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天水師范學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說明書 第一部分緒論 一、沖壓模具的發(fā)展沖壓模具,是在冷沖壓加工中,將材料(金屬或非金屬)加工成零件(或半成品)的一種特殊工藝裝備,稱為冷沖壓模具(俗稱冷沖模)。沖壓,是在室溫下,利用安裝在壓力機(jī)上的模具對材料施加壓力,使其產(chǎn)生分離或塑性變形,從而獲得所需零件的一種壓力加工方法。沖壓模具[1]是沖壓生產(chǎn)必不可少的工藝裝備,是技術(shù)密集型產(chǎn)品。沖壓件的質(zhì)量、生產(chǎn)效率以及生產(chǎn)成本等,與模具設(shè)計(jì)和制造有直接關(guān)系。模具設(shè)計(jì)與制造技術(shù)水平的高低,是衡量一個(gè)國家產(chǎn)品制造水平高低的重要標(biāo)志之一,在很大程度上決定著產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量、效益和新產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)能力。改革開放以來,隨著國民經(jīng)濟(jì)的高速發(fā)展,市場對模具的需求量不斷增長。近年來,模具工業(yè)一直以15%左右的增長速度快速發(fā)展,模具工業(yè)企業(yè)的所有制成分也發(fā)生了巨大變化,除了國有專業(yè)模具廠外,集體、合資、獨(dú)資和私營也得到了快速發(fā)展。浙江寧波和黃巖地區(qū)的“模具之鄉(xiāng)”;廣東一些大集團(tuán)公司和迅速崛起的鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)企業(yè),科龍、美的、康佳等集團(tuán)紛紛建立了自己的模具制造中心;中外合資和外商獨(dú)資的模具企業(yè)現(xiàn)已有幾千家。隨著與國際接軌的腳步不斷加快,市場競爭的日益加劇,人們已經(jīng)越來越認(rèn)識(shí)到產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量、成本和新產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)能力的重要性。而模具制造是整個(gè)鏈條中最基礎(chǔ)的要素之一。近年許多模具企業(yè)加大了用于技術(shù)進(jìn)步的投資力度,將技術(shù)進(jìn)步視為企業(yè)發(fā)展的重要?jiǎng)恿?。一些國?nèi)模具企業(yè)已普及了二維CAD,并陸續(xù)開始使用Pro/E、PDX、UGNX、NXProgressiveDieDesign、I-DEAS、Euclid-IS、Logopress3、3DQuickPress等國際通用軟件,個(gè)別廠家還引進(jìn)了C-Flow、DYNAFORM、和MAGMASOFT等CAE軟件,并成功應(yīng)用于沖壓模的設(shè)計(jì)中。以汽車覆蓋件模具為代表的大型沖壓模具的制造技術(shù)已取得很大進(jìn)步,東風(fēng)汽車公司模具廠、一汽模具中心等模具廠家已能生產(chǎn)部分轎車覆蓋件模具。此外,許多研究機(jī)構(gòu)和大專院校開展模具技術(shù)的研究和開發(fā)。經(jīng)過多年的努力,在模具CAD/CAE/CAM技術(shù)方面取得了顯著進(jìn)步;在提高模具質(zhì)量和縮短模具設(shè)計(jì)制造周期等方面做出了貢獻(xiàn)。雖然中國模具工業(yè)在過去十多年中取得了令人矚目的發(fā)展,但許多方面與工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國家相比仍有較大的差距。例如,精密加工設(shè)備在模具加工設(shè)備中的比重比較低;CAD/CAE/CAM技術(shù)的普及率不高;許多先進(jìn)的模具技術(shù)應(yīng)用不夠廣泛等等,致使相當(dāng)一部分大型、精密、復(fù)雜和長壽命模具依賴進(jìn)口。二、沖壓模具的發(fā)展趨勢模具技術(shù)的發(fā)展應(yīng)該為適應(yīng)模具產(chǎn)品“交貨期短”、“精度高”、“質(zhì)量好”、“價(jià)格低”的要求服務(wù)。所以模具的未來發(fā)展趨勢是:(1)全面推廣CAD/CAM/CAE技術(shù)模具CAD/CAM/CAE技術(shù)是模具設(shè)計(jì)制造的發(fā)展方向。隨著微機(jī)軟件的發(fā)展和進(jìn)步,普及CAD/CAM/CAE技術(shù)的條件已基本成熟,各企業(yè)將加大CAD/CAM技術(shù)培訓(xùn)和技術(shù)服務(wù)的力度;進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大CAE技術(shù)的應(yīng)用范圍。計(jì)算機(jī)和網(wǎng)絡(luò)的發(fā)展正使CAD/CAM/CAE技術(shù)跨地區(qū)、跨企業(yè)、跨院所地在整個(gè)行業(yè)中推廣成為可能,實(shí)現(xiàn)技術(shù)資源的重新整合,使虛擬制造成為可能。(2)高速銑削加工國外近年來發(fā)展的高速銑削加工,大幅度提高了加工效率,并可獲得極高的表面光潔度。另外,還可加工高硬度模塊,還具有溫升低、熱變形小等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。高速銑削加工技術(shù)的發(fā)展,對汽車、家電行業(yè)中大型型腔模具制造注入了新的活力。目前它已向更高的敏捷化、智能化、集成化方向發(fā)展。(3)模具掃描及數(shù)字化系統(tǒng)高速掃描機(jī)和模具掃描系統(tǒng)提供了從模型或?qū)嵨飹呙璧郊庸こ銎谕哪P退璧闹T多功能,大大縮短了模具的在研制制造周期。有些快速掃描系統(tǒng),可快速安裝在已有的數(shù)控銑床及加工中心上,實(shí)現(xiàn)快速數(shù)據(jù)采集、自動(dòng)生成各種不同數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的加工程序、不同格式的CAD數(shù)據(jù),用于模具制造業(yè)的“逆向工程”。模具掃描系統(tǒng)已在汽車、摩托車、家電等行業(yè)得到成功應(yīng)用,相信在“十五”期間將發(fā)揮更大的作用。(4)電火花銑削加工電火花銑削加工技術(shù)也稱為電火花創(chuàng)成加工技術(shù),這是一種替代傳統(tǒng)的用成型電極加工型腔的新技術(shù),它是有高速旋轉(zhuǎn)的簡單的管狀電極作三維或二維輪廓加工(像數(shù)控銑一樣),因此不再需要制造復(fù)雜的成型電極,這顯然是電火花成形加工領(lǐng)域的重大發(fā)展。國外已有使用這種技術(shù)的機(jī)床在模具加工中應(yīng)用。預(yù)計(jì)這一技術(shù)將得到發(fā)展。(5)提高模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化程度我國模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化程度正在不斷提高,估計(jì)目前我國模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件使用覆蓋率已達(dá)到30%左右。國外發(fā)達(dá)國家一般為80%左右。(6)優(yōu)質(zhì)材料及先進(jìn)表面處理技術(shù)選用優(yōu)質(zhì)鋼材和應(yīng)用相應(yīng)的表面處理技術(shù)來提高模具的壽命就顯得十分必要。模具熱處理和表面處理是否能充分發(fā)揮模具鋼材料性能的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)。模具熱處理的發(fā)展方向是采用真空熱處理。模具表面處理除完善應(yīng)發(fā)展工藝先進(jìn)的氣相沉積(TiN、TiC等)、等離子噴涂等技術(shù)。(7)模具研磨拋光將自動(dòng)化、智能化模具表面的質(zhì)量對模具使用壽命、制件外觀質(zhì)量等方面均有較大的影響,研究自動(dòng)化、智能化的研磨與拋光方法替代現(xiàn)有手工操作,以提高模具表面質(zhì)量是重要的發(fā)展趨勢。(8)模具自動(dòng)加工系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展這是我國長遠(yuǎn)發(fā)展的目標(biāo)。模具自動(dòng)加工系統(tǒng)應(yīng)有多臺(tái)機(jī)床合理組合;配有隨行定位夾具或定位盤;有完整的機(jī)具、刀具數(shù)控庫;有完整的數(shù)控柔性同步系統(tǒng);有質(zhì)量監(jiān)測控制系統(tǒng)。

第二部分:設(shè)計(jì)程序 一、確定沖壓工藝方案和模具結(jié)構(gòu)工藝分析:(1).材料分析對于沖壓件材料一般要求的力學(xué)性能是強(qiáng)度低,塑性高,表面質(zhì)量和厚度公差符合國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。本設(shè)計(jì)的產(chǎn)品材料為10鋼,屬優(yōu)質(zhì)碳素結(jié)構(gòu)鋼,其力學(xué)性能是強(qiáng)度、硬度低而塑性較好,非常適合沖裁加工。另外產(chǎn)品對于厚度與表面質(zhì)量沒有嚴(yán)格要求,所以盡量采用國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的板材,其沖裁出的產(chǎn)品表面質(zhì)量和厚度公差就可以保證。經(jīng)上述分析,產(chǎn)品的材料性能符合冷沖壓加工要求。(2).結(jié)構(gòu)分析零件結(jié)構(gòu)為簡單對稱圓形結(jié)構(gòu),對沖裁加工較為有利。零件有小孔,孔的最小尺寸為3.5mm,滿足沖裁最小孔徑dmin≥1.0t=1mm的要求。所以,該零件的結(jié)構(gòu)滿足沖裁(3).精度分析:零件上的尺寸均標(biāo)注尺寸偏差,最大公差為0.52,反差表選定IT14零件尺寸為T10。表3-2常用尺寸的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)公差數(shù)值表(GB/T1800.3―1998)[9]基本尺寸公差I(lǐng)T01IT0IT1IT2IT3IT4IT5IT6IT7IT8IT9IT10IT11IT12大于至μmmm1.2234610142540600.10360.40.611.52.545812183048750.126100.40.611.52.546915223658900.1510235811182743701100.1818300.611.52.546913213352841300.2130500.611.52.54711162539621001600.2550800.81.2235812193046741201900.308012011.52.5461015223554871402200.351201801.223.55812182540631001602500.40180250234.571014202946721151852900.46(4)沖裁件斷面質(zhì)量因?yàn)橐话阌闷胀_裁方式?jīng)_1mm以下的金屬板料時(shí),其斷面粗糙度Ra可達(dá)12.5~3.2,毛刺允許高度為0.05~0.1mm;本產(chǎn)品在斷面粗糙度上沒有太嚴(yán)格的要求,單要求孔及輪廓邊緣無毛刺,所以只要模具精度達(dá)到一定要求,在沖裁后加修整工序,沖裁件斷面的質(zhì)量就可以保證。(5)產(chǎn)品材料分析對于沖壓件材料一般要求的力學(xué)性能是強(qiáng)度低,塑性高,表面質(zhì)量和厚度公差符合國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。本設(shè)計(jì)的產(chǎn)品材料為10鋼,屬優(yōu)質(zhì)碳素結(jié)構(gòu)鋼,其力學(xué)性能是強(qiáng)度、硬度低而塑性較好,非常適合沖裁加工。另外產(chǎn)品對于厚度與表面質(zhì)量沒有嚴(yán)格要求,所以盡量采用國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的板材,其沖裁出的產(chǎn)品表面質(zhì)量和厚度公差就可以保證經(jīng)上述分析,產(chǎn)品的材料性能符合冷沖壓加工要求。2、模具結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)復(fù)合沖裁模是在壓力機(jī)滑塊一次行程中、在模具同一工位同時(shí)完成沖孔和落料。倒裝復(fù)合模的凸凹模型孔內(nèi)積存沖孔廢料,對孔壁形成較大的張力。因此倒裝復(fù)合模最小壁厚b值不能太小,其值與板厚t有關(guān)。順裝復(fù)合模的凸凹模型孔內(nèi)不積存沖孔廢料,每次沖孔廢料均由打料裝置逆沖入方向打出。因此順裝復(fù)合模的凸凹模壁厚允許比倒裝復(fù)合模的小些。該設(shè)計(jì)要求先沖孔后落料的復(fù)合模設(shè)計(jì),倒裝式復(fù)合模比順裝式符合模的設(shè)計(jì)簡單,所以選擇倒裝式復(fù)合模設(shè)計(jì)。二、工藝計(jì)算1、主要工作部分尺寸計(jì)算:由沖壓工藝與模具設(shè)計(jì)一書P56表2-4查的Zmin=0.100mm,Zmax=0.140mm(1)、落料刃口尺寸計(jì)算:的凸凹模的制造公差由表2—7(見《沖壓工藝與模具設(shè)計(jì)》一書)查得,。由于,故采用凸模與凹模配合加工方法,因數(shù)由表2—6(見《沖壓工藝與模具設(shè)計(jì)》一書P56)查得磨損系數(shù):X=0.5, 表2.6[1]磨損系數(shù)X材料厚度t/mm制件公差Δ/mm<11~22~4>4≤0.160.17~0.35≥0.36<0.16≥0.16≤0.200.21~0.41≥0.42<0.20≥0.20≤0.240.25~0.49≥0.50<0.24≥0.24≤0.300.31~0.59≥0.60<0.30≥0.30磨損系數(shù)X非圓形X值圓形X值1.00.750.50.750.5則:按凹模尺寸配制,其雙面間隙為0.020~0.030mm,其工作部分結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸如圖所示:(2)、沖孔刃口尺寸計(jì)算:a.沖的刃口尺寸計(jì)算的凸凹模的制造公差由表2—7(見《沖壓工藝與模具設(shè)計(jì)》P60)查得,.因數(shù)由表2—6(見《沖壓工藝與模具設(shè)計(jì)》一書P56)查得:磨損系數(shù)X=0.5,則:按凸模尺寸配制,其雙面間隙為0.1mm,其工作部分結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸如圖所示:b.沖的刃口尺寸計(jì)算的凸凹模的制造公差由表2—7(見《沖壓工藝與模具設(shè)計(jì)》P60)查得,.因數(shù)由表2—6(見《沖壓工藝與模具設(shè)計(jì)》一書P56)查得:磨損系數(shù)X=0.5,則:按凸模尺寸配制,其雙面間隙為0.1mm,其工作部分結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸如圖所示:2、排樣方法的確定:(1)、零件在板料、條料或帶料上的布置方法,稱為排樣。一個(gè)較佳的排樣方案必須兼顧沖壓件的公差等級(jí)、沖壓件的生產(chǎn)批量、模具結(jié)構(gòu)和材料利用率等因素。該制件為沖壓件,材料為10號(hào)鋼板,料厚為1mm,其未標(biāo)注公差等級(jí)為IT12,屬一般沖裁模能達(dá)到的公差等級(jí),不需要精沖或整修等特殊沖裁方式,所以由IT12決定采用有廢料排樣。因改制件生產(chǎn)批量為中批量,因此不考慮多排或一模多件的方案(該方案適合大批量生產(chǎn),約幾十萬件以上),根據(jù)生產(chǎn)批量的特點(diǎn),再結(jié)合該沖件的形狀特點(diǎn),以單排、一摸一件、復(fù)合模沖裁排樣為首選且為手工送料,采用導(dǎo)料銷導(dǎo)料、擋料銷擋料。(2)、確定搭邊值由表2—10板料沖裁時(shí)的搭邊值(見《沖模工藝與模具設(shè)計(jì)》一書P60)查得沖裁件與沖裁件之間a1=1.5mm,沖裁件與條料側(cè)邊之間a=1.5mm 表2.10[1]搭邊值經(jīng)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)表板料厚度t手動(dòng)送料自動(dòng)送料圓形非圓形往復(fù)送料aa1aa1aa1aa1≤11.51.521.5322.52>1~221.52.523.52.532………………(3)、送料步距A的確定A=D+a=34+1.5=35.5mm(2-25)(4)、條料寬度B的確定采用無側(cè)壓裝置的導(dǎo)料板之間的送料,由表2-12(見《沖壓工藝與模具設(shè)計(jì)》P71查得:b=0.5由表2-11查得△=0.3那么:條料的寬度:B=38.1mm條料的步距:A=35.5mm(5)、沖裁單件材料的利用率計(jì)算:排樣圖如下所示:3、工序壓力的計(jì)算和壓力機(jī)的選擇(1)、沖裁力的計(jì)算(2-1)—沖裁力(N);L—工件外輪廓周長L=;t—材料厚度t=1mm;—材料抗剪強(qiáng)度(MPa)由表2-12(見《沖壓工藝與模具設(shè)計(jì)》一書P32)查得=260Mpa;沖裁力則為:(2)、卸料力的計(jì)算:(2-4)—卸料力因數(shù),由表2-3(見《沖壓工藝與模具設(shè)計(jì)》一書)查得=0.05(3)、頂件力的計(jì)算:(2-6)—頂件力因數(shù),由表2—3(見《沖壓工藝與模具設(shè)計(jì)》一書)查得=0.06=0.06×36.085=3.7851KN 表2.3料力、推件力和頂件力系數(shù)板料厚度t/mmK卸K推K頂鋼≦0.1>0.1~0.5>0.5~2.5>2.5~6.5>6.50.06~0.090.04~0.070.025~0.060.02~0.050.015~0.040.010.0650.050.0450.0250.140.080.060.050.03鋁、鋁合金0.03~0.080.03~0.070.03~0.07純銅、黃銅0.02~0.060.03~0.090.03~0.09(4)、總沖壓力的計(jì)算:=36.085+1.80425+3.7851=41.67435KN(5)、壓力機(jī)的選擇參照《適用沖壓工藝及模具設(shè)計(jì)手冊》,由P總=41.67435KN可選公稱壓力為63KN系列的壓力機(jī),初選J23系列開式可傾壓力機(jī)中的公稱壓力為63KN的壓力機(jī),其主要參數(shù)有:公稱壓力:63KN滑塊行程:50mm公稱壓力時(shí)滑塊離死點(diǎn)距離:3.5mm行程次數(shù):160mm封閉高度調(diào)節(jié)量:40mm模柄孔尺寸:φ30×50(厚度)工作臺(tái)尺寸:左右:315mm前后:200mm工作臺(tái)孔尺寸:左右:150mm前后:70mm直徑:110mm(6)、選壓力中心該制件為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)圓形零件,所以它的壓力中心在圓的圓心三、模架的選擇模架的選擇依據(jù)是凹模周界尺寸和送料方式凹模周界尺寸(A×B)的計(jì)算凹模的厚度H=KbK-系數(shù)b-沖裁件的最大外形尺寸K由表7-6(見書《沖壓工藝與模具設(shè)計(jì)》一書)查的K=0.35 表7.6[1]系數(shù)K值b∕mm板料厚度∕mm0.5123>3≥50>50~100>100~200>20050.10.320.420.20.30.420.30.22所以H=Kb=0.35×34=11.9mm壁厚C=(1.5-2)H=2×11.9=23.8mmA=b+2c=34+2×23.8=81.6mmB=b+2c=34+2×23.8=81.6mm則A×B=81.6×81.6選標(biāo)準(zhǔn)形式100×1002、模架的選擇參照《模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化與原型結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)》一書中表3-5沖模滑動(dòng)導(dǎo)向模架的結(jié)構(gòu)形式和規(guī)格,因?yàn)槭强v向送料且是復(fù)合模所以中間導(dǎo)柱較適合,且中間導(dǎo)柱模架比后側(cè)導(dǎo)柱模架工作時(shí)受力平衡、對稱一些,所以選中間導(dǎo)柱模架。結(jié)構(gòu)圖如下:3、導(dǎo)柱、導(dǎo)套的選擇參照《模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與原型結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)》一書中表3-9選擇A型導(dǎo)柱:d=19-63l=130-320取d=20mml=140mmA型導(dǎo)套:d=19-63l=65-160取d=40mml=70mm導(dǎo)柱、導(dǎo)套的材料均為20鋼,表面滲碳度為0.8-1.2mm,淬火硬度58-62HRC4、上模座的設(shè)計(jì)上模座的尺寸:268×100×30GB2855.11—81。結(jié)構(gòu)圖如下:5、下模座的設(shè)計(jì)下模座的尺寸:268×100×30GB2855.12—81。結(jié)構(gòu)圖如下:四、模具的總體設(shè)計(jì)參照《模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化與原型結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)》一書中表3-25圓形薄凹模式復(fù)合模典型結(jié)合的結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù),根據(jù)凹模周界A×B=100×100×11.9,、彈壓卸料方式、縱向送料方式等可以得到各模具零件的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)外形尺寸H×D如下:凹模:φ100×20墊板1:φ100×8卸料版:φ100×8墊板2:φ100×4固定板1:φ100×12螺釘1:M8×69(3個(gè))固定板2:φ100×14螺釘2:M8×47(3個(gè))卸料螺釘:M8×45(3個(gè))圓柱銷1:φ8×45(2個(gè))圓柱銷2:φ8×65(2個(gè))圓柱銷3:φ8×43(2個(gè))擋料銷4:φ4×10(3個(gè))孔距尺寸:76mm凸凹模長度:40mm配用模架閉合高度:130-150五、非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)零件的設(shè)計(jì)1、凸模的設(shè)計(jì)(1)凸模長度的計(jì)算凸模選普通凸模TPT型中的直通式T2D型,沖的沖孔凸模,工作部分尺寸為,沖的沖孔凸模,工作部分尺寸為,凸模長度L=H1+H2H1—凸模固定板的高度φ100×20H2—凹模高度12L=H1+H2=12+12=24mm凸模結(jié)構(gòu)如下圖:凸模的材料為T8A或T10A,熱處理硬度為58-60,對于小凸模材料也為T8A或T10A,材料都選T8A,熱處理硬度為56-60,尾部回火40-50。(2)凸模強(qiáng)度(壓應(yīng)力)校核校核公式為式中—凸模最小斷面積,;—凸模材料的許用壓應(yīng)力,查參考文獻(xiàn)[2]知,(1000~1600)MPa,取1000MPa。因?yàn)镸Pa<所以凸模強(qiáng)度校核符合要求。(3)凸模剛度(細(xì)長桿失穩(wěn))校核。校核公式式中—凸模最大自由高度;E—凸模材料彈性模量,一般取MPa;—凸模最小斷面慣性矩,圓形斷面;—支承系數(shù),無導(dǎo)板導(dǎo)向;—安全系數(shù),鋼取2~3。代入公式得mm所以凸模剛度符合要求2、凹模設(shè)計(jì)因?yàn)镈=34,則選擴(kuò)展型凹模,所用材料為T8A,熱處理硬度為:60—64HRC,凹模底面和型孔的孔壁表面粗糙度為Ra=0.8um,結(jié)構(gòu)圖如下:3、凸凹模設(shè)計(jì)(1)凸凹模長度的確定凸凹模的長度有典型機(jī)構(gòu)確定為40mm(2)凸凹模壁厚校核倒裝復(fù)合模凸凹模最小壁厚(料厚mm);本設(shè)計(jì)中所以凸凹模壁厚校核合格,按圖設(shè)計(jì)的凸凹模符合要求。結(jié)構(gòu)圖如下:4、橡膠的設(shè)計(jì)為保證橡膠墊不過早失去彈性而破壞,其允許的最大壓縮兩不得超過摘要高度的45%,一般取自由高度的35%~45%。橡膠墊的預(yù)壓縮量一般取自由高度的10%~15%。橡膠墊產(chǎn)生的力式中—壓力;—橡膠墊橫截面積;—與橡膠墊壓縮量有關(guān)的單位壓力,如表5.1所示。表5.1橡膠壓縮量和單位壓力橡膠壓縮量(%)單位壓力(MPa)橡膠壓縮量(%)單位壓力(MPa)1015200.260.500.702530351.031.522.10取,則MPa取壓縮量為10%,預(yù)壓縮量為5%,工作行程mm。所以橡膠墊的自由高度為mm,取18mm預(yù)壓縮量取為4m。卸料板的設(shè)計(jì)卸料板同樣為圓形板,直徑和凹模板一致,如圖5.3所示,厚度為8mm。卸料板材料選Q235或(45)鋼,不用熱處理淬硬。取卸料板與凸凹模的雙面間隙為0.1~0.3mm.6、墊板的設(shè)計(jì)凸模墊板的作用是為了平均分布模板所受的壓應(yīng)力,如果凸模傳遞到模板上的壓應(yīng)力超過模板的許用壓應(yīng)力時(shí),就應(yīng)該使用凸模墊板。圓形凸模承壓面的壓應(yīng)力σ壓=4P/∏D2≤【σ壓】P—沖裁力(N)D—圓凸模承壓面的面積(m2)σ壓=4P/∏D2=187.5—306.6MPa>【σ壓】【σ壓】=88—118MPa,【σ壓】由表2-62(書《使用沖壓工藝與模具設(shè)計(jì)手冊》)查的得。所以此模具必須使用墊板,墊板材料一般為T8或45鋼經(jīng)淬火后磨平,淬火硬度一般為44—48HRC,選材料為45鋼。結(jié)構(gòu)圖如下:凸凹模固定板的設(shè)計(jì)凸凹模固定板形狀與凹模板一致,材料為Q235,淬火硬度無要求,結(jié)構(gòu)如下圖:8、凸模固定板的設(shè)計(jì)凸模固定板將凸模固定在模座上,其平面輪廓尺寸與凹模板外形尺寸相同,但還應(yīng)考慮緊固螺釘及銷釘?shù)奈恢?。固定板的凸模安裝孔與凸模采用過渡配合H7/m6、H7/n6,壓裝后將凸模端面與固定板一起磨平。凸模固定板為圓形,厚度一般取凹模厚度的0.6~0.8倍,材料為Q235,厚度為12mm。結(jié)構(gòu)圖如下:推塊的設(shè)計(jì)推塊與凹模相配合,材料為45,淬硬43~48(45鋼)10、模柄的設(shè)計(jì)1)綜合上面的計(jì)算可知,該模具屬于中、小型模具,可以采用旋入式模柄。旋入式模柄的特點(diǎn):適合中、小型模具,嵌旋入式配合精度高,工作平穩(wěn),裝卸方便。模柄材料采用Q255,無硬度要求。模柄結(jié)構(gòu)圖如下:11、活動(dòng)擋料銷的設(shè)計(jì)活動(dòng)擋料銷根據(jù)模具的整體要求,查表10-41(書《冷沖壓模具設(shè)計(jì)精要》P222)查得到:d=4,D=10。材料為45鋼,熱處理要求為43~48HRC。結(jié)構(gòu)圖如下:12、推件板的設(shè)計(jì)推件板的尺寸根據(jù)表1-72冷沖模零件標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件(見書《沖壓模具設(shè)計(jì)手冊》P52),由表得推件板(GB2867.4—1981)D=φ20~210,H=4~18,調(diào)整推件板的尺寸為厚度H=6mm,輪廓尺寸D=φ35,推件板與上模板采用間隙配合,材料為45鋼或Q255,選取45鋼為本模具中推件塊的材料。結(jié)構(gòu)圖如下:13、打桿的設(shè)計(jì)打桿的尺寸根據(jù)表1-72冷沖模零件標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件(見書《沖壓模具設(shè)計(jì)手冊》P52),由表得推件板(GB2867.1—1981)d=φ6~25,L=40~280,材料為45鋼,熱處理硬度為43~48HRC,調(diào)整打桿尺寸為d=φ6,L=65。結(jié)構(gòu)圖如下:14、推桿的設(shè)計(jì)打桿長度的計(jì)算H=H1+H2+H3H1—上墊板的厚度H1=8mmH2—凸模固定板的厚度H2=12mmH3—推件塊得到凸模固定板的距離H3=8mm則H=8+12+8=28mm取打桿的尺寸為φ6,材料為45鋼,淬火硬度為43~48。結(jié)構(gòu)圖如下:六、模具材料的選擇 模具材料的選擇參照下表表1-34工作零件凸凹模的常用材料及熱處理零件名稱選用材料編號(hào)熱處理硬度/HRC模具類型凸凹模工作狀況凸模凹模沖裁模1形狀簡單沖裁厚度小于t﹤3的凸模、凹模及凸凹模T8A、T10A淬火58~6260~64帶臺(tái)肩的快換凸、凹模9Mn2V、Cr6WV淬火2形狀復(fù)雜的凸模、凹模及凸凹模9CrSi、CrWMn淬火58~6260~62沖裁厚度小于t﹥3的凸模、凹模及凸凹模9Mn2V、Cr12、Cr12MoV淬火形狀復(fù)雜的鑲塊120Cr4、W2MoV淬火60~6262~643要求耐用的凸、凹模Cr12MoV、120Cr4、W2MoV、GCr15、YG154沖裁薄材料用的凹模T8A查表1-35[2]1-35沖模一般零件的常用材料及熱處理表零件名稱選用材料牌號(hào)使用情況熱處理/HRC上、下模板HT200、HT250一般負(fù)荷-ZG270-500、ZG310-570用于大型模具-QT400-18、ZG310-570用于滾珠式導(dǎo)柱模架-厚鋼板加工而成45、Q255負(fù)載特大-模柄45浮動(dòng)式模柄及球面墊塊42~48Q255壓入式、旋入式、凸緣式-導(dǎo)柱、導(dǎo)套20大量生產(chǎn)60~62T10A、9Mn2V單件生產(chǎn)56~60GCr15、Cr12用于滾珠配合62~64凸凹模固定板Q235、Q255--卸料版Q235、45--托料板Q235--導(dǎo)尺45-淬硬45~48擋料銷、定位銷45-43~48導(dǎo)正銷T10A、9Mn2V一般用途56~62Cr12、MoV高耐磨60~62墊板45一般用途43~48螺釘T8A、9Mn2V單位壓力大52~56銷釘45、T7-頭部淬硬43~48推桿、頂桿45一般用途淬硬43~48(45鋼)Cr6WV、CrWMn重要用途淬硬52~54(T)推板、頂板Q255一般用途-45重要用途43~48拉深模壓邊圈T8A-54~58定距側(cè)刃、廢料切刀T10A-58~62側(cè)刃定距T8A、T10A、9Mn2V-56~60定位板45-43~48T8-52~54斜楔與滑塊T8、T10A-60~62限位圈45-43~48彈簧65Mn、60SiMnA淬硬40~45 七、模具裝配圖及工作原理1、裝配圖 1—導(dǎo)柱2—下模座3,18—螺釘4—下墊板5—下料螺釘6—凸凹模固定板7,23—橡膠8—卸料板9—凹模10—導(dǎo)套11—上模座12—凸模固定板13—上墊板14—推件板15—模柄16—打桿17—沖孔凸模19—沖孔小凸模20—推件塊21—擋料銷22,25,26—銷24—推桿2、工作原理:壓力機(jī)通過模柄與模具連接,通過壓力機(jī)的作用,動(dòng)模向下移動(dòng),首先接觸到擋料銷,使擋料銷向下移動(dòng),在動(dòng)模在向下移動(dòng)的過程中再接觸到板料,動(dòng)模繼續(xù)向下移動(dòng)給板料一定的力使卸料板向下移動(dòng)一定距離,橡膠壓縮到一定程度,卸料板不在動(dòng),動(dòng)模繼續(xù)向下移動(dòng)完成沖孔和落料,沖孔廢料從漏料口直接漏出,同時(shí)推件塊、推桿和打桿向上移動(dòng)。沖孔、落料完成后,定模向上移動(dòng)與定模分開后,原本處在壓縮狀態(tài)的橡膠恢復(fù)彈力過程中,推動(dòng)卸料板向上運(yùn)動(dòng),從而推出條料。最后把制件從卸料板上推出。動(dòng)模脫離定模后,出件由打桿、推件板、推桿和推件塊組成的剛性推件裝置,利用開模力取出制件。條料送進(jìn)時(shí)利用擋料銷定步距,操作完成一次后,把條料向上抬起向前移動(dòng),移到剛沖過的料口里,繼續(xù)下一個(gè)工件的沖裁。 第三部分致謝通過近三個(gè)月的忙碌和學(xué)習(xí),本次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)已接近尾聲,要完成這次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì),由于經(jīng)驗(yàn)的不足,時(shí)常有許多考慮不周全的地方,在此衷心的感謝楊老師的督促與指導(dǎo),以及一起設(shè)計(jì)的同學(xué)們的幫助,讓我按時(shí)完成了這次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)。我的畢業(yè)論文較為復(fù)雜煩瑣,但是楊杰老師仍然細(xì)心地糾正圖中的錯(cuò)誤,他的治學(xué)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)和科學(xué)研究的精神是我永遠(yuǎn)學(xué)習(xí)的榜樣,并將影響我今后的學(xué)習(xí)和工作,我才得以解決畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)中遇到的種種問題。同時(shí)感謝我院、系領(lǐng)導(dǎo)對我們的教導(dǎo)和關(guān)注;感謝大學(xué)四年傳授我們專業(yè)知識(shí)的所有老師。還有謝謝我周圍的同窗朋友,他們給了我無數(shù)的關(guān)心和鼓勵(lì),也讓我的大學(xué)生活充滿了溫暖和歡樂。如果沒有他們的幫助,此次畢業(yè)論文的完成將變得困難。第四部分參考文獻(xiàn)[1]:張如華.趙向陽.沖壓工藝與模具設(shè)計(jì).北京:清華大學(xué)出版社.2006.3;[2]:馬超興.沖壓模具設(shè)計(jì)手冊.北京:化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社.2009.9;[3]:楊玉英.實(shí)用沖壓工藝及模具設(shè)計(jì)手冊.北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社.2004.7;[4]:王平、葉曉葦.沖壓加工設(shè)備及自動(dòng)化.北京:華中科技大學(xué).2006.8;[5]:王新華.沖裁模典型機(jī)構(gòu)圖冊.北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社.2011.4;[6]:許發(fā)樾.實(shí)用模具設(shè)計(jì)與制造手冊.北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社.2005.8;[7]:鐘翔山.沖壓模具精選88例設(shè)計(jì)分析.北京:化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社.2010.3;[8]:徐發(fā)樾.模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化與原理結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì).北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社.2009.6;[9]:韓進(jìn)宏.互換性與測量技術(shù).北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社.2009.6;[10]:許發(fā)樾.模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化與原型結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì).北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社.2009.6;[11]:薛啟翔.沖壓模具與制造.北京:化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社.2004.6;請刪除以下內(nèi)容,O(∩_∩)O謝謝!??!AnarbitrarytitlegiventoafuneraryworkfromancientEgyptcalledpertemhru,thetranslationofwhichis"comingforthbyday,"or"manifestedinthelight."Severalversionsorrecensionsofthisworkareknown,namelythoseofHeliopolis,Thebes,andSais,differingonlyinasmuchastheywereeditedbythecollegesofpriestsfoundedatthesecenters.Manypapyrioftheworkhavebeendiscovered,andpassagesfromithavebeeninscribeduponthewallsoftombsandpyramidsandonsarcophagiandmummy-wrappings.OneverycompletecopyisondisplayattheEgyptianMuseuminTurin,Italy.Itisundoubtedlyofextremelyearlydate;exactlyhowearlyitwouldbedifficulttosay,butinthecourseofcenturiesitwasgreatlyaddedtoandmodified.Itcontainsabout200chapters,butnocompletepapyrushasbeenfound.Thechaptersarequiteindependentofoneanother,andwereprobablyallcomposedatdifferenttimes.Themainsubjectisthebeatificationofthedead,whoweresupposedtorecitethechaptersinorderthattheymightgainpowerandenjoytheprivilegesofthenewlife.Theworkaboundsinmagicalreferences.ThewholetrendoftheBookoftheDeadisthaumaturgic,asitspurposeistoguardthedeadagainstthedangerstheyhavetofaceinreachingtheotherworld.Asinmostmythologies,thedeadEgyptianhadtoencountermalignantspiritsandwasthreatenedbymanydangersbeforereachinghishavenofrest.HealsohadtoundergojudgmentbyOsiris,andtojustifyhimselfbeforebeingpermittedtoentertherealmsofbliss.Thisheimaginedhecouldingreatpartaccomplishbytherecitationofvariousmagicalformulaandspells,whichwouldwardofftheevilinfluencesopposedtohim.TothisendeveryimportantEgyptianofmeanshadburiedwithhimapapyrusoftheBookoftheDead,containingatleastallthechaptersnecessaryforencounteringtheformidableadversariesatthegatesofAmenti,theEgyptianHades.Thesechapterswouldassisthiminmakingrepliesduringhisceremonyofjustification.Firstamongthesespellswerethe"wordsofpower."TheEgyptiansbelievedthattodiscoverthe"secret"nameofagodwastogaincompleteascendancyoverhim.SympatheticmagicwasinvogueinEgyptianburialpractice,whichexplainsthepresence,intombsofpeopleofmeans,ofpaintingsoftablesladenwithfoodanddrink,withinscriptionsattachedconveyingtheideaofboundlessliberality.Inscriptionslikethefollowingareextremelycommon—"Totheka[essentialdoubleorsoul]ofso-and-so,5,000loavesofbread,500geese,and5,000jugsofbeer."Thosededicationscostthegenerousdonorslittle,astheymerelyhadtheobjectsnamedpainteduponthewallofthetomb,imaginingthattheirkaorastralcounterpartwouldbeeatableanddrinkablebythedeceased.ThisofcourseismerelyanextensionoftheNeolithicconceptionthatarticlesburiedwithamanhadtheirastralcounterpartsandwouldbeofusetohiminanotherworld.PictorialrepresentationplayedaconsiderablepartinthemagicalritualoftheBookoftheDead.OneofthepleasuresofthedeadwastosailoverHeavenintheboatofRa,andtosecurethisforthedeceasedonemustpaintcertainpicturesandmutteroverthemwordsofpower.Regardingthisbelief,E.A.WallisBudgestatesinhisbookEgyptianMagic(1889):"Onapieceofcleanpapyrusaboatistobedrawnwithinkmadeofgreenabutmixedwithantiwater,andinitaretobefiguresofIsis,Thoth,Shu,andKhepera,andthedeceased;whenthishadbeendonethepapyrusmustbefastenedtothebreastofthedeceased,carebeingtakenthatitdoesnotactuallytouchhisbody.ThenshallhisspiritenterintotheboatofRaeachday,andthegodThothshalltakeheedtohim,andheshallsailaboutwithhimintoanyplacethathewisheth.ElsewhereitisorderedthattheboatofRabepainted'inapureplace,'andinthebowsistobepaintedafigureofthedeceased;butRawassupposedtotravelinoneboat(calledAtet)untilnoon,andanother(calledSektet)untilsunset,andprovisionhadtobemadeforthedeceasedinbothboats.Howwasthistobedone?OnonesideofthepictureoftheboatafigureofthemorningboatofRawastobedrawn,andontheotherafigureoftheafternoonboat;thustheonepicturewascapableofbecomingtwoboats.And,providedtheproperofferingsweremadeforthedeceasedonthebirthdayofOsiris,hissoulwouldliveforever,andhewouldnotdieasecondtime.Accordingtotherubrictothechapterinwhichthesedirectionsaregiven,thetextofitisasold,atleast,asthetimeofHesept,thefifthkingofthe1st.dynasty,whoreignedabout4350B.C.,andthecustomofpaintingtheboatuponpapyrusisprobablycontemporaneous."Thewordsofpowerwerenottobespokenuntilafterdeath.Theywere"agreatmystery,"but"theeyeofnomanwhatsoevermustseeit,foritisathingofabominationforeverymantoknowit.Hideit,therefore,theBookoftheLadyoftheHiddenTempleisitsname."ThiswouldseemtorefertosomespellutteredbyIsis-HathorthatdeliveredthegodRaorHorusfromtrouble,orwasofbenefittohim,thuswasconcludedtobeequallyefficaciousinthecaseofthedeceased.ManyspellswereincludedintheBookoftheDeadforthepurposeofpreservingthemummyagainstmoldingandforassistingtheownerofthepapyrustobecomeasagodandtobeabletotransformhimselfintoanyshapehedesired.Paintedofferingswerealsoprovidedsothedeceasedwouldbeabletogivegiftstothegods.ItisapparentthattheBookoftheDeadwasundoubtedlymagicalincharacter,consistingasitdidofaseriesofspellsorwordsofpower,whichenabledthespeakertohaveperfectcontroloverallthepowersofAmenti.TheonlymomentinwhichthedeadmanisnotmasterofhisfateiswhenhisheartisweighedbyThothbeforeOsiris.Ifitdoesnotconformtothestandardrequiredforjustification,heiscastout;exceptforthis,anabsoluteknowledgeoftheBookoftheDeadsafeguardedthedeceasedineverywayfromthedangerofdamnation.Anumberofthechaptersconsistofprayersandhymnstothegods,butthedirectionsastothemagicalusesofthebookareequallynumerous;theconceptofsupplicationismingledwiththeideaofcircumventionbysorceryinthemostextraordinarymanner.Thereisalsoevidenceofahigherproportionofperinatalcomplications(complicationsarisingaroundthetimeofgivingbirth)amongchildrenwithautisticsymptoms.Thesecomplicationsincludematernalbleedingafterthefirsttrimesterandmeconiumintheamnioticfluid.(Meconiumisasubstancethataccumulatesinthebowelofthedevelopingfetusandisdischargedshortlyafterbirth.)Someevidencesuggeststhattheuseofmedicationsduringpregnancymayberelatedtothedevelopmentofautisticsymptoms.Asnewborns,childrenwithautisticbehaviorsshowahigherrateofrespiratoryillnessandanemiathanhealthychildren.ALLERGIES,INFECTIONS,ANDIMMUNIZATIONS.Someprofessionalsbelievethatautisticdisordersmaybecausedbyallergiestoparticularfungi,viralinfections,andvariousfoods.Nocontrolledstudieshavesupportedthesebeliefs,butsomeparentsandprofessionalsreportimprovementwhenallergensand/orcertainfoodsareeliminatedfromthediet.Viralinfectionsofthemother,suchasrubella,oroftheyoungchild,suchasencephalitis,mumps,andmeasles,occasionallyappeartocauseautisticdisorders.Theissueisnothowhazardousboxingisbutwhetherthehazardsareacceptable.Theterm"autism"referstoaclusterofconditionsappearingearlyinchildhood.Allinvolvesevereimpairmentsinsocialinteraction,communication,imaginativeabilities,andrigid,repetitivebehaviors.Tobeconsideredanautisticdisorder,someoftheseimpairmentsmustbemanifestbeforetheageofthree.ThereferencebookusedbymentalhealthprofessionalstodiagnosementaldisordersistheDiagnosticandStatisticalManualofMentalDisorders,alsoknownastheDSM.The2000editionofthisreferencebook(theFourthEditionTextRevisionknownasDSM-IV-TR)placesautisminacategorycalledpervasivedevelopmentaldisorders.Allofthesedisordersarecharacterizedbyongoingproblemswithmutualsocialinteractionandcommunication,orthepresenceofstrange,repetitivebehaviors,interests,andactivities.Peoplediagnosedwiththesedisordersareaffectedinmanywaysfortheirentirelives.DescriptionEachchilddiagnosedwithanautisticdisorderdiffersfromeveryother,andsogeneraldescriptionsofautisticbehaviorandcharacteristicsdonotapplyequallytoeverychild.Still,thecommonimpairmentsinsocialinteraction,communicationandimagination,andrigid,repetitivebehaviorsmakeitpossibletorecognizechildrenwiththesedisorders,astheydiffermarkedlyfromhealthychildreninmanyways.Manyparentsofautisticchildrensensethatsomethingisnotquiterightevenwhentheirchildrenareinfants.Theinfantsmayhavefeedingproblems,dislikebeingchangedorbathed,orfussoveranychangeinroutine.Theymayholdtheirbodiesrigid,makingitdifficultforparentstocuddlethem.Or,theymayfailtoanticipatebeinglifted,lyingpassivelywhiletheparentreachesforthem,ratherthanholdingtheirarmsupinreturn.Mostparentsofautisticchildrenbecomeawareofthestrangenessoftheseandotherbehaviorsonlygradually.Imaginetoothestateofeventhewinner'shands,protectedonlybyhavingbeensoakedinbrine.Withtheircombinationofboxingandwrestlingmoves,earlycontestswereliterally‘noholdsbarred’;grappling,punching,tripping,andthrowingallbeingusedtoflooranopponent.Thewidely-adoptedBroughton'sRulesof1743eradicatedsomeofthebarbarismbyoutlawingthehittingofamanwhenhewasdown,andtheseizingofhairorthebodybelowthewaist,buttheystillpermittedbutting.Yetitwasnotthebrutalityoftheprize-ringwhichbroughtitsdemise,butthecorruptionwithwhichitbecameassociated.TherevivalofthesportasboxinginlateVictorianBritainsawseveralchangesdesignedtorenderitmorecivilized.Althoughsomeoftheoldpracticescontinuedforawhile—eventhefamousQueensburyRulesinitiallyallowedendurancecontests—bytheturnofthecenturythegeneralpicturewasoneofboxingingloves,limited-timerounds,pointsdecisionsafterafixednumberofroundshadelapsed,andweightdivisions,thoughthelatterhaveaccentuatedproblemsofdehydrationasfightersstruggleto‘maketheweight’.Formuchofthetwentiethcenturythehistoryofboxinghasbeenoneofcrumblingresistancetochangesintendedtoprotectfurtherthebrainsandbodiesofparticipants.Between1984and1993eightboxershaddiedsoonafterfightsintheUK;bantamweightBradleyStonewasaddedtothelistin1994.Followingareportfromamedicalworkingparty,whichincludedneurosurgeons,theBritishBoxingBoardofControlsubsequentlyintroducedmandatoryannualmagneticresonanceimagingscansforallboxerstoreplacethelesssophisticatedcomputerizedtomographywhichhadbeencompulsoryonlyforthosefightingeightroundsormore.Additionally,anyboxerknockedoutmustwait45days(previously28)beforeheagainenterstheringcompetitively,andhemustalsohaveahospitalcheck.Ringsidedoctorsmayadviserefereesonafighter'sconditionbetweenroundsandmayrecommendthatthecontestbestopped.Doctorsalsoexamineeachboxerattheconclusionoffightsandparamedicteamsmustbeonhandatallboxingbills.Themedicalprofessioninseveralcountrieshasincreasinglyadoptedananti-boxingstance,citingirreversiblebraindamageasitsmajorobjectiontothesport.Thisisakeypointfor,inabsolutetermsofdeathsandseriousinjuries,othersportssuchashorseracing,mountaineering,However,headguards,whilstabsorbingenergyfrompunches,presentanevenlargertargettobehitandthusthenumberofblowsstrikinghomemaywellincrease.Indeed,studieshaveshownthatnon-boxingsportsmenoutperformevenamateurfightersinneurologicaltestsand,notwithstandingthesafetyprecautions,threeamateurfightershavesufferedseriousbraininjuryinBritishringssince1988.Forcenturiesboxinghasbeentheepitomeofovertmasculinity,ademonstrationofmanlinessanditsembodyingcharacteristicsofcourage,tolerationofpain,andself-discipline.Womenweremerelyornamentsdisplayingtheroundcards.Thiscontinues,butwomenhavesuccessfullydemandedequalrightsinthering.InBritain,girlsfromtheageof10arenowallowedtosparinamateurboxinggyms,andrecentlyprofessionalism,too,hasbeenrecognizedforwomen—significantlylaterthanitsacceptanceintheUSwherefightsforwomenhaveappearedontheundercardofworldchampionshipevents.Themoraldilemmaofboxingisthatitprovidesanhonestopportunitytoescapepoverty,butitalsomeansforsomealegalbeatingandforallthethreatofpermanentdamage.Hittingbelowthebeltisoutlawedtoprotectthegenitals,butsurelythebraindeservesevenmoreprotection,byreducingtheconcussivepoweroftheboxingglove,developingsaferheadgear,excludingtheheadasatarget—orbybanningthesportaltogether.Impairmentsinsocialinteractionareusuallyamongtheearliestsymptomstodevelop.Themostcommonsocialimpairmentisakindofindifferencetootherpeople,oraloofness,eventowardsparentsandclosecare-givers.Thebabymayfailtorespondtohisorhernamebeingcalledandmayshowverylittlefacialexpressionunlessextremelyangry,upset,orhappy.Babieswithautismmayresistbeingtouched,andappeartobelostintheirownworld,farfromhumaninteraction.Betweensevenand10monthsofage,mostinfantsoftenresistbeingseparatedfromaparentorwell-knowncaregiver,buttheseinfantsmayshownodisturbancewhenpickedupbyastranger.Otherchildrenwithautismmaybeverypassive,althoughlessresistanttoeffortsbyotherstointeract.However,theydonotinitiatesocialinteractionthemselves.Stillothersmayattempttoengagewithadultsandpeers,butinwaysthatstrikeothersasi

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