Chapter-6-Semantics-語義學教學講解課件

Chapter6Semantics語義學.DefinitionDefinition“Semantics”referstothestudyofthecommunicationofmeaningthroughlanguage.Orsimply,itisthestudyofmeaningLeech’s7typesofmeaningsConceptualmeaning概念意義Associativemeaning聯(lián)想意義:Connotativemeaning內(nèi)涵意義Socialmeaning社會意義Affectivemeaning情感意義Reflectivemeaning反映意義Collocativemeaning搭配意義Thematicmeaning主題意義Conceptualmeaning概念意義Conceptualmeaning概念意義-----denotativemeaningThecoreoftheoryTherelationshipbetweenwordsandthethingstheyreferto,similartoreferencewomen:[HUMAN][FEMALE][ADULT]Pig:[ANIMALE][DOMESTICATED]…Connotativemeaning內(nèi)涵意義Connotativemeaning內(nèi)涵意義:coloredwithemotionPolitician&StatesmanWoman:housewife,gentle,cry,fragile,weak,dependenthesitantPig:fat,lazy,dirty,greedy,docileSocialmeaning社會意義Socialmeaning:WhatiscommunicatedofthesocialcircumstancesoflanguageuseStylisticMeaninghorse(common)steed(formal/poetic)nag(slang)gee(colloquial/childlanguage)稱謂：老婆，媳婦，堂客，屋里的，孩子他媽，內(nèi)人，愛人，夫人，老伴兒，老婆子Degreesofformality:

Frozen—formal—consultative—casual—intimate(MartinJoos

TheFiveClocks)Formal—informal—literary—archaic—slangAffectivemeaning情感意義Affectivemeaning情感意義Theattitudeandfeelingsofthespeaker/writerappreciative/commendatorymeaningprerogative/derogatorymeaningReflectivemeaning反映意義Reflectivemeaning反映意義AssociationofanothersenseofthesameexpressionReflectedMeaning通過與同一個詞的另一個意義的聯(lián)想來傳遞的意義。E.g.

“圣靈”Comforter(comfort)TheHolyGhost多義詞Intercourse,cockBottomup干杯！屁股朝天！Childish/womanish/boyish/Childlike/womanly/manly褒貶視語境而定：“sonofbitch”—crudevulgarity—friendliness,intimacy“討厭”Collocativemeaning搭配意義Collocativemeaning搭配意義Associationwithwordswhichtendtooccurintheenvironmentofanotherwordprettyvs.handsome

whiteelephant,whitelie（白)

greenonthejob,greenfruit,greenwithenvy,green-eyedColorterms:

MrBrownisaverywhiteman.Heislookingrathergreen.Buthehasbeenfeelingbluelately.WhenIsawhim,hewasinabrownstudy.Ihopehe’llsoonbeinthepinkagain.Thematicmeaning主題意義Whatiscommunicatedbythewayinwhichthemessageisorganizedintermsoforderandemphasis說話者或?qū)懳恼碌娜私柚M織信息的方式（語序強調(diào)手段，信息焦點的安排）來傳遞的一種意義。TwohooligansbeatXiaoMingyesterday.XiaoMingwasbeatenyesterday.IwenttotheGreatWalllastyear.LastyearIwenttotheGreatWall.3.Majorsense/semanticrelationshipSynonymy同義關系Antonymy反義關系Hyponymy上下義關系Polysemy一詞多義關系Homonymy同形/同音異義關系SynonymySynonymyreferstothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaning.synonyms:Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalledsynonyms.Differencesofsynonyms:dialect地域；register場合;style風格；formality正式度；attitude態(tài)度Typesofsynonymsdialectalsynonyms:petroleum(AE)/gasoline;girl/lass(Scotish)stylisticsynonyms:oldman/daddy/dad/father/maleparentemotiveorevaluativesynonyms:thrifty/miserTypesofsynonymscollocationsynonyms:accuseof---chargewithSemanticallydifferentsynonyms:surprise/amaze困惑/astound難以置信AntonymyAntonymyreferstooppositionsofmeaningwordsthatstandoppositeinmeaningarecalled“antonyms”,oroppositesCategoriesofantonyms3

categories:gradableantonyms---good-badcomplementaryantonyms---single-marriedConverse/relationalantonyms---buy-sellHyponymy上下義關系“Hyponymy”involvesusinthenotionofmeaninginclusion.Itisamatterofclassmembership.WhenXidakindofY,thelowertermXisthe“hyponym”,andtheuppertermYisthe“superordinate”.Hyponymy上下義關系Twoormorehyponymssharingthesameonesuperordinatearecalled“co-hyponyms”,formingsemanticfields.Forexample,“flower”isthesuperordinateof“tulip”,“violet”and“rose”,whicharetheco-hyponymsof“flower”.Polysemy

一詞多義關系“Polysemy”referstothesemanticphenomenonthatawordmayhavethanonemeaning.Forexample,“negative”,means(1)astatementsayingormeaning“no”,(2)arefusalordenial,3)oneofthefollowingwordsandexpressions:no,not,nothing,never,notatall,etc.,(4)anegativephotographorfilm.Polysemy

一詞多義關系wecansometimeshardlytellifaformhasseveralmeaningsoritisadifferentwordtakingthisform;hencethedifferencebetweenpolysemyandhomonymy.Homonymy同形/同音異義關系

Homonymyreferstothelinguisticphenomenon,i.e.identityofformanddiversityofmeaning.ThreekindsofhomonymsHomographs---wordswithsamespelling,differentmeaningandsound:eg.Lead/li:d/&lead/led/Homophones---wordswithsamesound,differentmeaningandspelling,eg.sea&seeFull

homonyms---wordswithsamespellingandsound,differentmeaning,eg.ball(aroundobjectusedingames)&ball(agatheringofpeoplefordance)4.ComponentialAnalysis義素分析“Componentialanalysis”definesthemeaningofalexicalelementintermsofsemanticcomponents/features語義特征.Man:+Human+Adult+MaleWoman:+Human+Adult-Male5.Semantic/SemioticTriangle語義三角concept

word

thing5.Semantic/SemioticTriangle語義三角the“symbol”or“form”referstothelinguisticelements(word,sentence,etc.)the“referent”referstotheobjectintheworldofexperience,and“thought”or“reference”referstoconceptornotion.thesymbolawordsignifies“things”byvirtueofthe“concept”;The“concept”thusconsideredismeaningoftheword.6.TypesofsemanticchangeGeneralization---extensionSpecialization---shrinkingofmeaningElevation---ameliorationDegradation---degenerationGeneralization---extension

Definition:Itisthestretchofmeaning

wideningofmeaningBroadeningofmeaningGeneralization---extensionholiday:

onlysacreddays(Easter/Christmas)

allholidaysthing:

apoliticalorjudicialassembly

anythingthatexistssanctuary:

sacredplaces:temple;church

anyplacewhererefugeisprovidedGeneralization---extensionsalary----saltmoney---fixedregularpayjournal----adaily----aperiodicalSpecialization---shrinkingofmeaningnarrowingofmeaningSpecialization---Fromgeneraltospecificexampleoriginalspecializedstinkanykindofsmellveryunpleasantsmellshrouddress;clothesclothorsheetinwhichadeadpersoniswrappedSpecialization---Fromgeneraltospecificexampleoriginalspecializedgrocerretailerretailerofdailyusespoisonanykindofdrinksubstancecausing

deathorharmwhenabsorbedSpecialization---Fromgeneraltospecificexampleoriginalspecializedcorpse

ahumanoranimalbody,livingordeadadeadbody,especiallyofahumanbeinghospitaltheplacewheretouristsrest&relaxinstitutionwherepatientsreceivevariousmedicaltreatmentsSpecialization---Fromgeneraltospecificexampleoriginalspecializedmeatfood

fleshofanimalsgirlyoungpersonn

ofeithersexfemaleyoungpersonwifewoman

amarriedwomanElevation---ameliorationDefinition:Themeaningnarrowstowardamorefavorableone.orwordsoftenrisefromahumblebeginningtoapositionofgreaterimportancebecause

ofsocialchanges.Elevation---ameliorationexampleOriginalElevatednaughtywicked/depravedmischievous

Praisesetavalueonsthgood/badsetavalueonsthgoodElevation---ameliorationexampleOriginalElevatedfamereportgoodreputation

successresult/

outcomegoodresult/outcomeElevation---ameliorationexampleOriginalElevatedshrewdwicked

keen-witted/cleverinnsmalloldhotelinthecountry

(also)bigluxurioushotelElevation---ameliorationexampleOriginalElevated

marshalaservantwholooksaftermares(充其量是個"弼馬溫")thechi