Cross-CulturalCommunicationUnit1-4跨文化交際課件

Cross-CulturalCommunicationUnit1-4跨文化交際CHAPTER1CommunicationandCulture:TheChallengeofTheFuture

CHAPTER1-CommunicationandCulture:TheChallengeofTheFutureChallenge?Societiesaroundtheglobehavebeeninterwovenintoacomplexfabricofinterdependenteconomic,technological,political,andsocialrelationships.ThisiscalledGlobalization.Globalizationhasgreatlyincreasedtheeconomicstrengthofmanynationsandbringpeopletogetherfromdifferentcultures.However,itcouldresultingmorecompetitionfornaturalresources,internationalconflictsandsecurity,environmentalissues,andworldhealthissues.

CHAPTER1-CommunicationandCulture:TheChallengeofTheFutureOtherchallenges:Duetotheworld'sincreasingpopulation,wewillsee...morepeoplearemovingtodevelopedcountries(shiftingpopulations).Thiscouldbringmorecommunicationissuesinmulticulturalsocieties.Meanwhile,agingpopulationinmoredevelopedcountriesCouldbringmorecommunicationissuesbetweenoldergenerationsandyoungergenerations(thiscanbetreatedasco-culture).NoDirectMind-to-MindContactWecanonlyInferWeseektodefinetheworldCommunicationisself-ReflectiveTheBrainisanopensystem-welearntocommunicateCommunicationhasaconsequence

CHAPTER1-CommunicationandCulture:TheChallengeofTheFutureDefiningCommunication:it'sadynamicprocessinwhichpeopleattemptstosharetheirinternalstateswithotherpeoplethroughtheuseofsymbols.PrinciplesofCommunication:Itisadynamicprocess b)ItissymbolicItiscontextual(situations) d)itisself-reflectivewelearntocommunicate f)ithasaconsequenceFunctionsofCommunication:GatherinformationaboutotherpeopleFulfillinterpersonalneedsEstablishespersonalidentitiesInfluenceothers

DominantCulture

It'stheoneinpower-control.Controlthemajorinstitutionswithintheculturesuchas:church,gov.,education,military,massmedia,monetarysystems,etc.Co-CulturesTheyarenumerous.Distinctanduniquepatternsofcommunicationthattheyhavelearned.Canbebasedonrace,ethnicbackground,age,sex,orotherfactors.CHAPTER1-CommunicationandCulture:TheChallengeofTheFutureWelearnourculturethroughproverbsOfferanimportantsetofinstructions

CHAPTER1-CommunicationandCulture:TheChallengeofTheFutureCultureisTransmittedfromgenerationtogenerationLearnedSharedBasedonsymbolsDynamicAnintergratedsystemWelearnourculturefromfolktales,legends,andmyths.TheEpicofGilgamesh Wencheng(Sumerian)WelearnourculturethroughartArtisasymbolicwayofcommunicating(picstakenfromTheCorningMuseumofGlass)WelearnedourculturethroughmassmediaCultureistransmittedfromgenerationtogenerationCultureisbasedonsymbolsCultureissubjectedtochangeCultureisintegratedCultureisEthnocentricCultureisadaptive

CHAPTER1-CommunicationandCulture:TheChallengeofTheFutureDefiningCulture:it'sasetofhuman-madeobjectivesandsubjectiveelementsthatincreasedtheprobabilityofsurvivalsatisfactionfortheparticipantsinanecologicalnichesharewiththosewhocouldcommunicatewitheachotherandlivedinthesametimeandplace.Subjectiveelementsinclude:values,beliefs,attitudes,orientations,andunderlyingassumptionsprevalentamongpeopleinthesociety.BasicfunctionsofCulture:adapttoaparticularecology,andincludestheknowledgethatpeopleneedtohaveinordertofunctionintheirownsocialenvironment.Elementsinclude:History,Regligion,Values,Socialorganizations,andLanguage.

CHAPTER1-CommunicationandCulture:TheChallengeofTheFutureInordertostudycross-culturalcommunication,wemustpayattentiontothefollowing:Eachindividualareunique.Stereotyping.Objectivity.CommunicationisnotaCure-all.CHAPTER2

TheDeepStructureofCulture:RootsofReality

CHAPTER2-TheDeepStructureofCulture:RootsofRealityThedeepstructureofcultureistheunconsciousassumptionsabouthowtheworldoperates.Itmakeseachcultureunique,andexplainshowandwhyofaculture'scollectiveaction.Atthecoreofanyculture'sdeepstructureareitssocialorganizations(orsocialinstitutions).LessonsaboutlifeandwaysforlivingthatlifeIt'sbasedoncooperationThreemostenduringandinfluentialsocialorganizationsthatdealwithdeepstructureissuesareFamilyState(Community)Religion(Worldview)

CHAPTER2-TheDeepStructureofCulture:RootsofRealityWhydomostseriousconfrontationsandmisunderstandingscanbetracedtoculturaldifferences?DifferentcivilizationshavedifferentviewsontherelationsbetweenGodandman,theindividualgroupandthegroup,thecitizenandthestate,parentsandchildren,husbandandwife,aswellasdifferingviewsoftherelativeimportanceofrightsandresponsibilities,libertyandauthority,equalityandhierarchy. -p.51

CHAPTER2-TheDeepStructureofCulture:RootsofRealityTheDeepStructureofCulturecontainsthefollowing:Aculture'smostimportantbeliefsHistory(origin)InvolvesdeepandemotionalfeelingsSupplymuchofaperson'sidentity

CHAPTER2-TheDeepStructureofCulture:RootsofRealityTheImportanceofFamily:Thefamilyistheprincipaltransmitterofknowledge,values,attitudes,roles,andhabitsfromonegenerationtothenext.Throughwordandexample,thefamilyshapesachild'spersonalityandinstillsmodesofthoughtsandwaysofactingthatbecomehabitual-p.55

CHAPTER2-TheDeepStructureofCulture:RootsofRealityTraditionally,mostpeopleencountertwofamiliesduringthecourseoftheirlife:thefamilytheyarebornintoandthefamilythatisformedwhenandiftheytakeaname.Buttherearefewer"typical"AmericanfamiliesintheU.S.thaneverbefore.Mostofthesechangeswerebroughtaboutbythefollowing:EconomicchangesTechnologicalinnovationsDemographicsGenderrolesandopportunitiesforwomen (Examples:Singleparent,nevermarriedcouples,adoptedchildetc.) CanyouthinkofanysimilarchangesinChina?

CHAPTER2-TheDeepStructureofCulture:RootsofRealityGlobalizationhasmajorimpactontraditionalfamilystructureallthroughtheworld.Thetwocharacteristicsofglobalizationthathavebeenthemostresponsibleforthosechangesare(1)massmediaand(2)migration.MassMediaFamilyvaluesexposedtodifferentsetofvaluesExample:materials&moneyvs.spirituality&principlesMigrationMillionsofworkersleavetheirfamiliesandmovefromoneplacetoanotherplacetoseekjobsorhigherwages.

CHAPTER2-TheDeepStructureofCulture:RootsofRealityFamiliesperformaseriesofkeyfunctionsinallcultures.Thesefunctionsincludeteachingmembersofthecultureabout

economics,socialization,valuesandreligion,individualismandcollectivism,andsocialskills.

CHAPTER2-TheDeepStructureofCulture:RootsofRealityHistoryisthewitnessthattestifiestothepassingoftime;illuminesreality,vitalizesmemory,providesguidanceindailylife,andbringsustidingsofantiquity.Aculture'shistoryaffectsindividualperceptionandbehaviorandhowpeoplerelatetoanotherculture.Twoassumptions:Historicaleventshelpexplainthecharacterofaculture.Whatacultureseekstorememberandpassontothenextgenerationtellsusaboutthecharacterofthatculture.

CHAPTER2-TheDeepStructureofCulture:RootsofRealityHistoryofUnitedStates:ThosewhooriginallyarrivedontheAtlanticcoastbroughtmanyEnglishvalues,systemoflaw,andthebasicorganizationofcommerceduring16thcentury.“Life,libertyandthepursuitofhappiness”–libertieshadtobesecuredagainstabusivepowerofgovernment(independentfromBritain)Environmentalfactorsbroughtpsychologicaleffectsonthesettlers:survivalbasedonindividualism

CHAPTER2-TheDeepStructureofCulture:RootsofRealityHistoryofRussia:ThehistoryofRussianshavebeensubjectedtoinvasionandsuffering.(Mongols,Germans,Turks,Poles,Swedes,French,andEnglish)–therefore,militarizedabsolutism.Moldedbythetypeofleadershipthathascontrolthecountryforthousandofyears–followordersandaccept“words”(dictums)oftheirleaders.Adeepappreciationanddevotiontotheperformingartsandculturalarts.Thesizeoflandhavecreatedthepeopletothink(muse)aboutlife.

CHAPTER2-TheDeepStructureofCulture:RootsofRealityHistoryofChina:“Considerthepastthenyou’llknowthepresent”–theimportanceofhistory.Historylinksallmembersoftheculture.China’slonghistoryofphysicalandculturalisolation.–maypartlyattributedtheirintensenationalpride.Theywerethesourceofthecultureofmostofneighbors.Consideredotherswereinferior.Viewfamilyvalueaspriorityandcivilizationhasbeenbuiltonagriculture-Collectivism

CHAPTER2-TheDeepStructureofCulture:RootsofRealityHistoryofJapan:Basedonseriesofislands,Japanisyetanotherisolatedcountry–strongsenseofself-identity,acutelyawareofanythingthatcomesfromoutside.250yearsoffeudalperiod–loyaltyforthefeudallordsinthepast(nowcompanies);disciplineandsacrifice;lackofindividualism.Collectivism–cooperativeefforts,groupidentificationandgroupaction.CHAPTER3CultureandtheIndividual:CulturalIdentity

CHAPTER3-CultureandtheIndividual:CulturalIdentityHowidentityinfluencesandguidesexpectationsaboutyourownandothers'socialroles,andprovidesguidelinesforyourcommunicationinteractionwithothers.Factorsinclude:politicalviews,religiousbeliefs,lifestylechoices,ethnicsimilarity,economicinterest,etc.Someselectedsocialidentitiesinchapter:RacialIdentityEthnicIdentityGenderIdentityNationalIdentityRegionalIdentityOrganizationalIdentityPersonalIdentityCyberandFantasyIdentity

CHAPTER3-CultureandtheIndividual:CulturalIdentityTheinitialexposuretoouridentitycamefromourfamily-wherewebegantolearnculturallyappropriatebeliefs,values,andsocialroles.Later,education

andmassmediacanplayaconsiderableroleinouridentitydevelopment.Three-stageidentitydevelopmentmodels(Phinney)Unexaminedethnicidentity-ethnicidentitysearch-ethnicachievementFour-stageidentitydevelopmentmodels(MartinandNakayama)Modelforminority:Unexaminedidentity-conformity-resistanceandseparatism-integrationModelformajority:Unexaminedidentity-acceptance-resistance-redefinitionandreintegration

CHAPTER3-CultureandtheIndividual:CulturalIdentity

CHAPTER3-CultureandtheIndividual:CulturalIdentityTheDarkSideofIdentity-Stereotyping-ameansoforganizingyourimagesintofixedandsimplecategoriesthatyouusetorepresentanentirecollectionofpeople.canbepositiveornegativenarrowourperceptions(oversimplified,exaggerated,andovergeneralized)stereotypesarelearned(again,beginswithourearlyeducation)mayevolveoutoffearofpersonsfromgroupsthatdifferfromone'sownHowtoavoidstereotypes?awareofyourtendencytoengageincategorizationopentonewinformationandevidencebeingawareofyourzoneofdiscomfort

CHAPTER3-CultureandtheIndividual:CulturalIdentityTheDarkSideofIdentity-Prejudice(part1)-theyaredeeplyheldnegativefeelingsassociatedwithaparticulargroup.Thesesentimentsoftenincludeanger,fear,aversion,andanxiety.directedatasocialgroupanditsmembersinvolvewithevaluativedimension(right/wrong,moral/immoral)possesscentrality(strongbelief)Functionsego-defensive:holdprejudicewithouthavingtoadmit...utilitarian:receivingrewardsbyholdingontotheirprejudicialbeliefs.value-expressive:whentheybelievetheirattitudesareexpressingthehighestandmostmoralvaluesoftheculture.knowledge:abletocategorize,organize,andconstructtheirperceptionsofotherpeopleinamannerthatmakessensetothem.

CHAPTER3-CultureandtheIndividual:CulturalIdentityTheDarkSideofIdentity-Prejudice(part2)Fiveexpressionsofprejudice:antilocution;avoidance;discrimination;physicalattacks;exterminationCauses:Societalsources-majororganizationsandinstitutionsproducelaws,regulations,andnormsthatcreateprejudicewithinasociety.Maintainingsocialidentity-theconnectionbetweenouridentityandculturecanbepersonalandemotional.Anythingthatthreatensthatbondcanbecomethetargetofprejudice.Scapegoating-minoritygroupgetstheblame.Howtoavoidprejudice?Personalcontact&education

CHAPTER3-CultureandtheIndividual:CulturalIdentityTheDarkSideofIdentity-Racism-isanextensionofstereotypingandprejudice-thebeliefintheinherentsuperiorityofaparticularrace.canbecategorizedaseitherpersonalorinstitutional.institutionalcanrefertoschools,corporations,hospitals,orcriminaljusticesystem.maybeintentionalorunintentionalsomecanbeeasilytodetect,whileothersarealmostimpossible.Howtoavoidracism?TrytobehonesttoyourselfObjecttoracistjokesandinsultswheneveryouhearthemRespectfreedomExaminethehistoricalrootsofracism

CHAPTER3-CultureandtheIndividual:CulturalIdentityTheDarkSideofIdentity-Ethnocentrism-isthenotionthatone'sowncultureissuperiortoanyother.linksethnocentrismtotheconceptsofstereotyping,prejudice,andracism.canbeviewedasthreelevels:positive,negative,andextremelynegative.mostpeopleareethnocentriccontributestoculturalidentityWhytherecanbeseriousconsequencesifyouengageinnegativeethnocentrism?Themo