Adam-Smith-亞當(dāng)斯密-課件

Groupmember:TimCarmenCarrieEconomics--AboutAdamsmith1ppt課件AdamSmith–theFatherofEconomicsAScottishmoralphilosopherandapioneerofpoliticaleconomy2ppt課件Born:in1723Died:in1790Graduatedfrom:theUniversityofGlasgowandBalliolCollege,OxfordNationality:ScottishRegion:westernphilosophySchool:classicaleconomicsMaininterests:political,philosophy,ethics,economics3ppt課件Notableideas:classicaleconomicsModernfreemarketDivisionoflaborTheinvisiblehandInfluencedby:Aristotle,Hutcheson(哈奇深)，Montesquieu（孟德斯鳩）andsoonInfluenced:Ricardo(李嘉圖)，Mill(密爾),Marx,

Engelsandsoon4ppt課件Thetheoryofmoralsentiments--(道德情操論)1759TheWealthofNations--（國富論）1776EssaysonPhilosophicalSubjects--（哲學(xué)論文集）1795HistoryofAstronomy--（天文歷史學(xué)）1795Masterpieces5ppt課件SmithwasborninKirkcaldy,fife,ScotlandbutthedateofSmith'sbirthisunknown.Hisfather,alsonamedAdamSmith,diedtwomonthsafterSmithwasborn.ThelifeofSmith6ppt課件WhenhewasfourteenSmithenteredtheUniversityofGlasgowandstudiedmoralphilosophyunderFrancisHutcheson.Here,Smithdevelopedhispassionforliberty,reason,andfreespeech.theUniversityofGlasgow

7ppt課件In1740SmithattendedBalliolCollege,Oxford.SmithconsideredtheteachingatGlasgowfarsuperiortothatatOxford,.HeleftOxfordUniversityin1746,beforehisscholarshipended.BalliolCollege,Oxford牛津大學(xué)貝利奧爾學(xué)院8ppt課件In1748,SmithbegandeliveringpubliclecturesinUniversityofEdinburgh,Attherehislecturesmetwithsuccess.UniversityofEdinburgh9ppt課件10ppt課件In1759,SmithpublishedTheTheoryofMoralSentiments,embodyingsomeofhisGlasgowlectures.11ppt課件

TheWealthofNations

waspublishedin1776andwasaninstantsuccess,sellingoutitsfirsteditioninonlysixmonths.12ppt課件In1783,smithbecameoneofthefoundingmembersoftheRoyalSocietyofEdinburgh,andfrom1787to1789heoccupiedthehonorarypositionofLordRectoroftheUniversityofGlasgow.On17July1790,HediedinEdinburghafterapainfulillness.Onhisdeathbed,Smithexpresseddisappointmentthathehadnotachievedmore.13ppt課件Smithleftbehindmanynotesandsomeunpublishedmaterial,butgaveinstructionstodestroyanythingthatwasnotfitforpublication.HementionedanearlyunpublishedHistoryofAstronomy

asprobablysuitable,anditdulyappearedin1795,alongwithothermaterialsuchasEssaysonPhilosophicalSubjects14ppt課件TheoryofMoralSentiments(道德情操論）Dividedmoralphilosophyintofourparts:1)EthicsandVirtue（倫理道德）;2)PrivaterightsandNaturalliberty;3)Familialrights(calledEconomics);4)StateandIndividualrights(called Politics).

15ppt課件Morespecifically,Smithdividedmoralsystemsinto:Categoriesofthenatureofmorality.TheseincludedPropriety（禮貌）,Prudence（謹(jǐn)慎）,andBenevolence（仁慈）.Categoriesofthemotiveofmorality.TheseincludedSelf-love,Reason,andSentiment.

16ppt課件Synopsis（大綱）:Sympathyarosefromaninnatedesiretoidentifywiththeemotionsofothers.Itcouldleadpeopletostrivetomaintaingoodrelationswiththeirfellowhumanbeingsandprovidethebasisbothforspecificbenevolentactsandforthegeneralsocialorder.Thuswasformedwithinthebreastthepsychologicalbasisforthedesiretoobeynaturallaws.

17ppt課件OftheDivisionofLabour:Divisionoflabourhascausedagreaterincreaseinproductionthananyotherfactor.Thisdiversificationisgreatestfornationswithmoreindustryandimprovement,andisresponsiblefor"universalopulence"（共同富裕）inthosecountries.Agricultureislessamenablethanindustrytodivisionoflabour;hence,richnationsarenotsofaraheadofpoornationsinagricultureasinindustry.

18ppt課件OfthePrinciplewhichgivesOccasiontotheDivisionofLabour:Divisionoflaborarisesnotfrominnatewisdom,butfromhumans'propensity(習(xí)性）tobarter（物物交換）.Theapparentdifferenceinnaturaltalentsbetweenpeopleisaresultofspecialization,notacause.

19ppt課件ThattheDivisionofLabourisLimitedbytheExtentoftheMarket:Limitedopportunityforexchangediscouragesdivisionoflabor.Because"water-carriage"extendsthemarket,divisionoflabor,withitsimprovements,comesearliesttocitiesnearwaterways.CivilizationbeganaroundthehighlynavigableMediterraneanSea（地中海）...

20ppt課件OftheOriginandUseofMoney:Withdivisionoflabor,theproduceofone'sownlaborcanfillonlyasmallpartofone'sneeds.Differentcommodities（商品）haveservedasacommonmediumofexchange,butallnationshavefinallysettledonmetals,whicharedurableanddivisible,forthispurpose.Beforecoinage（貨幣制度）,peoplehadtoweighandassaywitheachexchange,orrisk"thegrossestfraudsandimpositions.（最嚴(yán)重的欺詐行為和懲罰）"21ppt課件OftheRealandNominalPriceofCommodities,oroftheirPriceinLabour,andtheirPriceinMoney:

AdamSmithdefinesthevalueofcommodities:bythelabourembeddedbythelabouragoodcommands22ppt課件OftheNaturalandMarketPriceofCommodities:"Whenthequantityofanycommoditywhichisbroughttomarketfallsshortoftheeffectualdemand,allthosewhoarewillingtopay...cannotbesuppliedwiththequantitywhichtheywant...Someofthemwillbewillingtogivemore.Acompetitionwillbeginamongthem,andthemarketpricewillrise...Whenthequantitybroughttomarketexceedstheeffectualdemand,itcannotbeallsoldtothosewhoarewillingtopaythewholevalueoftherent,wagesandprofit,whichmustbepaidinordertobringitthither...Themarketpricewillsink...”(SupplyandDemand).23ppt課件OftheWagesofLabour:Inthissection,Smithdescribeshowthewagesoflabouraredictatedprimarilybythecompetitionamonglabourersandmasters.Whenlabourersbidagainstoneanotherforlimitedopportunitiesforemployment,thewagesoflabourcollectivelyfall,whereaswhenemployerscompeteagainstoneanotherforlimitedsuppliesoflabour,thewagesoflabourcollectivelyrise.However,thisprocessofcompetitionisoftencircumventedbycombinationsamonglabourersandamongmasters.Whenlabourerscombineandnolongerbidagainstoneanother,theirwagesrise,whereaswhenmasterscombine,wagesfall.24ppt課件BookII:OftheNature,Accumulation（積累）,andEmploymentofStockBookIII:OfthedifferentProgressofOpulenceindifferentNationsBookIV:OfSystemsofpoliticalEconomyBookV:OftheRevenueoftheSovereignorCommonwealth25ppt課件ThemainconceptofabsoluteadvantageisgenerallyattributedtotheWealthofNationsinwhichhecounteredmercantilist（重商主義者）ideas.Smitharguedthatitwasimpossibleforallnationstobecomerichsimultaneously（同時(shí)地）byfollowingmercantilismbecausetheexportofonenationisanothernation’simportandinsteadstatedthatallnationswouldgainsimultaneouslyiftheypracticedfreetradeandspecializedinaccordancewiththeirabsoluteadvantage.Smithalsostatedthatthewealthofnationsdependsuponthegoodsandservicesavailabletotheircitizens,ratherthantheirgoldreserves.Whiletherearepossiblegainsfromtradewithabsoluteadvantage,thegainsmaynotbemutuallybeneficial.Comparativeadvantagefocusesontherangeofpossiblemutuallybeneficialexchanges.26ppt課件Acountryhasanabsoluteadvantageoveranotherinproducingagood,ifitcanproducethatgoodusingfewerresourcesthananothercountry.

ForexampleifoneunitoflaborinIndiacanproduce80unitsofwoolor20unitsofwine;whileinSpainoneunitoflabormakes50unitsofwoolor75unitsofwine,thenIndiahasanabsoluteadvantageinproducingwoolandSpainhasanabsoluteadvantageinproducingwine.IndiacangetmorewinewithitslaborbyspecializinginwoolandtradingthewoolforSpanishwine,whileSpaincanbenefitbytradingwineforwool.(AdamSmith,WealthofNations,BookIV,Ch.2.)27ppt課件Assumingthattheemployeesofbothpartiesarepaidequally,PartyBhasanabsoluteadvantageoverPartyAinproducingwidgets（小器具）perhour.ThisisbecausePartyBcanproducetwiceasmanywidgetsasPartyAcanwiththesamenumberofemployees.Anothersimpleexample

28ppt課件PoliticaleconomicsinAdamSmithhasgrownintoawhole,itisincludedinthescopeofacertainextent,hasbeenformedbyAdamSmithforthefirsttimethebasicproblemofpoliticaleconomicshasmadeasystematicstudy,29ppt課件establishedacompletetheorysystem,increasetheBritishbourgeoisclassicalpoliticaleconomicstoanewlevel.30ppt課件在亞當(dāng)·斯密那里，政治經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)已發(fā)展為某種整體，它所包括的范圍在一定程度上已經(jīng)形成。亞當(dāng)·斯密第一次對(duì)政治經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的基本問題做出了系統(tǒng)的研究，創(chuàng)立了一個(gè)完整的理論體系，把英國資產(chǎn)階級(jí)古典政治經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)提高到一個(gè)新的水平31ppt課件Amongmanyfactorscontributingtoourmodernwayoflife,thewealthofnations，theinfluenceofthisbookcanbecomparablewithanymodernclassics——famouscriticpepeReina在促成我們現(xiàn)代生活方式的許多因素之中，《國富論》這本書所發(fā)生的影響，可媲美任何一本現(xiàn)代的典籍?！u(píng)家雷納32ppt課件西洋公學(xué)譯書院新譯亞當(dāng)·斯密《國富論》。歐洲200年前理財(cái)政策多與中國相似，自此書出，英國首先采用，遂立今日富強(qiáng)之基。今日中國患貧久矣，和議既立，必以整理財(cái)政為先，譯成是書以備參考?！?900年12月27日中國《新聞報(bào)》33ppt課件盡管之前已有其他學(xué)者論述了一些經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)思想和原理，但亞當(dāng)·斯密仍被世人尊稱為“經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)之父”。這一稱譽(yù)并非源于他富有創(chuàng)意的觀念或經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)分析的技巧，而是源于他將資本主義確立為使每個(gè)人的生活得到改善的一種經(jīng)濟(jì)制度，斯密是第一位將收益視作來源于更充分的競爭和提倡能夠刺激更多競爭的政策的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家，他認(rèn)為政府應(yīng)減少對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的干預(yù)并應(yīng)擬訂政策來抑制壟斷的出現(xiàn)。However,Smithforfreetradeisnotunanimousapprovalexceptexpoundsoneconomicgrowth,Smithalsoattemptstoillustrateshowtheincomefromtheproductionofproduct