美國教育-課件

American

Education15-財政2

美國教育TheUnitedStatesisverystrongineducationandshouldershugetaskofeducation.TodiscusseducationintheUnitedStatesisaverycomplicatedproblem,becauseitisamulticulturalcountry.Americaneducationisalsodiversereflectingontheeducation,thereisnounifiednationaleducationsystemintheUnitedStatesandfiftystateshave50differenteducationsystem.ThereisnodoubtthatmangpeoplepaymuchattentiontothesystemofAmericaneducation.ThemajordifferenceineducationsystembetweenAmericanandmostothercountriesisthattheeducationoftheUnitedStatesisforeveryoneinsociety,notonlyforafewpeople.Americaneducationalsystemcanbebestunderstoodasakindofsocialinstitutionsthatreflectthebasicbeliefsandfundamentalprinciplesofthenation,ratherthansimplyakindofskill-trainingplaceswherestudentsarepreparedtogetajob.[1]Allinall,thesystemofAmericaneducationhasitsownspecialfeaturesandattractalotofcountries’attention.美國教育TheHistoryofAmericaneducation美國教育Asoneofthebasiccontentsofsociallife,educationhasacloserelationshipwithonenation’sgrowth.ThereweremanypeoplegraduatedfromOxfordCollegeandCambridgeCollegebetweenthefirstEnglishsettlerstoAmericainthecolonialeraof17thcentury.Itisestimatedthatthereisacollegestudentoutofevery40to50families.Thisimmigrationofhighereducationbackgroundmadethemattachgreatimportancetoeducation.AndtheearlyimmigrantsfromEnglandneededakindofculturetohelpthemunderstandTheBiblebythemselvesbecauseoftheirdevotiontoreligion.ThesetwofactorsmadetheeducationofAmericastart.美國教育

TheGoalsandPurposesofEducation美國教育

Historically,thechiefaimofeducationinearlytimeswasliteracyinorderthatpeoplemightbeabletoreadandwritetheBibleandlaws.Whentherepublicwasfounded,literacywasstillaprimaryobjective,butforthenewpurposeoffulfillingtheobligationsofcitizenshipinthenewcountry.Underthenewsystem,eachindividualcitizenwasobligatedtovoteaccordingtohisownopinionsandconscience,andtotakepartinthediscussionanddecisionmakingatlocal,state,andnationallevels.Asthenationgrewinpopulationandinterritory,asitseconomyexpanded,andparticularlyastheindustrialrevolutionchangedthecomplexityoflifeandcitizenship,educationgrewinimportanceanditsgoalsandpurposesbecamemorediverseandcomprehensive.IftheobjectivesofeducationinAmericaweretobereducedtoasinglesentence,itmightbesummarizedasfollows:tofacilitatethedevelopmentofeachindividualtothemaximumextentofhisorhercapabilityforhisorherownbenefitandthatofsociety.美國教育

TheStructureofSchoolSystem美國教育

TheAmericaneducationofalltypesandatalllevelsjoineachotherinstructureandcommunicatewitheachotherupanddown.Atanyrate,fromelementaryschoolthroughcollege,Americansholdthebeliefthateveryonedeservesafairandequalopportunitytogetagoodeducation,andthatpartoftheresponsibilityofthegovernmentistomakesurethatsuchanopportunityisnotdeniedtoanyoneofthem.[4]Oneofthestrikingfeatures,differAmericaneducationsystemfromotherEuropeancountries’educationsystem,callamonorailsystem.Itformedinthesecondhalfofthe19thcenturyandcanbespecificallydividedintothebottom-upstructure:primaryschool,secondaryschool,andthenuniversity."Rail"isthenumberofclassinonegrade.ThecurrentschoolsystemofAmericaeducationalsoreflectsthefeatureofthecombinationofunityanddiversity.Duetoathoroughsystemofdecentralizationineducation,Americahasnounifiednationaleducationalsystem.ThecurrentsystemofAmericaeducationisbasicallyfallenintofollowingparts:elementaryeducationandsecondaryeducationfor12years,4yearsofhighereducation,andgraduateschool,thetotalcourseof20yearsorso.TherearemanydifferentkindsofpreschooleducationinstitutionsinAmerica.Nomatterpublicorprivate,itcanberoughlydividedintonurseryschool(forchildrenaged3~5)andthekindergarten(recruitchildrenaged4~6);Elementaryeducationisdistributedintopubliceducationandprivateeducation,whichpaysattentiontodevelopthepotentialofchildren;Therearemainlyfouryears,sixyearstoconstructandthreekindsofthree-thirdssysteminsecondaryschoolinAmerica.Itsmainpartisthecomprehensiveschoolanditsminorpartarethegeneraleducationandvocationalandtechnicaleducation.Besides,therearealsoseparatesecondaryschools,vocationalandtechnicalschools,saysmiddleschoolandotherhighschool;ThelessonsofhighereducationcollegesanduniversitiesinAmericaaredividedintofourcategories:atwo-yearcollege(communitycollege)(tertiary),liberalartscollege(four-yearcollege),universitiesand.Professionalschools.美國教育

TheEducationManagement美國教育

Americaneducationmanagementimplementsthehighdegreeofdecentralization.InAmerica,theeducationmanagementistheresponsibilityofthestateorlocalgovernment,ratherthanthefederalgovernment.Asearlyasin1791,the10thamendmentoftheconstitutionofAmericahasbeendefined,thefederalgovernmentdoesnothavethepermissiontomanageeducationandeducationischargedbythestates.ThepowersoftheministryofeducationinAmericanfederalgovernmentareverylimited,whosemainresponsibilityistodistributeeducationgrantstothestatesaccordingtotheintentionsofcongress,aswellasofferscholarshipstoAmericandomesticstudents.ThestatesofAmericaareequippedwiththeeducationministerwhoareinchargeofdrawingupthestate'seducationpolicyandleadthesubordinateorganizationstoimplementthesepolicies.Whileaccordingtothestatelaw,allstatesmostlygivethemanagementrightofpublicschooltothelocalschooldistricts,inadditiontosetupthestateboardofeducationandmakethebasicpolicyofeducation’sdevelopment.Therefore,themanagementrightofelementaryeducationandsecondaryeducationactuallybelongstothelocalschooldistrictsandthelocalpublicschoolmanagementsysteminwhichtheschooldistrictplaystheleadingrolehabeenestablished.[6]Americanuniversitiesallhavetheirowncharacteristicsandtheyaredifferentfromtheteachingguidelines,professionalSettings,testprojecttosmallprobl美國教育美國教育

美國教育TheeducationmethodsofWesterncountriesareclosetonatureandmoreclosertothesociety.InChina,thepurposeofeducationistopassschoolexamsandhaveathoroughunderstandingofknowledgewhilethewesternstudentspaymoreattentiontoabilityofpracticeandexercise.ThestudyofAmericanstudentsismainlytoexploreanddevelopstudents'innovativethinking.TheadvantageofAmericaneducationistopaymoreattentiontothestudents'abilityofindependentthinking,theirwayofthinkingtotheproblemandcultivatestudents'abilityofdialecticalthinking.Thiscanpreparewellforenteringthesocietywhichattachesimportancetotheinnovativethinking.Itseducationgoalisadaptedtotherequirementsofcreatingasocietywithtalentintensive.ThereisnodoubtthattheeducationsystemofChinaandAmericaisdifferent.Thedifferencesareasfollows:Firstly,theteachinggoalofthesetwocountries’elementaryeducationisdifferent.China'sprimaryeducationwilldevelopchildren’sintelligenceandthechildrentakeshighmarksasaprimarygoal,whileinAmerica,itsonlypurposeistocultivatechildren’screativity;Secondly,theattitudestowardsperformancearedifferent.ForChinesechildren,abadreportcardwillmakehimorherreceivepressurefromallsides.However,theyear-endreportcardsofstudentsinAmericaaretheirownprivategoods.Parentsalsowon'tgivetoomuchpressuretotheirchildrenandabilitiesintheirheartaremoreimportantthanscores;Lastly,therearedifferencesbetweenthetwocountriesinknowledgeview.China'seducationpaysattentiontotheaccumulationofknowledge,cultivatethestudents'respectforknowledgeandauthority,theinheritanceofknowledgeandtheconstructionofknowledgesystem.America’seducationattachesmuchimportancetotrainstudents'practicaluseofknowledge,theircriticalspirittotheknowledgeandauthorityandtheexpansionandcreationofknowledge.Thesetwodifferentwaysofeducationexpresstheirdifferentattitudetowardsknowledge.美國教育universityinAmerica美國教育HarvardCollegewasfoundedasearlyas1636,onlyfifteenyearsafterthePilgrimFathershadlandedintheNewWorld.WilliamMaryuniversitywasbuiltin1639andYaleuniversitywasestablishedin1701.Before1776whenAmerica