConverse/relationalantonyms---buy-sellHyponymy上下義關(guān)系“Hyponymy”involvesusinthenotionofmeaninginclusion.Itisamatterofclassmembership.WhenXidakindofY,thelowertermXisthe“hyponym”,andtheuppertermYisthe“superordinate”.Hyponymy上下義關(guān)系Twoormorehyponymssharingthesameonesuperordinatearecalled“co-hyponyms”,formingsemanticfields.Forexample,“flower”isthesuperordinateof“tulip”,“violet”and“rose”,whicharetheco-hyponymsof“flower”.Polysemy
一詞多義關(guān)系“Polysemy”referstothesemanticphenomenonthatawordmayhavethanonemeaning.Forexample,“negative”,means(1)astatementsayingormeaning“no”,(2)arefusalordenial,3)oneofthefollowingwordsandexpressions:no,not,nothing,never,notatall,etc.,(4)anegativephotographorfilm.Polysemy
一詞多義關(guān)系wecansometimeshardlytellifaformhasseveralmeaningsoritisadifferentwordtakingthisform;hencethedifferencebetweenpolysemyandhomonymy.Homonymy同形/同音異義關(guān)系
Homonymyreferstothelinguisticphenomenon,i.e.identityofformanddiversityofmeaning.ThreekindsofhomonymsHomographs---wordswithsamespelling,differentmeaningandsound:eg.Lead/li:d/&lead/led/Homophones---wordswithsamesound,differentmeaningandspelling,eg.sea&seeFull
homonyms---wordswithsamespellingandsound,differentmeaning,eg.ball(aroundobjectusedingames)&ball(agatheringofpeoplefordance)4.ComponentialAnalysis義素分析“Componentialanalysis”definesthemeaningofalexicalelementintermsofsemanticcomponents/features語義特征.Man:+Human+Adult+MaleWoman:+Human+Adult-Male5.Semantic/SemioticTriangle語義三角concept
word
thing5.Semantic/SemioticTriangle語義三角the“symbol”or“form”referstothelinguisticelements(word,sentence,etc.)the“referent”referstotheobjectintheworldofexperience,and“thought”or“reference”referstoconceptornotion.thesymbolawordsignifies“things”byvirtueofthe“concept”;The“concept”thusconsideredismeaningoftheword.6.TypesofsemanticchangeGeneralization---extensionSpecialization---shrinkingofmeaningElevation---ameliorationDegradation---degenerationGeneralization---extension
Definition:Itisthestretchofmeaning
wideningofmeaningBroadeningofmeaningGeneralization---extensionholiday:
onlysacreddays(Easter/Christmas)
allholidaysthing:
apoliticalorjudicialassembly
anythingthatexistssanctuary:
sacredplaces:temple;church
anyplacewhererefugeisprovidedGeneralization---extensionsalary----saltmoney---fixedregularpayjournal----adaily----aperiodicalSpecialization---shrinkingofmeaningnarrowingofmeaningSpecialization---Fromgeneraltospecificexampleoriginalspecializedstinkanykindofsmellveryunpleasantsmellshrouddress;clothesclothorsheetinwhichadeadpersoniswrappedSpecialization---Fromgeneraltospecificexampleoriginalspecializedgrocerretailerretailerofdailyusespoisonanykindofdrinksubstancecausing
deathorharmwhenabsorbedSpecialization---Fromgeneraltospecificexampleoriginalspecializedcorpse
ahumanoranimalbody,livingordeadadeadbody,especiallyofahumanbeinghospitaltheplacewheretouristsrest&relaxinstitutionwherepatientsreceivevariousmedicaltreatmentsSpecialization---Fromgeneraltospecificexampleoriginalspecializedmeatfood
fleshofanimalsgirlyoungpersonn
ofeithersexfemaleyoungpersonwifewoman
amarriedwomanElevation---ameliorationDefinition:Themeaningnarrowstowardamorefavorableone.orwordsoftenrisefromahumblebeginningtoapositionofgreaterimportancebecause
ofsocialchanges.Elevation---ameliorationexampleOriginalElevatednaughtywicked/depravedmischievous
Praisesetavalueonsthgood/badsetavalueonsthgoodElevation---ameliorationexampleOriginalElevatedfamereportgoodreputation
successresult/
outcomegoodresult/outcomeElevation---ameliorationexampleOriginalElevatedshrewdwicked
keen-witted/cleverinnsmalloldhotelinthecountry
(also)bigluxurioushotelElevation---ameliorationexampleOriginalElevated
marshalaservantwholooksaftermares(充其量是個(gè)"弼馬溫")thechi
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