溫因子的生態(tài)作用及生物的適應(yīng)

第I部分個(gè)體生態(tài)學(xué)(autecology)Chap2.TemperatureasanecologicalfactorMacroclimateinteractswiththelocallandscapetoproducemicroclimate.MostspeciesperformbestinafairlynarrowrangeoftemperatureManyorganismshaveevolvewaystocompensateforvariationsinenvironmentbyregulatingbodytemperatureManyorganismssurviveextremetemeraturesbyenteringarestingstage本文檔共49頁(yè)；當(dāng)前第1頁(yè)；編輯于星期二\2點(diǎn)48分Case1.MicroclimatesMacroclimate

iswhatweatherstationsreport.

Microclimate

isclimatevariationonasmallscale.

Vegetationonnorth–andsouth-facingslopes本文檔共49頁(yè)；當(dāng)前第2頁(yè)；編輯于星期二\2點(diǎn)48分Plantheight,canopysize,andcoveraffectmicroclimate

Desertshrubsandmicroclimate本文檔共49頁(yè)；當(dāng)前第3頁(yè)；編輯于星期二\2點(diǎn)48分本文檔共49頁(yè)；當(dāng)前第4頁(yè)；編輯于星期二\2點(diǎn)48分WhitesandBlacksandColoroftheGround本文檔共49頁(yè)；當(dāng)前第5頁(yè)；編輯于星期二\2點(diǎn)48分PresenceofBouldersandBurrows

Microclimatesunderstones本文檔共49頁(yè)；當(dāng)前第6頁(yè)；編輯于星期二\2點(diǎn)48分AquaticTempPhysicsofwater,riparianvegetationMicroclimateinaquaticenvironmentsriffle:淺灘reed：蘆葦本文檔共49頁(yè)；當(dāng)前第7頁(yè)；編輯于星期二\2點(diǎn)48分Case2：TemperatureandperformanceoforganismsEnzymeactivity(a)TemperatureandperformanceatthemolecularlevelEnzyme-substrateaffinity(親和力）乙酰膽堿酯酶鮭魚本文檔共49頁(yè)；當(dāng)前第8頁(yè)；編輯于星期二\2點(diǎn)48分(b)Extremetemperatureandphotosynthesis本文檔共49頁(yè)；當(dāng)前第9頁(yè)；編輯于星期二\2點(diǎn)48分（C）Developmentand

TemperatureAnlinearrelationshipisexhibitedbetweenratesofgrowth

and

developmentofwholeorganismsandtemperatureinmostofectotherms.AprotistEggofabeetle本文檔共49頁(yè)；當(dāng)前第10頁(yè)；編輯于星期二\2點(diǎn)48分Eggtoadultdevelopmentinamite24.22days8.18daysOrganismsrequireacombinationoftimeandtemperature–‘physiologicaltime’tocompleteacertainstageofdevelopment.K＝N（T–C）K－積溫常數(shù)(daydegrees);N－Developmenttime(day);T－Temperature(℃);C－Threshold發(fā)育起點(diǎn)（閾值）溫度(℃);

有效積溫法則－變溫動(dòng)物完成一定發(fā)育時(shí)期所需熱量是一個(gè)常數(shù)本文檔共49頁(yè)；當(dāng)前第11頁(yè)；編輯于星期二\2點(diǎn)48分公式假定：Assumptionsoftheequation（1）Thereisalinearrelationshipbetweendevelopmentrateandtemperature;（2）Developmentisonlyaffectedbytemperature；（3）Temperatureisconstant.Applicationsoftheequation:（1）Predictingpotentialdistributionoforganisms.（2）Predictingemergenceofacertainstageoforganisms本文檔共49頁(yè)；當(dāng)前第12頁(yè)；編輯于星期二\2點(diǎn)48分Temperature-sizeruleTheratesofgrowthanddevelopmentdeterminethefinalsizeofanorganism.Iftheresponsesofgrowthanddevelopmenttovariationsintemperaturearenotthesame,temperaturewillaffectfinalsize.Infact,developmentusuallyincreasesmorerapidlywithtemperaturethandoesgrowth,suchthatfinalsizetendstodecreasewithrearingtemperature,forawiderangeoforganisms.RatestemperatureDevelopmentGrowthsize本文檔共49頁(yè)；當(dāng)前第13頁(yè)；編輯于星期二\2點(diǎn)48分Blackbeanaphidat15℃Blackbeanaphidsat30℃本文檔共49頁(yè)；當(dāng)前第14頁(yè)；編輯于星期二\2點(diǎn)48分（D）AdaptationstotemperatureAcclimation:Physiologicalchangesinresponsetoenvironmentalconditions

最佳溫度相差8℃Pearcy(1977)collectedcuttings(插條)ofaplantfromtheDeathValley,California,andplantedthemundertwodifferenttemperatures.Growingtemperatureandoptimaltempforphotosynthesis本文檔共49頁(yè)；當(dāng)前第15頁(yè)；編輯于星期二\2點(diǎn)48分TemperatureandBacterialactivityTemperatureandpopulationgrowthbyanantarcticbacterium（南極）（Morita，1975）Temperatureandpopulationgrowthbyahotspringbacterium（黃石公園溫泉）（Brock(1978)本文檔共49頁(yè)；當(dāng)前第16頁(yè)；編輯于星期二\2點(diǎn)48分CaseIII：Regulatingbodytemperature(A)BodytemperatureequationK.Schmidt-Nielsen(1983)：Hs＝Hm±Hcd±Hcv±Hr－HeHs－storage總熱量；Hm－metabolic新陳代謝；Hcd－conduct傳導(dǎo)；Hcv－convection對(duì)流；Hr－radiation輻射；He－evaporation蒸發(fā)

Manyorganismshaveevolvewaystocompensateforvariationsinenvironmentbyregulatingbodytemperature本文檔共49頁(yè)；當(dāng)前第17頁(yè)；編輯于星期二\2點(diǎn)48分生物與環(huán)境的熱交換傳導(dǎo)對(duì)流代謝輻射輻射蒸發(fā)本文檔共49頁(yè)；當(dāng)前第18頁(yè)；編輯于星期二\2點(diǎn)48分(B)植物的溫度調(diào)節(jié)

沙漠植物-如何降溫？

HeatexchangebyadesertplantHs＝Hm±Hcd±Hcv±Hr－

He本文檔共49頁(yè)；當(dāng)前第19頁(yè)；編輯于星期二\2點(diǎn)48分北極和高山墊狀植物的熱交換北極和高山植物——如何保溫？Hs=Hm+Hcd+Hcv+Hr－

He本文檔共49頁(yè)；當(dāng)前第20頁(yè)；編輯于星期二\2點(diǎn)48分本文檔共49頁(yè)；當(dāng)前第21頁(yè)；編輯于星期二\2點(diǎn)48分斯堪蒂納維亞植物體熱收支Growthformandtemperature(datafromFitterandHay,1987)本文檔共49頁(yè)；當(dāng)前第22頁(yè)；編輯于星期二\2點(diǎn)48分TropicalAlpinePlants

Littleannualvariationbutwidedailyfluctuationintemperature.Adaptation:1）Giantrosette(蓮座)growthform；2）Retainingdeadleaves；3）Densepubescence(絨毛）4)Retainingalargeamountoffluid.a.非洲Kilimajaro山上的千里光，b.南美Andes山本文檔共49頁(yè)；當(dāng)前第23頁(yè)；編輯于星期二\2點(diǎn)48分(C）TemperatureregulationbyectothermicanimalsTemperatureregulationbyalizardinthehighAndesLizard蜥蜴

—Afteranhourofsunbasking,asairtemperaturerisestoabout1.5℃,thebodytemperaturerisestoabout33℃,over30℃abovethatofthesurroundingair.Thevastmajorityofanimalsuseexternalsourcesofenergytoregulatebodytemperature.本文檔共49頁(yè)；當(dāng)前第24頁(yè)；編輯于星期二\2點(diǎn)48分蝗蟲Grasshopperstakethesunbaskingforheat,andprobablymore?

Bodytemperature(38-40℃)>airtemperature?透翅蝗CamnulapellucidaInArizonamountains本文檔共49頁(yè)；當(dāng)前第25頁(yè)；編輯于星期二\2點(diǎn)48分Currathurs’sstudy（續(xù)）Question：Canthegrasshopperincreasethebodytemperature?

Experiment:twogroupsofinsectswereraisedattwodifferenttemperatures.Thebodytemperaturewasmeasured,andcompared.本文檔共49頁(yè)；當(dāng)前第26頁(yè)；編輯于星期二\2點(diǎn)48分Currathurs’sstudy（續(xù)）溫度與蟲霉菌種群增長(zhǎng)真菌數(shù)量（μlDoesthehighbodytemperaturesuppresspathogens?TemperatureandpopulationgrowthofEntomophagagrylli本文檔共49頁(yè)；當(dāng)前第27頁(yè)；編輯于星期二\2點(diǎn)48分Whatisthelimitationofthisstudy?

Howdoestemperatureaffectthepathogeninthefield?Exposureto40℃temperatureforasfewas4hourseachdaysignificantlyreducedthenumberofgrasshoppersdyingofEntomophagainfections.

本文檔共49頁(yè)；當(dāng)前第28頁(yè)；編輯于星期二\2點(diǎn)48分(e)TemperatureregulationbyendothermicanimalsEnvironmentaltemperatureandmetabolicrates

Whentheenvironmentaltemperatureisbeyondthethermalneutralzone,themetabolicratewillrapidlyincreasetotwo-threetimesrestingmetabolism.中溫區(qū)（thermalneutralzone):therangeofenvironmentaltemperatureoverwhichthemetabolicrateofahomeothermic(恒溫）animaldoesnotchange.指恒溫動(dòng)物代謝速率保持恒定時(shí)的溫度范圍。本文檔共49頁(yè)；當(dāng)前第29頁(yè)；編輯于星期二\2點(diǎn)48分溫度與北極和熱帶哺乳動(dòng)物的中溫區(qū)Twogroupsofanimalsaredefinedbythedifferenceintheneutralthermalzones:tropicalspeciesandarcticspecies.

Sharedrange本文檔共49頁(yè)；當(dāng)前第30頁(yè)；編輯于星期二\2點(diǎn)48分AquaticbirdsandMammals水生鳥和水生哺乳動(dòng)物

So,howtokeepheataswellasgetoxygenforendotherms?1）Usingair-breathingtogetoxygen,insteadofgill-breathing2）Bearingathicklayeroffatorfur.Appendages(附肢）areoutfittedwithcountercurrentheatexchangers(逆流交換系統(tǒng))

toreduceheatloss。1）Thecapacityofwatertoabsorbheatwithoutchangingtemperatureisca.3000timesthatofair；2）Butconductiveandconvectiveheatlosstowateraremuchmorerapidthantoair:over20timesfasterinstillwaterandupto100timesfasterinmovingwater.本文檔共49頁(yè)；當(dāng)前第31頁(yè)；編輯于星期二\2點(diǎn)48分Countercurrentheatexchanger本文檔共49頁(yè)；當(dāng)前第32頁(yè)；編輯于星期二\2點(diǎn)48分金槍魚體側(cè)肌肉中的逆流交換器WarmingtheSwimmingMusclesoflargemarineFish動(dòng)脈靜脈本文檔共49頁(yè)；當(dāng)前第33頁(yè)；編輯于星期二\2點(diǎn)48分Watertemperatureandbodytemperatureofabluefintuna本文檔共49頁(yè)；當(dāng)前第34頁(yè)；編輯于星期二\2點(diǎn)48分WarmingInsectFlightMuscles昆蟲飛行肌加熱機(jī)制Doessphinxmothsregulationbodytemperaturethroughchangingmetabolicrate?(Adams&Heath,1964)本文檔共49頁(yè)；當(dāng)前第35頁(yè)；編輯于星期二\2點(diǎn)48分HawkmothHeinrichdidnotfindchangingofthemetabolicrateinresponsetovariationsintemperature.So,heproposedahypothesisthatsphinxmothsregulatebodytemperaturebychangingtheirratesofheatlosstotheenvironment.

本文檔共49頁(yè)；當(dāng)前第36頁(yè)；編輯于星期二\2點(diǎn)48分煙草天蛾的體溫調(diào)節(jié)和血液循環(huán)本文檔共49頁(yè)；當(dāng)前第37頁(yè)；編輯于星期二\2點(diǎn)48分思考題1蝴蝶是變溫動(dòng)物，白天活動(dòng)，從赤道雨林到北極都有分布，它們以曬太陽(yáng)的方式提高體溫。那么，隨緯度的不同，它們用于曬太陽(yáng)和飛行的時(shí)間比例會(huì)如何變化？蝴蝶曬太陽(yáng)的時(shí)間會(huì)隨著每天溫度的變化而改變嗎？2有人在新疆塔城的嚴(yán)冬雪地里發(fā)現(xiàn)一種會(huì)飛的蛾子，你分析它的體色是什么顏色？為什么？為什么能在零下20多度的冬天飛翔？本文檔共49頁(yè)；當(dāng)前第38頁(yè)；編輯于星期二\2點(diǎn)48分東方臭甘藍(lán)－恒溫植物肉穗花序苞片主根(D)Temperatureregulationbythermogenicplants產(chǎn)熱植物

本文檔共49頁(yè)；當(dāng)前第39頁(yè)；編輯于星期二\2點(diǎn)48分氣溫與東方臭甘藍(lán)的代謝速率代謝率（用耗氧率表示）本文檔共49頁(yè)；當(dāng)前第40頁(yè)；編輯于星期二\2點(diǎn)48分ManyorganismssurviveextremetemperaturesbyenteringarestingstageCaseIV：SurvivingExtremetemperature(a)InactivityTigerbeetle本文檔共49頁(yè)；當(dāng)前第41頁(yè)；編輯于星期二\2點(diǎn)48分（B)ReducingMetabolicRateWhentouseTorpor蟄伏?Torporisastateoflowmetabolicrateandloweredbodytemperature.“Routinehypothesis”or“Emergency-onlyHypo”Howtotestthehypotheses?Hummingbird本文檔共49頁(yè)；當(dāng)前第42頁(yè)；編輯于星期二\2點(diǎn)48分Howtoknowwhetherhummingbirdsgointotorporatnight?Byweightinghummingbirdsjustbeforetheywenttotheirnightroosts(鳥窩),andthenagainintheearlymorning.本文檔共49頁(yè)；當(dāng)前第43頁(yè)；編輯于星期二\2點(diǎn)48分花蜜食物量與蟄伏狀態(tài)的關(guān)系Calder’sobservationsupportedthe‘Emergency-onlyHypothesis’.Hummingbirdsgointotorporwhen:(1)flowersarenotabundant；(2)foodintakeisre