小鎮(zhèn)畸人中的人物分析

/ACKＮOＷLEＤGEＭENTSIwishtoexｐresｓmysincｅrｅthankstolotsoｆpeoｐlewhoｈａｖecontribｕtｅdｔoｔhｉｓthesｉs。First，ＩshouｌｄtｈaｎkaｌｌｔｈｅteaｃheｒｓofForｅignLａnguageDｅpartmentforｔheireｘcellentａｎdｐaｔiｅnｔguｉdanceduringmystｕdyinＺaozhｕａnｇＵnivｅrsiｔｙ.MｙｓinｃereandｄeepａpｐreｃiationalｓogｏｅstoｍｙsupeｒvisｏrGeXiａoxｉａfｏrheｒｃｏnstantencouraｇｅmｅnｔandｖalｕaｂlｅｇuiｄａnceｆorｍe。Shehaswalkedｍeｔｈｒoughaｌlｔhestagesofｔhｅwritｉngofthisthesis。Witｈｏutheｒｃonsｉｓtenｔandpatientinstrｕｃtioｎ，thｉsthesｉscoｕｌdｎｏtｈａvereacheditｓMeanwhiｌｅ，ｍyｔhａnkswouｌdgｏｔｏmybｅlovｅdｆａmiｌyfortheirｃonsｉｄerａｔioｎaｎdsupportallthｒoughtｈeseyears。Ｗithoutmyｐａrｅｎtｓ’patｉencｅaｎdloｖe，Iｃａnｎotenｄuretｈeｈaｒｄshipanｄpaininｍylife.Bｅsｉｄes，IaｍgratｅfｕltoallmyfelｌowｃｌassmaｔｅｓandroommatｅsfortheirhelpaｎdcａrｅwhｅnＩhａvedifｆｉcｕltieｓinwｒitｉnｇｔhｅtｈesis.ＡBSTRACTＡndersoｎSｈerwood（187６—1941)isoneoftｈemｏsｔｉnｆｌuｅntｉalAｍｅricanwrｉterｓｉnｔheｅarlytwｅntiｅtｈｃentury。HeearnsaｎiｍpoｒｔantｐｌacｅinＡmeriｃａnliteｒaｔurefoｒｈisfaｍｏｕsshortｓｔories．Ｗｉneｓbuｒg,OhioｉｓＡｎdeｒsoｎ’sｍｏstｓucceｓｓｆulａndｆａmoｕｓwｏｒkthaｔｃoｎｓistｓoftｗeｎtyfiveinｔerrelaｔedbutinｄｅｐeｎdentstoｒiesconｃernｉｎgｔoｗnspeoｐｌeterｍedｂyAndeｒsonasThiｓpaperconsiｓtsｏｆfｉveｃｈaｐtｅrs。Ｃｈaptｅroneintrodｕcｅstｈeaｕthoｒandtheｎｏvel。Cｈaptertwoａnalyｚesｔｈeimａgesoftｈeｇｒoteｓqｕepｅoplｅwhｏaｒepainfuｌlyｓｔruｇglｉngｉｎｔhepｌｉｇｈtofｌoｎeliness，frusｔratiｏnanｄｒeｐressｉoｎ.Ｔｈｉsａnａlysisheｌpstoｕnｄersｔaｎdtheｉrchaｒacteｒandwｅiｒdｂehａｖiors。Chapteｒthreedｉscusｓestｈefｕｎdamｅntａlreasonsofｐeople’ｓgrotesqueness。Theyarｅe(cuò)xpｌoredmainlyｆｒoｍtheｅxtｅrnａｌａndinteｒｎaｌasｐeｃtｓ.Ｃhaｐterfｏｕriｎtｒoducｅsthewaysｔosalｖatｉｏｎofgrotｅsquｅs．Althoughtheyａｒｅunacceptaｂｌebythecomｍonpｅｏple，theydｏnoｔthｏｒｏughlyｆeelhｏpeｌｅssandtheyｎｅveｒgiveuｐｔheｉrpursuiｔoｆundｅrstandingaｎdlｏvｅ．Chapteｒfivemaｋeｓacoｎcluｓiｏnofthｅthesis。Theaｎalysisofthegｒoteｓquｅshｅlｐsｔｏfulｌyｕndｅｒstandｔheｎovelanｄtｈｅｓoｃｉalbａcｋgrounｄ.Throuｇｈａnalｙziｎg，ｔｈelｉteｒatuｒeandsｏcialsignｉficancecａnaｌsobeweｌlcaｐturｅd．Ｔheｅａrｌyｔweｎtieｔhcｅnturyseｅsatranｓｉtiｏnalperiodｆromanagrｉｃultuｒaｌsoｃieｔyｔoaｎindustriａｌone．Asasｐokｅsmanofｔhisperiod，Ａndeｒsonｓhowｓustｈefａｔｅoftｈeuｎkｎowｎgｒｏtｅsquesｗithhiｓkeｅnoｂservaｔion。Theylonｇforloveandfrｅe(cuò)dombutｕｓedtoｉｓolａt(yī)ｅｔheｍselｖes.Tｈeyｈａvｅtｈemostintｅnseemotionanｄfeelｉｎgbutfaｉlｔoeｘpreｓs．Tｈeiｎdｕsｔrializedｓocｉetｙaｎｄtｈefｌawsinｔheirｃhａraｃｔerbringtheｍconfusｉon。Theｙbegintosayｓtrangewords,dooddtｈｉngｓ,ａndfiｎallybeｃｏmegｒotesqueｓ。KeyWords：ＡｎdeｒｓonShｅrｗood,Ｗｉｎesｂurg，Oｈiｏ摘要舍伍德·安德森（１8７6－1９41）是美國(guó)二十世紀(jì)初期最具影響力的作家之一。安德森卓越的短篇小說作品奠定他在美國(guó)文學(xué)史上重要地位?！缎℃?zhèn)畸人》是安德森最成功也是最著名的一部作品.這部作品由二十五個(gè)互相關(guān)聯(lián)又相對(duì)獨(dú)立的故事組成,作品中的人物則是被安德森稱為“畸人”的小鎮(zhèn)居民。本文主要有五部分，第一部介紹了作者及所處時(shí)代背景。第二部分是分析畸人形象,了解畸人的行為心理特征，他們行為言語怪異，心理扭曲，心情壓抑、消沉。第三部分是分析畸人形成的原因，既有外在的社會(huì)原因又有內(nèi)在的個(gè)人問題.第四部分是分析畸人的救贖之路。雖然他們不被常人所接納，但他們始終對(duì)自己抱有希望，用實(shí)際行動(dòng)進(jìn)行對(duì)愛與理解的追求。第五部分是對(duì)論文做出總結(jié)。本論文對(duì)畸人進(jìn)行分析，對(duì)于全面理解小說，深入了解作品創(chuàng)作的時(shí)代社會(huì)背景，以及作品的文學(xué)意義和社會(huì)意義有一定幫助.二十世紀(jì)初的美國(guó)正經(jīng)歷從農(nóng)業(yè)社會(huì)到工業(yè)社會(huì)的轉(zhuǎn)變，作為社會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)型時(shí)期的代言人，安德森以其敏銳的觀察力向我們展示了不為所知的畸人的命運(yùn)，他們渴望愛與自由卻往往自我隔離,擁有最強(qiáng)烈的感情而疏于表達(dá)。這種自身性格方面的缺陷和對(duì)工業(yè)文明的無所適從,讓他們困惑迷茫、言行怪異，最終成為時(shí)代的畸人。關(guān)鍵詞:舍伍德·安德森，《小鎮(zhèn)畸人》，畸人CONTENTSTOC＼o"1-３"\h\z＼uHYＰEＲLINK＼l＂_Toc32720851３"ＡCKNOWLEDGEMＥNTＳ =1\＊ｒoｍaｎiHYＰEＲLINＫ1。2LiteraｔuｒeＲeviewoｆWinesburg，Oｈio?PAGＥREＦ_Ｔoc327208５19＼h２ＨＹPEＲLＩNK＼l"＿Ｔｏc３2７208５20"ＣhapterＴwoＴheIｍaｇesoｆtheGrotesques PAGEＲEＦ_Ｔoｃ3272０8520\h３ＨYPＥRLINK２。2.１AdoｌphMyeｒsin“Ｈａｎdｓ" PAGEREF_Tｏc3２7２０85２3\ｈ4HYPERLINK＼l＂_Toｃ３272085２4＂２.２．2ElｉｚａbethWｉllａrdsin“Ｍotｈer”?ＰAGEREF＿Toc32７２0８524\h42。３AspｅciaｌGroｔｅsque PAGEREF_Toｃ3２720８52６\h5HＹＰERLＩＮＫ\ｌ＂_Toc327２08527"ＣhapterTｈrｅe(cuò)ThｅＲeasonsofthｅFormatiｏnofｔheＧroteｓｑｕeｓ?PAGＥRＥF_Toc32７20852７\h７HＹPERLIＮK\l”_Toc32７２0８528”３.1ＥxternalReasｏｎs PAGEＲEF_Toc32720８52８\h7HYPERＬＩＮK＼l”_Toc3２7２085２9"3．2ＩnｔｅrnａｌＲｅasons PＡGＥREＦ_Toｃ3２7２0８529\h8HYPERLINＫ\l＂_Ｔoc3２7２0853０”ＣhａpterFｏurTｈeRoａｄstoSａlvationofｔｈeGroteｓqｕes?PＡGEREＦ_Ｔｏｃ3２７２08530＼ｈ１0ＨYＰERLIＮK\l"_Tｏｃ327208531＂4.1ＣontactinｇwithGeorｇeWillａrｄ ＰＡGＥＲEF_Toｃ３27208531\ｈ1０HYＰＥRLINK\l＂_Ｔoc327208532”4.2ＲuｎnｉngＡwayofGeoｒgｅＷｉllarｄ PＡＧEREF_Ｔoc３2720853２\h11HYPERLＩNK\l”_Toc327208533”CｈaptｅrFｉvｅConｃluｓion ＰAGEＲEF_Toｃ32720８５3３\h12ＨYPEＲＬINK＼l"_Tｏc32７2０8５34＂REＦERENCES?13ChａpterOneIｎtroduction1.1IｎtrｏｄｕｃtiｏｎofAndersoｎSｈｅｒwoodaｎdWinesbuｒg，ＡnｄｅrsｏnＳherwooｄisaｎimportａｎｔfｉguｒｅinｍodernliterａt(yī)uｒe．HｉswrｉtｉnｇhasｄeeplyｉnfluenｃedmaｎｙwritersｓucｈasHaｒtＣｒanｅ，ErskinｅCaldwelｌ，ＥrnestHemingwaｙ，ＨenryMｉlleｒ,WillｉamFaulkｎｅranｄＮathanaelＷesｔ.WilｌiamＦaulknｅroｎcｅsaidthaｔｈecouldｏnlywriｔesimplepoemsaｎdamateuｒstuffｂeforehemeｔＡｎｄeｒsoｎ。It’sＡndersonｔhatgavｅhｉｍｉnsｐirａt(yī)ionandｌedｈｉmtoacorrectroadｏfcrｅatioｎ.IntheｍａgazinｅPaｒｉsRｅviｅw，F(xiàn)ａｕlｋnerdecｌaｒedAnderｓoｎ’sｓtatuｒe,“HeiｓｔhefatｈeｒoｆｍｙｇｅneｒationofＡmericａnwrｉｔerｓａnｄthetraｄitioｎofAmｅricanｗritｉngwhicｈoursuｃcｅｓｓorｓwilｌcaｒryｏn"（Mａlｃｏlm,１971）。AnｄｅrsonwaｓborninＣlyｄe,Ohiｏ，ａｓmalｌaｎdpooｒtowｎthatwasexperiencingａt(yī)ｒanｓitionalperiodｆｒｏmｔheoldhandicraftsｔomｏdernmachｉnes。TｈeIncｒeａsｉnｇwｅａltｈandmａt(yī)eriａlproｄuｃtｉoｎmaｄepeoｐlｅfeeleｍptyａndrepresｓiｖeinｐsychｏｌｏgyandｔheｄｅcｌｉｎingagriculｔｕremａｄenumeroｕspeopleｆeelｍoremiseｒabｌe.Duetopoverｔy,ｉnｈiseaｒlytwenties，ＡndｅrsonwenｔtｏChiｃagotomakealiving.Thｒｏuｇｈmaｎｙyｅａｒs’hａｒdwｏｒking，Andeｒsonbecamｅamembeｒofmiｄdleclａss．Butｗealthdidnotｂringhimｔruｅhappinesｓ．Ｈｅdeterminedtoaｂａndｏnｈisｂusinesｓaｎdbeganliｔerarycreaｔｉonthatheｌikeｄ。Specialeｘperｉencｅｍａdehimhａveadeepｅrundeｒｓtaｎdinganｄinterｐretatｉonｏfhｕmaniｔy。Hepaｉｄａt(yī)tentioｎtｏｐortｒayingｈumanemｏｔｉon,ｃatcｈingtheｍomentａｒyfeｅlinｇsoｆtｈｅfigures，ｔorevealｉngthｅｐersoｎａliｔｙofｔhecharacteｒsandtｈemysterｉeshiｄｄeniｎtｈeirinnermｏsｔ.Iｎ1９19，AｎdｅrsｏnSｈｅrwｏｏdpｕblishedWinｅsｂurg，Ｏhio,ａshortｓtｏrycyｃle，ｉnｗhｉｃhWiｎesbｕｒg，Ohｉoｉsmａdeuｐｏf25shoｒtｓｔorieｓａｎｄｄｅpicts2３ｇrｏｔｅsquｅsiｎthｅtowｎＷinesbuｒg．Tｈeseｓtｏriｅｓｃanbｅlinｋeｄtoｇeｔｈeｒ。Theｙhavetｈesaｍesettinｇ：ａｎA(yù)merｉcaｎＭid－ｗesｔerntｏwｎandtheｓaｍｅｔｈemｅ：lｏｎｅliness，aｌienａt(yī)iｏnandｄesireforcｏmmｕｎicatｉｏn。Meanwｈｉle，ｅａchofthesｔorｉescanalsoｂｅｓeenａsaniｎｄeｐｅｎdｅntbｉographyofagrｏteｓque．Tｈedeformedchａｒacｔerｓhaｖedｉffｅrｅnｔaｗkwarｄａｐpearancesandｏdｄbehavioｒs.Fｏｒeｘampｌe，ＷingＢidｄlｅbaumintｈｅｓtory“Ｈands"wａsafａｔoｌdmanwithｔａngledhａiｒ．Hｅalwayspｕtｈistrembｌiｎghandsｉnｈispocketｏrbeｈiｎｄhisbａｃｋbecauｓehｅｃｏuldnotｃoｎtrolｔhem。Aｌmoｓteｖeryeveｎｉng,hewａlkedanｘiouｓｌyonthehalｆrotteｎｐorchｗaｉtinｇforGｅorge．HeexｐectedＧeoｒｇetｏcoｍｅａｎdcoｎverseｗithhｉm.Ｉn“PaperPｉll”,theｃhaｒａctｅrReeｆwasanolddoｃｔorｗitｈwhiteｍuｓｔache，biｇnosｅaｎdbｉghａnds,sｔａyiｎgiｎｈisemptyｃｌiniｃａllday．ＡliceHyｎdmanin“Adveｎture”wasanoｌdmaiｄwhoｎａkedlyranonｔhestｒeｅｔｉnasｎowｙｎigｈｔ.CoｍpａrｅｄwiththeｓucｃessｆuｌpeopleinWinesburg,ｔhｅsegroｔeｓquesａｒegraｄuallｙforgｏtten.Ａlｔhoｕghthｅgrｏｔeｓquesarｅwｅiｒｄanduｎaｃcｅptａｂlebycommｏnpｅｏｐｌe,tｈeyｎeverstoｐthｅpurｓuiｔfoｒothｅrs'1．2LitｅrａｔureRｅviewoｆWineｓburｇ，Ｗinｅsbｕrg，OhiｏｉsconsideｒedaｓAndersoｎ’smostoutstandinｇnｏvｅlwhichaｒｏusesmanｙｃrｉtics’attｅｎｔioｎ.Ｓoｍecriｔicｓteｎｄｔoregaｒditasｂｅingｎaｔuraｌｉｓｔｉｃoｒrealistic.TheｙthiｎkthａｔAｎｄｅrｓoｎ“attemptｓtoexpｏundｔhｅtheorｙoｆauｎiｖｅｒsｅofmｅｃｈanisticfoｒｃesopｅraｔｉngoｎｈisｐeoplｅ.Hetｒiestoｆｏｃuｓontｈecoｎｓtantanｄcaｒeｆulacｃumulａｔionofｒeaｌisticdetails”（Fｅrres，19６6）。SomecriticｓｄiscussitfｒoｍａgeographicaｌpｏintoｆviｅｗｆｏrＡndｅｒsｏｎsetsthebaｃkgroundinａMｉd-westeｒntown。TheypｕtAndersonintｈｅsamｅｆｉeldwｉthMａrkＴwainｗhｏiｓthｅmasteｒintｈenativeAmerｉcaｎＡnｄmｏrerｅｃeｎtly，maｎycritｉcｓａｎalyzｅtheｗorkfromａmoreｐoｐularsｏciｏlogicalpoｉｎtofｖｉew。Theworkｔendｓtobeinteｒpｒetedwitｈreｆeｒｅncｅtosuchwｏｒｄsasloｎelｉness，frｕstration，reprｅｓsionanｄｓoon。Theｙhｏldthａt(yī)“Winesbuｒg，Ohiｏisasｙstematｉcｅｘplｏrａt(yī)ionofMiｄ—wｅsternｅrs’liviｎgsｉtuationduringthetrａnsitionalｐeriｏdｉnＡmericanhistoryfromtｈｅpａｓtoralsｏcieｔｙtoｔheinｄustｒialsoｃiｅty"(Ｓimｏlｋｅ，１99９)。Theyfindtｈａｔwithｔhecｏmｉｎｇoｆｔhｅmachiｎeage，ｔheｏldａgrａrｉａneｃoｎomygｒａｄuallydisappearsintｈeｔｏwnaｎdthetownspeoplｅwhoａrestrｕgｇｌingintheindustrializedworldbecoｍedｅformedｐhysiｃallyorspｉｒituａｌlｙｍorｅorless。ThｒｏughｅxpｌoringtｈeｄｅformｅｄcharactersinCｈａpterTwoTheImaｇesoftｈeGｒoteｓques2．1TｈeCｏnceｐtofGroteｓqueTｈeorigｉnoftｈeｗorｄ“grotｅsｑｕe”ｃanbeｔracedｂacｋtoItaｌiaｎ“grｏｔto".Ｉtreferstodｅcorativｅｏrnamｅnｔssuchaｓrocks，pebblesandmedallionssphiｎxｅｓ.Inliterarｙfielｄ,ｉtｕsｕally“sigｎｉfieswｈaｔｉsrｉdiculoｕs，bizarre，orunnａt(yī)ural”（Crowley，１988）。Iｔdeviatesfｒoｍdesiraｂlestａndardｏｆharmony,ｂalancｅ,aｎｄproｐorｔｉon．Itisoｆtｅnusｅdforcomicａndeｘaggeratｅdsarcaｓｔiceffectsinphyｓicalａｎdbeｈａviorａlcaricatuｒe。InOｘfordＡdvaｎcedLｅarner’ｓEngｌish-ＣhｉnｅsｅDictiｏnａry，“ｇrotｅｓqｕe"isdefiｎedａｓsｏmｅthｉngstｒaｎgeｌｙｄistorｔedanｄｕnｎａt(yī)uralｓｏaｓtogiveｒiｓｅtolauｇｈteｒorfear．GrotesqueholdsauｎiqｕepositionｉnAmeriｃanliｔeraryｈｉｓｔｏry。DieterMendｅlremａrｋsiｎｈisＡｍeｒicaｎFictiｏnanｄｔhｅＭetaphyｓicsofthｅGrotｅsque，“ThegrotesquepｒｅseｎｔｓａllimｐortanｔandlargｅlyｕｎexｐloｒeｄａspectofthegｒowthandｄeｖelopmentｏfAmericanｆｉｃtionanｄendowsAmｅrｉcanfictｉonwithａt(yī)radｉtｉon,orcontinuityoｆthediscoｎtiｎuouｓ”(Dｉｅtｅr，199１）．Tｈiｓｔraditiongreａt(yī)lyａnddeeplyaffeｃtｓmaｎyｆamｏusliterａｒywriｔeｒs.Accorｄinｇly，numｅrousexｃeｌlentgrotｅｓquｅｗorｋsappearinＡmｅricａｎliteraturｅ．TｈeｄｅｖｅlopｍentofgrｏtesqｕeｌitｅraｔureｇreaｔｌyｉｎfluenｃesandshapesｔhｅliteratuｒｅoftheＵniｔedStａt(yī)es.TheｒｅaremａnymastｅｒswhoａｒeskiｌleｄinｄepictiｎggrｏtｅsqueｓinAmeｒｉca,ａndamｏｎgtｈemAndersｏnSｈeｒwｏodｉsaneｍｉnenｔone。InＷinesｂuｒg,Ｏhio,Andeｒｓoｎevolvesｔheconｃeptof“gｒotesque”tomakeclearwhathaｓmａdehispeｏpｌephysicaｌstrangｅrsanｄspｉriｔｕaｌoｕtsiders．Fｏｒinsｔanｃe,ｉn“ＰapeｒＰiｌl”,DoctorReefwasastraｎgeａｎdloｎｅlymanstaｙingｉnhiseｍptycliｎｉcwｉｔhtheneveｒopenｅdwindｏwｈungwitｈcobwｅbs.Hｅrａrelyｓtｅppedoutaｎdheａｌwaysworｅtｈesamecloｔhes.Hisｈｏbbｙｗastoｐutｓｃrａpｅsofｐaperrｅｃordinghisthｏughｔaｎdfeｅlｉngintohiｓpocｋet。Whenｔhepoｃｋｅtｗａsfuｌｌ，hepoｕredtｈesｍallｐaｐeｒballontotheｆlｏororsomeｔimesthｒewthemaｔhｉｓｏnlｙfrieｎdJｏhn.Andｅrson’susageｏｆgroｔｅsｑuｅdoesnoｔmｅandisgustorrｅvulsion。Iｎsteａd,hｅcomparｅstｈeｇrotｅsquesto“thetwistｅｄlｉtｔleａpples”lｅftbｅｈindintheorｃhardsfoｒtheｉrsurfacebｌemishes.Howｅvｅｒ，theseiｍpeｒfectapplesaｒeｔhesweetestoｎｅs。Aｓｔothetowｎspeopｌｅ,thoｕghtheｉrｗordsanｄbｅhaviｏrｓarｅｓｔｒａnge，tｈｅyａｌsｏhaveｔhebeaｕtifulandlovelｙｓidｅ.Andｅｒsoｎreveaｌstｈａt(yī)thepｈysｉcalandspiｒituａlｄeforｍitieｓoftｈesｏ—calledgｒotesqueｓmｅｒelyｉnｔensｉｆythｅirloｎｇiｎgforunｄeｒstａnｄｉng，loｖeａnｄacｃeｐｔａnce.Thegroｔｅsquesｉnｔｈetｏwn“weｒｅｎoｔallhｏrribｌe.Sｏmeweｒeamｕsing,ｓomｅaｌmｏstbeautiful”(Anｄerson，20０4).2.2Ｔｈeloｎelｙ，F(xiàn)ruｓtｒatedandＲeprｅsｓeｄGroｔｅsquｅsWiｎesbuｒｇ,Ohiｏconｓiｓｔsｏｆ25shortsｔoriestａkｉngｐｌaceintheｓmａlｌtｏｗnＷinesburｇ.Ｔheｎovelcanbｅviｅwｅdasawｈole,ｂecausethestoriｅsiｎｉtaｒｅlinkｅｄtoｇｅｔｈerbyｔhenｅwsｐａｐerreporterＧeoｒgeWillarｄwｈｏwiｔnessｅｓtheｓufferｉngandstrugglinｇofｔhｅgｒoｔｅsｑuepｅｏpleｉntｈｅｓmaｌlｔown。Meaｎwｈiｌｅ,eａchstoｒｙcanalsobｅｓｅｅnaｓｉndepeｎdｅnt.Ｅvｅrｙdｅformedｃｈａracｔerｈasｈｉsｏｒhｅruniquｅe(cuò)xｐerienｃｅ。Ｔhｅirawkwardａｐpearancesａndoddbehａvioｒsａredｉｆfeｒentｆromｅachoｔhｅr.Thispａpｅrmａiｎlｙanａlyｚeｓthrｅe(cuò)ｃhaｒａcｔｅrsofｔｈｅnovel。TheyarｅWｉngBｉｄdlｅbaumin“Hands",ＥｌizaｂeｔhＷｉlｌardｓｉn“Mｏther”aｎdJｅsseBｅnｔlｅyiｎ“2。2。１AdｏlｐｈMyersin“Ｈands”Ｔherｅａｄercanfirｓtｌyfeelthelｏｎeｌiｎess，fｒuｓtｒaｔionａndrepresｓionfroｍｔｈeｆirｓtcharaｃtｅrwｈｏisintｒｏｄucedｉｎｔhestoryｏf“Haｎds”.IttoldapitｉｆulgrotesquｅｎaｍｅｄWingBiddlｅbaumｗhogｏｔtｈeｎicknａｍeｆｏrhｉｓｈandswereaｌwaysreｓｔlｅｓsｌiｋeｔheｂeａt(yī)ｉngoftheｗingsofanimpriｓoneｄｂiｒd。Wｉngaｌwａyssｔｒivedtoｃonｃeａlhishandsinｔhepocketsorbehindｈｉｓbacｋ。AdｏlｐhMyersｉｎ“Hanｄs"ｗasoｎceateａcheroｆｔenｅxpressinghiｓａfｆectｉｏnandlｏvefoｒtheboysthrｏughhiswaｒmｃarｅｓｓeswithhisｈaｎds．Buｔaｆoolisｈboytolｄthｅtowｎspeopletｈeteacherdidｔheunsｐｅaｋabｌeｔhｉngｓｔohimwhichdｉdnｏｔhａppeniｎｆact．SoｐｅoｐlｅｉnｔｈｅtownwｅrｅｓoaｎｇrｙthattheybｅatAｄｏlｐhＭyeｒsanｄdrｏveｈｉｍｏutｏftｈetｏwn。ＡdｏlｐhMyersesｃapedｔｏｔhetｏｗnＷinｅsbuｒg，cｈangｅdhisnameaｎdliｖedalonetherｅ.Losingthｅcouｒａgeaｎｄaｂｉｌiｔytobeateacｈer，hebｅcamealabｏｒeriｎthｅsｍalltown．Wｉthhiｓｆlｅｘiblehａnds，hecouldpiｃkｇrｅａt(yī)qｕantityofｓtｒawｂｅｒrieｓ.Ｅvｅryoneknewhｅwasａgoodberrｙｐｉckｅr.Ｈisｈａndswhｉchｗｅreuｓｅdｆorｃoｍmuniｃａt(yī)ionａｎｄexpressiｏnｎowbｒoughtｈｉmfame，whichsoｕndsｉronic。Thｉｓmａdeanalｒeadygroｔｅｓquemorｅｇrotesque.ＷingａlwaｙswentbacｋandfoｒｔhoｎtheｐｏｒcｈwaitｉngandhopingthatGeoｒｇeｗouldcｏmeandspendtheｅveｎiｎｇwitｈhiｍsｏthａt(yī)hecｏuldgetsoｍecｏmｆorｔanｄｂeｒelievedfｒomlonｅliｎeｓｓ,frustrationａnｄreｐressionfoｒaｗhｉｌe.２。2.2ＥlizabeｔhＷillardsｉn“Ｍｏthｅｒ”Inthefourthstoｒy“Motｈer”，thｅｃhａraｃterEｌｉzabethWiｌlardｓisｄesｃｒｉbｅｄasawomanwhoembodｉesthｅspirituallｏnelinessaｎdsｅxuaｌｆruｓtｒatｉonofｔhｅwomenｉntｈeｔown。Shehasthedｅｓｉreｔoexprｅｓsｈerｓelf，bｕｔistoosｉlentｔoｄoso。Inｔhｅstory，ＥlizabethＷillarｄwｈｏwａｓbroughtupbyhercaｒelessfａｔｈeｒhaｄａｍiｓerablechilｄhｏｏd．Ｇettingnomａt(yī)eｒnallove，sｈegrewupanｄbeｃａmeawomａｎｗiｔhｓtronｇdesirefｏrloveandｃhａnｇｅ．Ａtthattime,sheｗaｓaｂeauｔifulgirlwhoonceｓurpｒisedtheｔownspeopleｂｙｗeariｎgmen'sｃｌothｅsａndｒidingabiｋeonMainStreet.Sｈeｌｉkｅdadvｅｎturｅsinlifeanddｒeａmtｏｆbecｏminｇaｎactor．Butitfａiｌedwhenpｅopleｉnthｅtｈeatrｉcalcompａｎyｔolｄhｅrｔhat“it’saｓdulｌanｄuninｔerｅstinｇashｅre"（Ａｎderson，2004).Ｓoshｅａｔteｍｐtedtoｒeａlizeheｒdreamsｂydａt(yī)ｉngwithｍｅnatnigｈt,whichｃｏuldｎotｂeａccｅｐｔedbytｈｅcoｎventioｎalrulｅs。Throughｔhｉswａy,infaｃt，Ｅlizabethsｅe(cuò)ksfortheｍeaninｇofｈｅrliｆeaｎdwhatshereａlｌyｐｕrｓuｅsistｈeｔruelove.Ｂutｓｈesｔillfｅe(cuò)lsｌonelｙanｄreｐrｅssｅdｆorｔｈeｓｅadventureｓdonｏtchanｇｅherlife。LatershemｅtTomandherhｏpewasonceａgainignited.ButhｅrｈａstymaｒriaｇｅtｏTｏmbroughthernothingbutmorefｒuｓtｒａｔiｏnaｎdｒｅpｒｅｓｓion.Herhｕsbandwaｓabiｇｔalkeｒ,aｎｏtsorespoｎsｉblｅmembeｒｉnthefａmiｌy,ｉnsteadofaｄｅｓirabｌemａt(yī)ｅwｈｉchshesougｈtforinheｒwhoｌelife．Herｓensｅofｆruｓｔrａt(yī)ioｎanddｉsillｕｓionmｅｎtmａdｅthｅwomanhopeleｓsandｓpirｉtleｓs.“Eｖerythiｎgintheｌｉfeofthesｕpｐressedspiritｔurnsouttobｅｇrｅyａnddｉsappｏintｉｎg"（Reｎ，2007)。Dｉｓappointedａt(yī)lｏvｅ,mａrriageandherownliｆe，sｈeｗaｓuｎａbletｏｌoveｏrrｅｓpecｔｈｅｒｈｕsbaｎｄａndshefocusedｈerｌovｅａndintｅｒｅstｏnhersｏnＧeorgeＷｉｌlard.ＷheｎｓheｆoundthattｈeconｖersationbｅtweｅnｈｅrhｕｓbandaｎdGeorgehadabａdeffectonｈerson，witｈgreaｔhａt(yī)ｒｅd,shewantedtokiｌlToｍｗithｔhescissoｒsasｔhｅdａgger。ThｏughｓhewａsｆulｌofhopeandｌoveｔowardsGｅoｒge,ｓhediｄnｏtkｎowhowtoｅxpressheｒthoｕghtsandfｅe(cuò)ｌｉｎgs.Ｅｖerytimeｗhｅnsheｗanｔｅｄtoｔalkwithｈerｓon,ｓｈetrembledwithexcitemｅnt，nｅvershowedheｒjoｙａndsorrowｆoｒｉt'simｐossiｂleｆoｒher.Iｎｔhestｏrｙ“Deａt(yī)h”，Ｅliｚabeth’shｏpｅdaｓheｄwheｎshｅｗaｓaｐproａｃｈiｎgdｅathbecａuｓeGeｏrgedidnotcｏｍetｏseｅhｅrorｒｅｃｅiveheｒfinaｎｃｉalａssｉｓtａnce.Desｉｒｉｎgfｏrtｈemeaningoｆliｆe，passionａnｄｌｏvedurinｇherwhｏlelｉfe,EliｚabeｔhWiｌlardｓfiｎａｌｌyｄiedlonelyatthemiddlｅage．Thefamiｌythatｓｈｏuｌｄbｒｉnghｅrhａppinesswashostiｌeａnｄindifferenｔ。Elizａｂeｔh’sfａｉledmarｒiaｇeａndlｉｆewａsａneｐｉｔｏmeofthefamiliｅsinWinesburg。2。2．3JｅsseBentleｙin“Goｄlinｅｓs”Inthｅstorｙ“Godliness",theｍainｆiguｒｅJeｓsｅBentｌｅylonｇedforsuｃcesｓanｄfａnｔaｓizedｔhatｈecouldbｅcoｍｅsｕchoutｓｔａndingfｉgｕresａsｔhecelｅbriｔiｅsｉｎtheBible,esｔaｂｌｉｓｈhiｓｏwｎｋiｎｇｄｏｍtｈrｏughhｉsowｎｅｆfｏrts.Ｆｏrtｈiｓ，hｉswｉfｅworkｅｄdaｙanｄｎightandｔhisdａmagｅdherheａｌｔh.Aftergiｖingbirｔhtotheirfiｒstchｉｌd,theｐoorwomandied。WｈeｎhｉsgranｄsoｎDaｖiｄvisiｔeｄhiｍ，lotsoｆqueeriｄeａｓａpｐｅareｄinhiｓｍiｎd.HｅｂrougｈｔDａviｄｔoｔhｅｆｏｒeｓtiｍagininghewastheｆatｈeroｆDavｉｄinBible.Davｉdwassｃａredbｙhiｓgrａndｆathｅr'ｓterribｌeｅxpressｉon.Lａt(yī)er，hｅbrｏugｈtDavidｔothｅｄepｔhｓofthefoｒestagaiｎ。JesｓeＢentｌeykneltdｏwnandｐraｙedｌｏudly，faｎtaｓiziｎgtheancienｔsaｃrificｅ.WｈenhewａscaｒryinｇaｋniｆetowarｄsDaviｄ，thefｒiｇhｔeｎedboyshｏthiｓhｅaｄanｄrunaｗay．Dｕｒingａllhisｌife,JessｅBｅntleyｌivｅｄinhisfantａsｉｚedanｃｉeｎttiｍｅs.Aｔlasｔ，hｅlostallhｉsrｅlaｔiveｓanｄliｖedlｏneｌy。2.３AｓpecialＧrｏtesqｕeInＷinesburｇＯhｉｏ，GeoｒgeWiｌｌardisportrａyｅdａsayｏｕngａrtistｗhowｏrkｓfoｒWｉnesbｕrgEaglepaｐeｒasareporter．Ｈeiｓａspｅcialcharaｃter．Ｈeｉscalled“grotｅsquｅ”ｂecausｅhealsｏhasｔhesｉmilａｒｃｈaracteｒisticsasothergroteｓqｕes,sｕchａsloｎelineｓs，ｆruｓｔratｉonandrepｒessiｏn.Especialｌyｗhenｈefacｅｓhiｓｍoｔher,heiｓataloｓｓaｎｄdoesnotknoｗwhａt(yī)tosayandhowtoｅxpresshistｈoughｔｓandfeelinｇｓ．Inｔｈesｔｏｒｙ“Motｈer”,ｈeanswereｄhismotｈer’squestionaｂｏｕtｈisｄepａrｔure，“IｓupposeIｃanｎｏｔmaｋｅyｏuundｅrstａｎd,ｂuｔoh，IwiｓhIcould”(Ａndｅｒｓｏn,2００4）．Geoｒgeshｏwsｈisloｖeandsｙmpａt(yī)hytothｅgｒotesquesｉntheｔoｗn，whiｌｅhesｅe(cuò)mspowerｌｅｓsinfrontofｈiｓmother。Ｉn“Deatｈ"，ｆaｃinghiｓmｏｔhｅr’dｅatｈ，Geｏｒｇe'ｓｉｎnermｏstｅmｏｔionｗhｉchwasｎeveｒsｈｏwｎtohｉsmotherｂuｒstｏｕt.Ｈｅmutｔeｒeｄ“Tｈeｄeaｒ，ｔｈedeaｒ,oｈｔheloveｌydeａr”（Ａｎｄersoｎ，2０04）.Tｈeｓewｏｒdsarｅuｔｔｅreｄtooｌaｔeforhiｓｍother，awomaｎlackiｎgｉnlove，wiｌｌnｅverheａrthem.Ｈoｗever,ｔosomedegrｅe(cuò),heisｕngroｔesquｅ。Ｈeisnoｔlｉkｅothｅrｇrotesques。Ｏｎoｎehａnd，theｏtｈerdefｏrmｅｄchａｒacteｒsseｌdoｍcontacｔlotsoｆpeopleintｏwｎ。Theyａreusedｔoｃｏnfiniｎgthemselvｅｓtotheirsｍallｐｅｒｓonaｌｗorｌｄ。DoctorReefisavｅｒyobｖiouｓexamｐle.Foｒmanｙyeaｒｓ，heｓhｕtshimｓeｌfinｈｉssmａｌlｃlinic;eｖendonｏtopeｎｓtheｗｉndｏｗtｈatｉscoｖerｅdwiｔhspiderwebｓ，wｈｉleGｅoｒgeisdifｆｅrent.Hｅdealsｗithdifferｅｎttowｎｓpeople。Aｓarｅｐoｒteｒ，ｈeｇaｔhｅrsｅveｒypｉeceｏfiｎformａt(yī)ionaｂouttｈｅｅvｅntsthatishappｅｎingiｎthetoｗｎ．Ｉtｉsａccesｓibｌefoｒhｉmtoｇeｔｉntouchwitｈａlotofpeople。Georgeｉｓthethreadtｈatｌinksallｔheiｎhabitants'ｌiｆe。Onｔｈｅｏtherhａｎd，GｅorgeWillａrｄiｓｄiｆferenｔfrｏｍotheroutcastsbeｃａｕsehehasｔｈｅpｏｓｓiｂｉlｉtyanｄabilityｔochａnge.HiｓjobｐrovideｓｈiｍwiｔｈtheｃhａncetoｃｏｍeｉnｔｏcｏntactｗitｈothｅrpeopｌeａndthetownspeoplearｅwｉlｌingｔotellhiｍtheｉｒconceｒnfortheythinkＧｅｏrgeiｓaｐａssionateyoｕngpｅｒsonandhecanunderstandtｈem.Ｔhrouｇhｇeｔtinｇalonｇwithotheｒs,Geoｒgegrａduａllｙrefresheshiｓviｓionofkｎowｌedｇｅ.Hｉｓdｅｔerｍｉnationtoescａｐefromthｅｇloomysｍalltoｗnsignifieshehaｓstepｐedouttｈecoｎfiｎemeｎtｗhiｃｈｉmpedestheｄｅvelopmentofthetownspeople。SohecaｎbeｒegardeｄasｔheoｎlyｏｎeｗｈochaｎgeｓtｈoroｕghlｙiｎWinesburg。ＣhａpteｒTｈreeThｅReaｓonsofｔｈｅＦormａt(yī)ionoftｈｅGｒｏtesｑuesItiｓknoｗnｔhatｅvｅrythinｇhａｓiｔscauseｓ.ＩnWinesbｕrg,Ｏｈio,maｎyfａcｔorｓfostｅrthefｏrmationoｆtheｓo3。１EｘteｒnalRｅasonｓInWinesbｕrg，Ohio,ｔｈestｏriｅstookplaceｉｎtｈｅtransｉｔioｎalperiodiｎtheUnitｅdＳtaｔeｓ，fｒomtheenｄｏｆｔｈeＣｉviｌWartotheｂegiｎｎingof20tｈcｅｎｔｕry.Atthatｔｉmｅ,AｍericawasunｄeｒgoiｎgｇｒeaｔchａngefromａnagricｕlｔuralsocietytｏaｎindustｒiａlｏｎeａndindusｔrializatioｎgreatlypｒoｍotedtｈeｒapｉdｄeｖeｌopmenｔoｆtheAｍｅｒicaneconｏmｙ.Hoｗeveｒ，ｔhisprocessaｌsobrｏuｇhtabｏutthesｉdｅe(cuò)ffｅcts，sucｈastｈeincreasiｎｇlyserioｕｓeｎvirｏｎｍｅnｔalｐolluｔｉon,ｅcologicaldaｍａgeａｎｄthｅrapidｇｒowtｈofpopuｌation．Ａseａt(yī)offactｏries,mｉnesandcitｉeswerｅbuiｌt,ｗｈｉｃhgraduallydesｔroyｅdtｈｅlifeoftｈｅidyｌlicａndｂeautifuｌcｏuntrysｉde。Mａnanｄnaturewereisｏlａｔedｆｒomeaｃｈother。Tｈeindustrialiｚatioｎｂrｏughtｍodｅrnization,ｗhiｌethecoｍpetitiｏｎbecamemorefｉercely．ＴｈiｓhadmadecommeｒｃeｈoldａｎiｒreplacｅａbleplaceintheeconomｙiｎＡｍｅricaandmaｄeｍenbｅｃoｍｅtheｔｏolofmｏneyaｎdprofit。Alltｈeｓimplｅgoodnessofvirtuewasloｓtinｔhe19thcenturｙ，thenoisｙｅra。Thｅｅstaｂlisｈmeｎtｏfｔhefaｃｔoｒysysteｍmａdetｈeeｘploｉｔaｔionmorｅcｏｎｖenｉent。Ｕnderｔhebadcｏndiｔｉonsofthewｏｒkｐlacｅaｎdtheunbeａrablｅlabｏriｎtｅnsityforalongtｉｍｅ，lａｒgenumbeｒsoｆworkerｓprｅｍａt(yī)urelygｅtoldaｎddefｏrmeｄ.Ｓelfishnｅss，cruelty,ｌuxuｒｙ，hypocrisyｈadbecｏmethｅdｉsｔinctcｈaｒａcｔｅrｉstｉcｓofWｅsｔerｎsociａｌｍorａliｔyiｎthe19ｔhceｎtury.Ｍaｎｙpｅoｐlｅ'svaluereducedｔoaｔransactiｏｎalbaｓis。InＡndersoｎ’ｓauｔｏｂiｏgｒaｐhyAStoｒyTeller’ｓStｏrｙ,hedeｃlaｒeｓ，“Intｈeiｒfingeｒsｔｈｅbeginnｉｎgofthaｔlｏｖeofsurfａcｅs，oｆtｈｅsｅnｓualloｖｅｏfmaterials,wｉthwhichｎoｔruｅciｖｉlｉzationcａnｅverbｅboｒn”（Aｎdｅrsoｎ,1969)。Ｄuringthａt(yī)ｔrａnsiｔiｏnalperiod,thesmalltｏｗｎsliｋeWineｓbｕrgiｎＡmericawereｊｕstｓtaｒtｉngtｏbeafｆecｔeｄｂyindustrｉaｌiｚaｔioｎanｄmechａnizatiｏn.Iｎcreasｉngｗealthandmatｅriaｌpｒoduｃtｉｏｎmadepｅoplefeelempｔy，repｒesｓeｄａｎdｆrusｔｒateｄ.Eveｒywherewasｐermeａt(yī)ｅdwiththedｅsirｅformonｅyanｄｐｏwer。Agｒicｕｌturｅｄeclinedａsaｒeｓulｔofｔhemanuｆａｃturing.Ｔhｅhaｎdｃrafｔandtｈeｔradiｔｉｏnａｌｍeansｏfｌｉvingwerealsｏｄeｓtｒoyed.Meｎａndｗoｍｅnｈadtoleavethevｉllagestobｉgcｉtｉesaｎｄwhaｔtｈｅydidｉntｈｅciｔywastoｗorｋunｄｅｒtheexploitａｔionｏftheowneroftｈｅfａｃtｏrｙforthｅyhaｄtoｓtｒｕｇｇlefoｒｓurvｉval.Uｎdeｒｔhisｃhanｇinｇsocieｔｙ,Ｗｉnesｂuｒｇlosｔｉｔsｐrevioｕｓhａｒmｏｎy.Ｐeoｐlｅlｏstｔｈｅirspiritualｓuｂｓtａｎcｅａndtheｉrorientatioｎ。InhiｓlettｅrtｏＪｅｒomeａndLucilｅＢluｍ,AndersｏnvividlypｏｉｎtｅdoutthecｈaｎgeｓｉnthesmaｌlAmeriｃaｎMiddlｅWesternｔownslikeWｉneｓｂurｇatthｉsｔraｎｓiｔｉoｎalpｅriod.“Tｈerｅaｒeｎotｍanyｄareｌoｖelｙpeoｐle,evenalｉtｔle.Peopleｓｈｉveraｌong,quａrreｌ,saynastythingｓ，thengohｏmｅａｎｄｐrayｔｏGod"(Ａndｅrsoｎ,1953)。Ｔhｅchanginｇsocｉｅtylｅｔthemｂeｃomｅmoｒeandｍorｅdeprｅｓsｅd,coｎfuｓｅｄanｄfrustrａt(yī)ed．Thustｈｅpｓychologicalcrｉsiｓｇraduallyappeareｄ.Ｐｅoｐlｅinｃlinedtoｒｅｔrｅattoaseｌf—constrainｅｄｌifｅ，becameangｒｙaｎdcynｉcal,aｎdrｅsｐondedtotheoutsideworldｗitｈamixeｄemotionａｎｄneｇatiｖｅaｔtituｄe;theyｃｏuldnotadjｕsttｈｅmsｅｌvestｏthecｈａngiｎgｗorldandfiｎａllｙbeｃａmｅgrotesques。３.2InterｎalReasonsTｈeｅxｔｅrnaｌreasonｓthatplaｙaｒｏlｅｉntheformationoｆｔｈeｇroteｓquesarｅe(cuò)ｘpｌaｉnedabove.Iｎthｉssection,theintｅrnalｒｅasonswillｂeillustrated.IｎWinｅsbｕｒg，Ohio,anｕmberoffigｕｒesｂecomｅgrotesquｅor“outｓiｄｅrｓ”.Ｂｅsidestheinflueｎceｏfｔhｅｓｏciaｌchａnｇe,ｔｈeirownpｓyｃhologicalｐroblｅｍｓａｌｓofosterthｅｉrgroｔｅsｑueneｓs。Onｏｎehaｎd，theyｓｅizeupｏnｏnｅorsevｅrａl“ｔｒuths”tｈatbarｒｉｅr，iｓolａｔe，andestranｇetheｍ。Ontｈeotherhand，ｔｈｅirlackoｆlovｅ,ｕnｄersｔaｎding，ａｎdtheｉｒincａｐａbｉｌｉtｙｏfcoｍｍuniｃａt(yī)ingwｉｔhotherｓfuｒｔhｅrｌeａdtoｔheirloneｌｉnｅss，ｒepression，In“ＴheBoｏkofｔheGroｔesque”，Aｎｄersonｐoｉntedoutｔhａt(yī)ｉｔ’sｔhetruｔhthatmaｄepｅopleｇrotesque.Thefollｏwingisｈｏwheexｐlaｉｎsiｔ：“Ｔｈｅreｗａｓtheｔrｕtｈofvirｇiniｔyandｔhｅtruthｏfpassion,thetruthofpoveｒtyａnｄofｗealth，ofthrifｔandｏfｐrｏfligacｙ,ｏfabａｎdonanｄｃaｒelesｓnｅｓs。Hundrｅdｓandｈuｎdredｓwerｅthetruthｓanｄthｅywereallbeautiful。Andtｈenpeopｌeｃaｍealonｇ．Eacｈｓnatｃｈｅdｕponeｏftheｔrutｈsasheａppeａreｄandsomewhowｅrevｅｒｙstroｎgsnatchｅdｕｐdozensofｔhｅｍ．Iｔwaｓｔrutｈsｔhａｔｍａｄｅｔhepｅoｐlｅbecomeｇrotesqｕe．Itwａshisnｏｔiｏnthatｔheｍｏmentｏneｏfthｅpeopｌeｔookonｅｏftｈetｒuthstｏｈｉmｓelf，ｃalｌｅｄithistruｔｈ,ａｎdtriedtolｉvehislifebyit，hｅbecameagrｏtesｑuｅaｎｄthｅtｒuｔhheｅmbraｃedbecａmeafalｓehood”（Andersｏn，200４:5－6).Aｌtｈoughtｈeseｇrotesｑueslongforｕndｅrｓｔandingbyotherｓ,theyfａiltostｅｐoutｏftｈe“ｔrutｈ”prｉｓoｎtohaveｎoｒmａlexchangｅwithotｈeｒpｅople.Wｈattheydoistoretreaｔiｎｔoiｓolａt(yī)ionａsadefenseagａinｓtｔhｅouｔsｉdewｏｒlｄ。Ｔｈeｙsｕppresstheｍseｌveｓｔoexｐressfeelinｇ,thoughtａnｄlovｅ，lｅｓttheｈeaｒtgethurtagａin.Intｈisnoｖel，tｈegrotesqueｓhaveｋｅe(cuò)ｎdｅｓｉreｆｏrｌoveaｎdｕndeｒｓtandｉng，ｂuｔthｅyrarelyｇeｔtｈeｍ.In“Hanｄ”,WinｇBiｄｄlebauｍaｔｔｅｍpteｄtoexpｒesｓhｉｓlovｅforhisｓtｕdｅｎtsthrｏughcarｅssｉngthemwithhｉshandｓ.Buｔheｗａsmisｕｎderstoodaｎdpunｉshedｂytｈｅcitizenｓｆｏrthｅyｔhougｈthewasahomosexuaｌ。Hewasdrｉvenouｔｏfhishomeｔｏwnlosingthecouｒagｅtoｅxpressｈisfｅe(cuò)ｌiｎgagain.In“TｈeTeａcher”，KaｔｅSｗifｔｗastorｔuredbyｌaｃkoｆlovｅandunderstaｎding.Shｅａlwaysrｅpｒｅssedhｅｒｉｎｎerｔhｏughtａｎｄpassionbｅｃausｅfeｗpeｏｐlegotcｌｏsetoherorrealｌyuｎdｅrstｏodanｄappreciａｔedher.Ｉｎ“ＰａperBｉlｌ”，DoｃtorReeｆmetｈｉｓtruelovewhocｏuldunderｓtandhiｍ.Unfoｒtｕnatｅly，thatwoｍandieｄoｎeday。Fromtｈｅnoｎ，ＤocｔorＲeefconｆiｎedhｉｍselｆiｎtｏｔhｅｓmａｌlclｉnicandseldoｍwalｋedｏut.Onｅthinghehａdbｅe(cuò)ｎusedtodｏiｎgwａｓtｏｗritedｏwnhｉｓｆeeｌｉｎgsａndtｈoughtsｏnscrａpｅsofｐaper.ＥlmerCoｗleyｉnthestｏryof“Queeｒ"tｒiedtｏｇainlｏｖeandrespｅcｔｆromhisnｅiｇｈborsbutｗhａt(yī)ｈｅｇotwasjusｔｃoｎtｅmｐｔ,ｗhiｃhgreatlyhurtｈimａｎｄlethiscouragｅdｉsappｅar.Theseｅmiｎglynoｒｍalman,SethRichｍoｎdｉｎ“ThｅThiｎkｅr"evenｈａdnocouｒagetoshｏwHelenＷhitehｉslｏvefｏrheraｎdthuｓｌoｓtthepossibilityofgettｉnｇlovｅ。Iｎtｈestory“Mother”，ＥlizaｂethＷillａrｄwasａperｓｏnwhowaslａcｋiｎginlove．Sheneveｒgotherparents’caｒeanｄherhusbanｄ’sｌoｖeevｅnｉfｓhｅhadｓtｒｕggledfｏrｇaｉniｎgiｔ.Shewaｓａｌｓoａｇoｏdeｘamplｅoｆweakｅｎingineｘpressingloｖe，eｓpeｃialｌｙtoｈersoｎＧeorge.SｈewantedGeorｇetoliveｔheｌifｅtｈathereａllyliked,nｏtthewayherｈuｓbanｄeｖｅrtｏｌdhim.Bｕtwｈentheyｓattogeｔheｒ,thｅwoｒdsthｅysaｉdwｅrｅalｗaystｈesaｍe．“Ithoｕghtyouhadbｅｔtｅrgｏｏutａｍonｇtheboys.Youwerｅtoｏmucｈｉndｏoｒs”;“IｔhoughtIwｏuldtakｅａｗalk"（Anｄｅrｓoｎ,2004).Theconveｒsatｉoｎbeｔweenthemｉｓjustｌikethｉｓ.Whａt(yī)ｔheyｓayisｍeaninglｅss.Itisnｏｔdifficｕlttosｅe(cuò)thatｌａngｕaｇehｅrelosｅsitｓcoｍmunicativefunction.ThoｕghＥｌｉzabeｔｈＷiｌlardhaｓｓoｍanywordｓshｅｗantstoｔalkｔohersｏn,theｕｔteｒanｃesareneｖeｒsｐoｋenoｕt．Sｈecannｏｔｆindrｉgｈtｗordstoeｘｐｒessｈｅrtｒuｅfeelingｓ。Ｉfshecoｍ