英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)《材料科學(xué)與工程專業(yè)英語(yǔ)》

《材料科學(xué)與工程專業(yè)英語(yǔ)》Unit1MaterialsScienceandMetallurgicalEngineeringMaterialsareproperlymoredeep-seatedinourculturethanmostofusrealize.Trans-portation,housing,clothing,communication,recreationandfoodproduction--virtuallyeverysegmentofoureverydaylivesisinfluencedtoonedegreeoranotherbymaterials.Historically,thedevelopmentandadvancementofsocietieshavebeenintimatelytiedtothemembers'abilitiestoproduceandmanipulatematerialstofilltheirneeds.Infact,earlycivilizationshavebeendesignatedbytheleveloftheirmaterialsdevelopment(i.e.StoneAge,BronzeAge).Theearliesthumanshasaccesstoonlyaverylimitednumberofmaterials,thosethatoccurnaturallystone,wood,clay,skins,andsoon.Withtimetheydiscoveredtechniquesforproducingmaterialsthathadpropertiessuperiortothoseofthenaturalones:thesenewmaterialsincludedpotteryandvariousmetals.Furthermore,itwasdiscoveredthatthepropertiesofamaterialcouldbealteredbyheattreatmentsandbytheadditionofothersubstances.Atthispoint,materialsutilizationwastotallyaselectionprocess,thatis,decidingfromagiven,ratherlimitedsetofmaterialstheonethatwasbestsuitedforanapplicationbyvirtueofitscharacteristic.Itwasnotuntilrelativelyrecenttimesthatscientistscametounderstandtherelationshipsbetweenthestructuralelementsofmaterialsandtheirproperties.Thisknowledge,acquiredinthepast60yearsorso,hasempoweredthemtofashion,toalargedegree,thecharacteristicsofmaterials.Thus,tensofthousandsofdifferentmaterialshaveevolvedwithratherspecializedcharacteristicsthatmeettheneedsofourmodernandcomplexsociety.Thedevelopmentofmanytechnologiesthatmakeourexistencesocomfortablehasbeenintimatelyassociatedwiththeaccessibilityofsuitablematerials.Advancementintheunder--standingofamaterialtypeisoftentheforerunnertothestepwiseprogressionofatechnology.Forexample,automobileswouldnothavebeenpossiblewithouttheavailabilityofinexpensivesteelofsomeothercomparablesubstitutes.Inourcontemporaryera,sophisticatedelectronicdevicesrelyoncomponentsthataremadefromwhatarecalledsemiconductingmaterials.MaterialsScienceEngineeringMaterialsscienceisaninterdisciplinarystudythatcombineschemistry,physics,metallurgy,engineeringandveryrecentlylifesciences.Oneaspectofmaterialsscienceinvolvesstudyinganddesigningmaterialstomakethemusefulandreliableintheserviceofhumankind.Itstrivesforbasicunderstandingofhowstructuresandprocessesontheatomicscaleresultinthepropertiesandfunctionsfamiliarattheengineeringlevel.Materialsscientistsareinterestedinphysicalandchemicalphenomenaactingacrosslargemagnitudesofspaceandtimescales.Inthisregarditdiffersfromphysicsofchemistrywheretheemphasisismoreonexplainingthepropertiesofpuresubstances.Inmaterialssciencethereisalsoanemphasisondevelopingandusingknowledgetounderstandhowthepropertiesofmaterialscanbecontrollablydesignedbyvaryingthecompositions,structures,andthewayinwhichthebulkandsurfacesphasematerialsareprocessed.Incontrast,materialsengineeringis,onthebasisofthosestructurepropertiescorrelations,designingorengineeringthestructureofamaterialtoproduceapredeterminedsetofproperties.Inotherwords,materialsengineeringmainlydealswiththeuseofmaterialsindesignandhowmaterialsaremanufactured."Structure"isanebuloustermthatdeservessomeexplanation.Inbrief,thestructureofamaterialusuallyrelatestothearrangementofitsinternalcomponents.Subatomicstructureinvolveselectronswithintheindividualatomsandinteractionswiththeirnuclei.Onanatomiclevel,structureencompassestheorganizationofatomsormoleculesrelativetooneanother.Thenextlargestructuralrealm,whichcontainslargegroupsofatomsthatarenormallyagglomeratedtogether,istermed"microscopic"meaningthatwhichissubjecttodirectobservationusingsometypeofmicroscope.Finally,structuralelementsthatmaybeviewedwiththenakedeyearetermed"macroscopic".Thenotionof"property"deserveselaboration.Whileinserviceuse,allmaterialsareexposedtoexternalstimulithatevokesometypeofresponse.Forexample,aspecimensubjecttoforceswillexperiencedeformation;orapolishedmetalsurfacewillreflectlight.Propertyisamaterialtraitintermsofthekindandmagnitudeofresponsetoaspecificimposedstimulus.Generally,definitionsofpropertiesaremadeindependentofmaterialshapeandsize.Virtuallyallimportantpropertiesofsolidmaterialsmaybegroupedintosixdifferentcategories;mechanical,electrical,thermal,magnetic,optical,anddeteriorative.Foreachthereisscharacteristictypeofstimuluscapableofprovokingdifferentresponses.Mechanicalpropertiesrelatedeformationtoanappliedloadorforce:examplesincludeelasticmodulusandstrength.Forelectricalproperties,suchaselectricalconductivityanddielectricconstant,thestimulusisanelectricfiled.Thethermalbehaviorofsolidscanberepresentedintermsofheatcapacityandthermalconductivity.Magneticpropertiesdemonstratetheresponseofamaterialtotheapplicationofamagneticfield.Foropticalproperties,thestimulusiselectromagneticorlightradiation:indexofrefractionandreflectivityarerepresentativeopticalproperties.Finally,deteriorativecharacteristicsindicatethechemicalreactivityofmaterials.Inadditiontostructureandproperties,twootherimportantcomponentsareinvolvedinthescienceandengineeringofmaterials,namely"processing"and"performance".Withregardtotherelationshipsofthesefourcomponents,thestructureofamaterialwilldependonhowitisprocessed.Furthermore,amaterial'sperformancewillbeafunctionofitsproperties.Thus,theinterrelationshipbetweenprocessing,structure,properties,andperformanceislinearasfollows:Processing→Structure→Properties→Performance翅Wh桶y產(chǎn)St掀ud撓y輛Ma搭te寒ri誦al續(xù)s哭Sc蘭ie批nc曲e廚an符d泊En名gi安ne霉er鑰in拆g?向Wh符y莖do收w擇e御st方ud猴y懸ma銷te河ri桶al捉s?港M撕an搭y槍an引a括pp塘li匆ed忌s窮ci陸en面ti溉st蚊s辱or第e終ng柔in飄ee溜rs繞,毛wh繪et督he閥r奴me構(gòu)ch猜an增ic脾al號(hào),塘ci旗vi感l(wèi),銜ch剖em羨ic武al恒,漸or劃e腥le買ct畝ri纖ca停l,撓wi伍ll森b攪e炮ex像po位se留d掛to嬌a哥d頓es酒ig斃n忙pr耀ob穗le劍m趕in膽vo州lv況in績(jī)g例ma怎te箭ri擠al壩s活at籍o殊ne吸t殘im爭(zhēng)e略or送a欲no歉th取er消.凱Ex扣am光pl哈es弓m拐ig凍ht戴i靠nc陷lu微de喊a陜t誼ra數(shù)ns帆mi授ss勝io唯n幕ge宣ar爹,密th惡e毛su哭pe模rs貌tr荷uc因tu誼re路f阿or耀a慶b電ui姑ld挑in錫g,媽an舒o蹈il裕r沒(méi)ef莫in狼er慘y斧co頭mp沉on陪en夜t,筑or餓a燒n宮in買te鹽gr鼻at煎e(cuò)d音c處ir薪cu幅it箱c臨hi參p.慶Of勾c三ou封rs典e,譽(yù)ma閣te香ri字al企s蹤sc網(wǎng)ie熟nt侮is型ts太a除nd槽e逢ng壟in麻ee各rs克a電re礙s帽pe棉ci鴿al武is莊ts丸w圍ho毫a緊re嗚t街ot西al窩ly艙i犬nv延ol制ve禽d援in燦t玻he餡i域nv噸es性ti嶼ga答ti形on羽a區(qū)nd姓d睡es壓ig應(yīng)n繳of敲m推at蓬er亡ia蜜ls時(shí).癢踐Ma錦ny怨t然im熊es濫,皺a臉ma為te喚ri耽al恢s蟻pr丹ob移le容m游is碌t菊o鉤se鼓le楚ct姑t杰he窗r撫ig侮ht餃m敢at職er呀ia據(jù)l線fr脈om欄m肚an猾y州th孤ou耽sa怪nd辮s擦av遍ai輸la圍bl程e晌on蜘es征.付Th寧er荷e折ar吳e估se網(wǎng)ve杰ra及l(fā)刮cr思it倉(cāng)er符ia氣o掙n甚wh棍ic快h酒th疼e片fi鍛na醒l角de野ci冊(cè)si吉on荷i難s填no蓮rm雕al絞ly哄b脖as菜ed達(dá).走Fi遺rs遼t靜of礙a尼ll放,肆th吉e叨in穴-s隸er神vi冬ce兔c蓮on骨di魂ti傅on遇s敏mu駛st幣b和e勸ch纖ar考ac超te蘋ri兆ze幅d.早On碌o瓣nl鋸y描ra杜re揚(yáng)o觸cc斷as喜io燥n夾do劃es怎a剖m罩at蹄er頃ia綱l館po飲ss睛es繞s厭th外e品ma碼xi中mu隆m肆or眾i裕de何al劫c柴om末bi限na石ti望on愈o搶f亞pr掘op暢er緩ti剃es聞.甜Th句us箭,餐it漆m負(fù)ay姐b歷e粒ne膏ce隸ss踏ar誕y扣to廁t馬ra參de亞o割ff調(diào)o容ne級(jí)c望ha褲ra增ct弟er咬is延ti阻c租fo秒r姨an斗ot濾he耐r.往Th葛e辛cl訴as捷si僚c像ex喝am幅pl肝e夫in專vo例lv欣es細(xì)s遲tr緩en炎gt桃h居an劉d星du粗ct亂il求it搬y;味no榨rm憲al鹿ly萄,雕a括ma秋te得ri草al貓h籃av縣in針g叫a受hi批gh檔s紅tr疤en枕gt餅h坊wi竹ll蒼h足av止e礦on墨ly主a蘆l丸im條it穩(wěn)ed充d嘴uc米ti子li搏ty卻.客In崇s醬uc浩h標(biāo)ca舊se濤s倒a搭re死as換on額ab希le胞c棒om洲pr腹om脖is慣e襖be級(jí)tw螺ee馳n笑tw漢o汗or斗m新or睡e魂pr親op裂er院ti削es歷m吉ay鳳b奴e錘ne辯ce輝ss否ar茂y.曠敢A丙se房co致nd受s煙el材ec登ti茶on榜c旺on傳si刊de斑ra得ti成on晝i膜s業(yè)an蒼y駱de慌te算ri咬or耽at愚io拖n或of淡m冠at擠er葛ia按l冤pr紫op弓er鋤ti誠(chéng)es娛t孝ha冒t惱m(xù)a鑼y校oc負(fù)cu幫r堂du茫ri雙ng彈s網(wǎng)er樹vi員ce托o聚pe誦ra四ti塊on義.丑Fo雷r晚ex肥am茄pl侵e,逆s逐ig搭ni折fi棵ca韻nt常r周ed招uc叔ti趴on肺s門in距m逐ec敲ha宅ni分ca頁(yè)l遣st聰re妖ng什th奏ma億y遺re虛su吉lt示f襖ro猾m已ex希po曬su錫re尤t槳o剖el議ev騰at巨ed泡t嬌em仰pe到ra勇tu毀re穩(wěn)s頁(yè)or托c憐or澆ro炎si晃ve立e泡nv健ir鬧on墓me解nt逼s.耀煮Fi蒼na滑ll船y,麻pr鑄ob沿ab睬ly痰t膊he顧o赤ve腸rr葬id泡in刃g(shù)栗co尼ns甚id從er宇at就io傲n否is儲(chǔ)e您co班no昨mi志cs殿.迷Wh保at鄭w贊il施l懶th犧e猜fi努ni俯sh骨ed靈p秒ro叫du焰ct找c泛os備t?妥A莖m骨at弄er黑ia鋤l醒ma證y撫be墊f茫ou長(zhǎng)nd孟t意ha朵t腫ha尸s降th艱e壘id爺ea絹l虎se軋t攏of針p攝ro份pe扣rt不ie推s,免bu頸t翼is佳p享ro究hi室bi鍬ti道ve染ly萄e家xp篇en鑄si徐ve盟.枕He咸re稱a奶ga將in峽,公so乳me疲c夠om敬pr滲om猜is癥e胞is霞i齡ne泊vi每ta請(qǐng)bl層e.楊T逢he于c亞os嫩t慕of賊a娃f抹in申is擺he巧d懶pi拜ec剝e禮al煌so仔i炸nc屈lu完de圓s太an窮y冤ex碰pe淘ns此e呀in邀cu爪rr悅ed黃d攤ur善in壓g假fa凡br鐵ic義at嘗io娛n.施豪Th漸e似mo蹤re瓜f渡am罪il疊ia撲r洋an菠e衫ng汽in命ee衛(wèi)r獲or深s匹ci棚en再ti熔st途i肌s棍wi曲th促t蓄he溝v極ar梯io壘us巷c煮ha峰ra舟ct謝er倒is凝ti鵝cs姜a執(zhí)nd簽s腰tr因uc持tu轟re斷-p視r(shí)o溜pe歷rt瘦y任re怨la革ti芝on鳥sh逗ip棵s,熔as灘w詠el土l賞as蹤p授ro在ce款ss犬in蜓g酷t(yī)e氧ch描ni安qu譯es荷o擊f彩ma嬸te栽ri由al卷s,坑th完e不mo浴re吳p桂ro濃fi皺ci糊en維t蒼an寬d于co禽nf常id槽en筍t疊he千o線r劣sh離e論wi計(jì)ll速b炊e印to蹈m續(xù)ak扒e肯ju么di桌ci譽(yù)ou關(guān)s野ma漸te捐ri原al畢s導(dǎo)ch肌oi撓ce司s扇ba鄰se殊d變on盞t裝he敞se司c獲ri堵te妨ri法a.催(S鎮(zhèn)el幅ec絨te氣d赤fr反om臘M炊at棕er勉ia姑ls銜S茫ci學(xué)en營(yíng)ce降a倘nd興E法ng扎in油ee攔ri胸ng夫:彈An尚I擔(dān)nt棉r(nóng)o蠻du牛ct村io朝n,蓋by蹦W撤il皂li籃am浮D媽C時(shí)al柔li秩st量er醫(yī),蚊20書02繡)馳Ne臨w鉆Wo莫rd妙s勢(shì)an紅d吊Ex歌pr朽es悉si驢on印s悠達(dá)po卵tt稿e(cuò)r刷y吼盤虜也惱測(cè)趕晝貝廣n.滋洗陶瓷材億by才v纖ir形tu憂e收of表滾絮誠(chéng)樸壇依靠神（胖……怎力量厘）斥，貌憑借疤，釣由于裝，磚因?yàn)榱T掏em半po辜we糾r樣湯膀汗vt科.跳授權(quán)工，靠準(zhǔn)許歸，轉(zhuǎn)使能陜夠寨顧em榮po籠we膏r巧sb懇.t卻o旗do循s很th眠.沸拆云仆授權(quán)語(yǔ)某人既做某淋事柏浴fo面re掏ru狠nn找er扣貓尊賽辛n.呼尸先驅(qū)秘（者咸），在傳令編官，雜預(yù)兆污案st齡ep我wi榆se餃妥寨充藥a.思熄逐步匯地，進(jìn)分階糊段地暈霜in甜te銜r(shí)d聾is握ci提pl覽in片ar請(qǐng)y支鮮丘a.犧謊交叉怨學(xué)科仰的襯屢me淡ta陷ll療ur絹gy委束溉肢n.賤每冶金況學(xué)扮嘩ne描bu崖lo輕us幻冠察逆a.班塌星云疑的，蠢云霧風(fēng)狀的端，模撲糊的靠，朦培朧的斑距ag銳gl棵om躬er傍at應(yīng)e禿智遮乳n.畝拌大團(tuán)蛙，大莊塊；秧a.籃成塊低的，煉凝聚姨的累喬el表ab論or枯at景io耀n害超攪窗n.語(yǔ)豬詳盡圈的細(xì)梁節(jié)，憶解釋犁，闡屑述辭佛el蝕ec啞tr割ic襖al敏c醒on濱du掉ct項(xiàng)iv彩it賓y免敢弊祝停斜電匠導(dǎo)性微，電壟導(dǎo)率勝警di增el胸ec焦tr研ic滅c鴉on鬼st生an蛛t夕歉斜勉孩蝴介電留常數(shù)技朵th冰er秀ma磚l拾co涼nd裕uc虎ti墻vi葉ty元隨叼林對(duì)鋸熱導(dǎo)查性，瞎熱導(dǎo)裝率紗探he膛at粥c桌ap失ac遷it挎y鐵薄扭損嘗混戴禽熱容害re庸fr遙ac饅ti境on摩弦抓遍n.悼陜衍射紗霞re撫fl遍ec掏ti棋vi散ty茫絡(luò)霸n.臟然反射逃見(jiàn)du夸ct瞞il跪it劍y奉蹦碌攏n.貴巖延展觸性滴介co燒rr播os攜iv鞋e撓項(xiàng)處屬a.這末腐蝕懲的衰，烈蝕壞城的衡，團(tuán)腐蝕耕性的愧；惡n.策丙腐蝕搞物廚，瞞腐蝕林劑貢抬ov豎er沫ri底di插ng闊顫釋幼a.憶篇最重重要的鑒；椅高于蘆一切熱的暗廳pr麥oh寒ib冬it膚iv打e桌午訊斃a.政香禁止明的島，跪抵制侮的輛龍ju茶di世ci嚼ou亭s恢界哈迎a.辜鉛明智與的毫糟cr圖it查er維io池n硬史晉喜n.援揮標(biāo)準(zhǔn)疼，俯準(zhǔn)則劈，中尺度倍No竹te斜s羽1.獻(xiàn)I冤t妨wa擾s來(lái)no測(cè)t磨un丘ti畜l爐re漿la吐ti陪ve徹ly擴(kuò)r帽ec鬼en言t纏ti跪me糊s無(wú)th豬at蝶s圖ci掏en隔ti叨st城s妥ca母me去t偉o醋u(yù)n褲de閱rs剛ta個(gè)nd傲t涂he驅(qū)r濱el棉at晝io淺ns茄hi險(xiǎn)ps抖b雙et靠we繩en菜t霜he管s竹tr睜uc奉tu查ra抖l計(jì)el湯em沃en翼ts始o(jì)題f什ma蝦te芹ri鐘al汗s綿an身d遵th韻ei賠r老pr臉op仍er寶ti哥es粒.日這是侄一個(gè)細(xì)強(qiáng)調(diào)救句厲，訊強(qiáng)調(diào)漿時(shí)間衣。若ca尊me蔽t條o棍+墾不定遼式，藝譯為狠“烈終于循……裳”證，秀“奏開(kāi)始狗……欄”斑。參用考譯駱文：杯直到中最近當(dāng)，科使學(xué)家竿才終寒于了盜解材盲料的已結(jié)構(gòu)察要素誦與其獻(xiàn)特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ngdevelopmentinmaterialscienceandtechnologyisaneverincreasingcontrolonthemolecularandthesupramolecularlevel,uptothenanolengthscale.Theinterestofpolymerscientistshasshiftedfromnewmonomersandtheir(co)polymerstowardsfunctionalandsmartmaterials,resultingfromthemimickingoftheperfectcontrolofmacromolecularstructureandfunctionasfoundinnature.Itisexpectedthatthesedevelopmentswillprovidethesolutionsformoresustainableproductsandprocesses.Thethirdfactorisathoroughreshufflingoftheactivitiesinthechemicalindustry.Thepositionofthe'advancedmaterials'inthisredistributionisnotclear.Itmightevenhappenthatasubstantialpartofthisbusinessdisappearsfromthechemicalindustrytowardsforinstancetheelectronicindustry.Traditionally,industrialresearchtriedtoestablishthelinkbetweenthreeelements(Fig.1.1):therunningbusiness,thefutureneedsofsocietyandthedevelopmentsinscienceandtechnology.MaterialsMaterialsBusinessIndustrialReasearchFutureneedsofsocietyDevelopmentsinFig.1.1DrivingforcesforthebusinessinpolymericmaterialsAtthismoment,changeshappeninallthreespheres,whicharesofundamentalthatindustrialpolymerresearchhastoadaptinadramaticwaytoacompletelynewsituation.ThechangingsocietyTheevolutionofoursocietycanbeillustratedwithaseriesofS-curves,reflectinglifecyclesoferas(Fig.1.2).Afterhavinglivedinanagriculturalsocietyforages,weturnedintoanindustrialsocietyattheendofthe18thcentury.Acoupleofcenturieslater,afterthesecondworldwar,weagainenteredanewera,triggeredbythedevelopmentofcomputers.Now,afterjustsomedecades,weareatthepointtomakeanewjumpintoanera,characterizedbyanalmostunlimitedaccesstoknowledgeandinformationviatheworldwideweb,butalsocharacterizedbydownscalingandminiaturization,thankstosmartmaterialsandfunctionalmaterials.Thiswi