中美文化差異對英漢日常交際語的影響

個人資料整理 僅限學習使用2007 04 23 16:18:23引用wangjuan840828 < culturedifferencesbetweenChineseandAmericans b5E2RGbCAP , ,. , , ,.p1EanqFDPw, ,Abstract<Thispaperwillanalysespecificculturedifferences,andtheirhistoricalcausations,betweenChineseandAmericans.ItwillfocusondifferencesbetweenthewaysinwhichChineseEnglishspeakersandAmericanscommunicateindailysituations.ThepurposeofthepaperistomaketheChineseEnglishspeakermoreawareofthedifficultiesorproblemsthatmayoccurwhenusingcertainEnglishwordsortermsineverydaycommunicationwithAmericans.Itthereforefollows,thatawarenessoftheseproblemsmayresultinthepossibilityofanymisunderstandings,embarrassmentandevenconflictbeingavoidedandreducethebarriertocross-culturalcommunication.DXDiTa9E3dKeywords:Culturedifference,Language,IntercommunicationRTCrpUDGiTContents<...........................................................................i5PCzVD7HxAAbstractjLBHrnAILg..............iiI.Introduction.xHAQX74J0X.........1II.Comparisonofthetraditionalcultures.......2LDAYtRyKfE2.1Chinesevaluesandbeliefs....Zzz6ZB.......2Ltk2.1.1ValuesofCollectivismandHarmonydvzfvkwMIHierarchyandHumility...3rqyn14ZNXI2.1.3Courtesy/GoodManners..EmxvxOtOco...31/14個人資料整理 僅限學習使用2.2Americanvaluesandbeliefs........3SixE2yXPq52.2.1IndividualFreedomandSelf-Reliance6ewMyirQFL...42.2.2EqualityofOpportunityandCompetition.kavU42VRUs.2.2.3MaterialWealthandHardWorky6v3ALoS89..5III.CulturaldifferencesindailycommunicationsM2ub6vSTnP....53.1FormsofAddress..0YujCfmUCw.........53.2GreetingsandFarewellseUts8ZQVRd..........63.3ComplimentsandPraise.sQsAEJkW5T..........73.4VisitingandEntertaining....8GMsIasNXkA....3.5MiscellaneouscommunicationconsiderationsTIrRGchYzg......10IV.Conclusion............117EqZcWLZNXBibliography.lzq7IGf02E...........12Acknowledgment..............13zvpgeqJ1hkI.Introduction(引言>Withthedevelopingofsciencesandtechnologies,peoplewithdifferentculturalbackgroundsarecommunicatingmoreandmorefrequently.Peoplewithdifferentlifestyles,waysofthinking,behaviorandvaluesareinteractingmorewitheachother.Withmorecross-culturalcommunication,becauseofculturaldifferences,misunderstandingsmayarise,althoughthelanguageusedincommunicationmaybefaultless.Thesamewordsorexpressionsmaynotmeanthesamethingtodifferentpeoples.Duetoculturedifferences,aseriousquestionmaycauseamusementorlaughter 。aharmlessstatementmaycausedispleasureoranger.Culturaldifferencemayresultinjokesbyaforeignspeakerbeingreceivedwithblankfacesandstonysilence.Yetthesamestoriesinthespeaker’sowncountrymayleaveaudiencesholdingtheirsideswithlaughter.NrpoJac3v12/14個人資料整理 僅限學習使用Socialscientiststellusthatculturesdifferfromoneanother,andthateachcultureisunique.Culturaldifferencescanbeviewedasthewayinwhichothergroups,societiesorcountriesaresociallyorganized,developedandcommunicateandwhichhavecustoms,lawsandlifestylesdifferingfromotherethnographicgroups. 1nowfTG4KIAsculturesarediverse,solanguagesarediverse.Itisonlynaturalthenthatdifferencesinlanguages,cancreatedifferencesincommunicatingbetweenculturesandacrosscultures(Zheng&Liu1987:4>.Understandingisnotalwayseasy.Itisthereforeveryimportanttobeawareofandunderstandculturedifferences,onlywiththatwillsomeoneknowhowtorespectotherculturesandhowtousetheirlanguageswellwhencommunicatingwiththem.fjnFLDa5ZoAgreementaboutasimplemeaningofcultureisnotinsight.Variousdefinitionsofculturereflectdifferingtheoriesforunderstanding—orcriteriaforevaluating—humanactivity.SirEdwardB.TylorwritingfromtheperspectiveofsocialanthropologyintheUKin1871describedcultureinthefollowingway:"Cultureorcivilization,takeninitswideethnographicsense,isthatcomplexwholewhichincludesknowledge,belief,art,morals,law,custom,andanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety."(Hu1999:>tfnNhnE6e5“Cultureconsistsofallthesharedproductsofhumansociety ”(Robertson1981:67>.Thismeansnotonlysuchvisiblethingsascities,organizationsandschools,butalsonon-materialthingssuchasideas,customs,familypatterns,languages.Tosimplify,culturereferstotheentirewayofl ifeofasociety, “thewaysofapeople.”HbmVN777sLLanguageisapartofcultureandplaysaveryimportantroleinit.Somesocialscientistsconsideritthekeystoneofculture.Withoutlanguage,theymaintain,culturewouldnotbepossible.Ontheotherhand,languageisinfluencedandshapedbyculture 。itreflectsculture.Inthebroadestsense,languageisthesymbolicrepresentationofapeople,anditcomprisestheirhistoricalandculturalbackgroundsaswellastheirapproachtolifeandtheirwaysoflivingandthinking(Deng&Liu1987:3>.V7l4jRB8HsWhatneedstobestressedhereisthatcultureandlanguageinteract,andthattheunderstandingofonerequirestheunderstandingoftheother.83lcPA59W93/14個人資料整理 僅限學習使用ThispaperfocusesonstudyingcertainculturaldifferencesbetweenChineseandnativespeakersofEnglish.Therearemanysuchdifferencesandweshalltakeuponlythoseinvolvinglanguage.AsthetermnativeEnglishspeakersincludespeopleofmanycountries----Americans,Englishmen,Australians,Canadians,NewZealandersandothers.Eachofthesebelongstoaculturethatissomewhatdifferentfromtheothers,inspiteoftheircommonlanguage.SinceitisnotpracticaltocoveralltheEnglish-speakingpeoples,weshallrestrictourselvestoAmericancultureandAmericanEnglishinthisanalysisofculturaldifferences.mZkklkzaaPII.ComparisonofthetraditionalculturesInordertocommunicatewellwithpeoplefromadifferentculturalbackground,appreciatingorunderstandingtheircultureisnecessary.Values,aspartofculture,governpeople’sideas,attitudes,beliefsandactions.Sincethevaluesofculturescandiffer,understandingthevaluesofanotherculturehelpstoexplainhowpeoplewiththatculturethinkandact.Understandingourownculturalisimportanttoo.ThedifferenceofvaluesbetweenChineseandAmericanswillbefocusedon.AVktR43bpw2.1ChinesevaluesandbeliefsTraditionalChinesecultureevolvedverygraduallyoveralonghistoricalperiodintoaformofnationalspiritmanifestedingrouployalty.Itexpressesitselfinthemodesofthinkingandbehavior,inthenationaltemperamentandinotheraspectsofculturestillperceptiblyinfluentialtoday.Generallyspeaking,thetraditionalChineseculturevaluescanbesummedupasfollows:Collectivism,Harmony,Hierarchy,HumilityandCourtesy.ORjBnOwcEd2.1.1ValuesofCollectivismandHarmonyAkeybeliefofpeopleincollectivistculturesisthatthesmallestunitofsurvivalisthecollectiveorgroup(Zhang2003:54>.Chinesecultureischaracterizedasbeingcollectivismorientated.Thebasicunitisthefamily(collective>,nottheindividual.Itissometimesreferredtoasacollectiveorgroupculture.FilialpietyisoneoftheprincipalvirtuescounseledbyConfucius 。thisisnotanabstractionbutonethatmanifestsitselfdailybychildrenandadultchildrendemonstratingtheirobedienceandsolicitousnesstowardstheirparentsandsolicitousoftheirwelfare.Familysupportisratedhighlybyall. 2MiJTy0dTT4/14個人資料整理 僅限學習使用Familysupportnecessitatescooperationwithothers.Therefore,harmonyishighlyvaluedandopenconflictavoided.Competitionisnotencouraged.Oneimportantwaytoachieveharmonyistoacceptandrespecteachperson’sneedtopreservefacei.e.honorgIiSpiue7A.2.1.2HierarchyandHumilityAnotherkeycharacteristicoftraditionalChinesecultureishierarchy.Peoplehavetoaccepttheirsocialpositionbothfamilyandsocietyinordertoachievesocialharmony.Confuciuswrote“Lettheemperorbeanemperor,thesubjectasubject,thefatherafather,andthesonason”(Zhang2003:57>.Thisimpliesthatwithinthefamilyaswithinthenation,peoplewerenotequal.Heacknowledgedinequalitybecauseinhisview,theobligationsbetweenhigherandlowerordersinsocietyworkedinbothdirections.Eachhadadutytowardstheother.ThroughoutChinesehistorypeoplehaveshownrespectforseniority,rank,ageandfamilywithahierarchicalperspective. uEh0U1Yfmh2.1.3.Courtesy/GoodMannersAsharmonyisdesiredinahierarchicalsociety,courtesyhasalwaysplayedakeyroleinChineseculturewheninteractingwithpeople.Humilitymanifestsitselfineverydaylife,andoftenwithoutourawareness.Itoftentakestheformofself-disparagement. IAg9qLsgBX2.2AmericanvaluesandbeliefsAmericanculturehasbeenviewedas“culturalpluralism”.ThroughoutAmericanhistorytherehasbeendiversityshownbytheculturesofthedifferingNativeAmericantribes,Spanishsettlersinthesouth-westandFlorida,Africanslaves,FrenchtradersandBritishcolonialists.Overtwohundredyearsofimmigrationhasincreasedthatdiversification.TheAmericancultureisoftenreferredtoasanindividualisticculturewhereindividualssubordinatethegoalsofcollectivestotheirpersonalgoals.SixcorevaluesorbeliefshaveevolvedastraditionalAmericanvalues:freedomoftheindividual,self-reliance,equalityofopportunity,competition,thedesireformaterialwealthandhardwork.WwghWvVhPE2.2.1IndividualFreedomandSelf-RelianceDuetolimitationofthepowerofGovernment,ChurchandabsenceofAristocracy,theearlysettlerscreatedaclimateoffreedomwithemphasisontheindividual.ThenewindependentUnitedStates(post1776>instilledtheconceptofindividualfreedom,probablythemost5/14個人資料整理 僅限學習使用basicofAmericanvalues.Akeybeliefofpeopleinindividualisticculturesisthatthesmallestunitofsurvivalistheindividual.Americancultureissometimesreferredtoasthe“I”culturesinceitistheindividualratherthanthegroupwhichisemphasized.asfpsfpi4kFreedomforAmericansmeanstherightofallindividualstocontroltheirowndestinywithoutoutsideinterferencefromgovernment,arulingclass,churchorotherorganizedauthority.Americansarethereforeexpectedtotaketheinitiativeinadvancingtheirpersonalinterestsandwell-beingandtobedirectandassertiveininteractingwithothers(Hu&Grove1991:31>.Apriceishoweverpaidforindividualfreedom:self-reliance.Americansbelievethattheindividualmustlearntorelyonthemselvesorrisklosingfreedom.Thisoftenmeansachievingfinancialandemotionalindependencefromparentsattheearliesttimepossible.Theneedto“standontheirsownfeet”isconsideredapriorityooeyYZTjjEqualityofOpportunityandCompetitionPresidentLincolnexpressedthevalueof“equalityofopportunity”.Americansunderstandthisastherighttohaveequalchanceforsuccessinlifebutnotthateveryoneisorshouldbeequal.Theyseelifeasaraceforsuccess.Equalitymeansthateveryoneshouldhaveanequalchancetoentertheraceandwin.Inotherwords,equalityofopportunitymaybethoughtofasanethicalrulebyensuringthattheraceforsuccessisfairandthatapersondoesnotwinjustbecausehe/shewasbornintowealth.BkeGuInkxIIflifeisseenasarace,thenapersonmustrunitinordertosucceed.Apersonmustcompetewithothers.Thisisthepricepaidforequalityofopportunity.Itisexpectedthateveryoneshouldattempttobesuccessful.Americansmatchtheirintelligenceagainstthatoftheirneighborsinacompetitivecontestforsuccess.Themoresuccessfulareconsideredaswinners.Thepressuresofcompetitioninlifebegininearlychildhoodandcontinueuntilretirement.Learningtocompeteandwinispartofgrowingup.Competitionandthedesiretowinareconsideredhealthyanddesirable.PgdO0sRlMo2.2.3MaterialWealthandHardWorkMaterialwealthisprobablythemostwidelyacceptedmeasureofsocialstatusinAmerica.RejectionofEuropeanclassstructureandtheadoptionofamoreclasslesssocietysawtheemergenceofasubstituteforjudgingsocialstatus.Thequantityandqualityofanindividualmaterialwealthbecamethatsubstitute.However6/14個人資料整理 僅限學習使用Americanspayapriceforthis:hardwork.ThelandandotherrichnaturalresourceswereexploitedbyhardworkaswastheindustrializationofAmerica.Thewealthgeneratedwasandisstillconvertedintomaterialpossessionsandahighstandardofliving.Hardworkhasrewardedmany.Materialpossessionsarethetangibleevidenceofthis.3cdXwckm15Culturaldifferencesindailycommunications3.1FormsofAddressThetrendisforAmericanstoaddressothersbyusingfirstnamessuchasBillorJeanratherthanthemoreformalmethodofaddresssuchasMr.SmithorMissJones.Thisalsoappliesevenwhenpeoplemeetforthefirsttime.Itisalsocommonwhenyoungchildrenaddressolderpeople,includingtheirgrandparents.Thisisnotconsideredasignofdisrespectbutasanacceptedculturalnorm.h8c52WOngMPeopleofdifferentsocialstatusalsodothesame,forexamplestudentsoftencalltheirprofessorsbytheirfirstname.Thisisnotregardedasasignoffamiliarityordisrespect,butrather,asanindicationthattherelationshipbetweenprofessorandstudentisaffableandhasasenseofequality.v4bdyGiousTheChinesecustominthisaspectcertainlyseemstocounterwhatispracticedintheUnitedStates.InChina,seniorityispaidrespect,withtheaffabilityandequalityoftheAmericanprofessorandstudentrelationshipabsent.Itisexpectedforthejuniortoaddresstheseniorinaformalandproperway.Thereactionofagrandparentbeingcalledbytheirfirstnamebyagrandchildorateacher/lecturerbeingaddressedinfirstnametermsbyastudentwouldbeoneofshockandresultinpossibledispleasureandprobablereprimand.TheoldtraditionalhierarchicalstructureinChinesesocietyhashelpedmaintainthisrespectfulformofaddressingothers.J0bm4qMpJ9TwoprefixesusedinChinesewhichdohoweverembodyalessformallyandmorefriendlyformofaddressareLaoandXiao,butincomparisontoAmerican,formaladdressiswhatisexpectedinChina.XVauA9grYPChineseoftenextendkinshiptermslikeadye,admaandayestopeoplenotrelatedbybloodormarriage.Thesetermsareusedaftersurnamestoindicatepolitenessandrespect.InAmerica,however,thenamealonewouldordinarilybeenough.TheEnglishequivalents7/14個人資料整理 僅限學習使用oftheabovementionedkinshiptermsarenotused.Withrelativesitisthefirstnamethatisnormallyusedandtherelationshipisomitted.OthertermsusedinaddressingpeopleinChinaareginghamshushandhushaye.UsingthesetermsintheEnglishforminaddressingAmericanswouldsoundoddtotheAmericanear.bR9C6TJscwAnothercommonChineseformofaddressistheuseofaperson’stitle,officeoroccupationsuchasHuangJoshing(BureauDirectorHuang>,LiJingle(ManagerLi>,LiuXiaohang(PrincipalLiu>.TousetheseformsofaddressisfarfromnormalinAmericathoughincertainoccupationstitlesareused,particularlyinestablishmentoccupationssuchaslaw,governmentandarmedforcese.g.Judge,PresidentandGeneral.pN9LBDdtrd3.2GreetingandFarewellAmericanshavemanyformsofgreetingsomeone,includinggoodmorning,goodevening?Hello!Hi!TheequivalentsmostcommonlyusedinChina,particularlyinurbanareas,arenihaoorninhao.ButtraditionalgreetingsinChinacanstillbeheardwhichdifferalotfromAmerica.Twotypicalgreetings---translatedintoEnglishareHaveyoueatenyet?Orhaveyouhadyourlunch?AddressinganAmericanusingthesequestionswouldprobablybetakenliterally--Thereplywouldprobablybeyes?OrNo?Infactitwouldmostprobablybeinterpretedasaninvitationtocomeforamealoraninvitationtocometosomeone’shomeforameal.Thegreetingwouldbemisunderstood.DJ8T7nHuGTSimilarChinesegreetingsliterallytranslatedarewhereareyougoing?Andwhatareyoudoing?AddressingAmericansinthesewayswouldbelookeduponasintrudingintopersonalmatters.Ingeneral,theywouldfeeluncomfortableifsomeoneapproachedandaddressedtheminsuchaway.TheywouldmostlikelyreactbysayingMindyourownbusinessorindeedsayingsomethingveryrude!So,whatismeantbytheChineseasaformofgreetingandnotasagenuinequestionisseenbyAmericansasarudequestion.QF81D7bvUAWhenAmericanspartfromafriendorfriends,theusualremarksarebye,goodbye,seeyousoon,orsolong,takecareOftenaccompaniedbyasmile.Thiswouldbedoneafteraninformalmeetingoraneveningspentineachotherscompanyorwhenleavingsomeone’shomeafterdiningwiththem.Forstrangersorpeoplewhomaynotseeeachotheragain,thegreetingmaybemoreformalandtheymaysayIt ’snicetohavemetyou,orNicemeetingyou,takecare,andtoaccompanythiswithahandshake. 4B7a9QFw9h8/14個人資料整理 僅限學習使用TermsusedwhenChinesepart,differ.Onaccompanyingaguesttothedoor,anindicationoftheesteemforaguestisshownbythedistancebetweenhostandguest,accompaniedbythehostsayingqingliubu(stayhere>FinalpartingremarksincludeManzou(goslowly>,zouhao(walkwell>,mandianqi(rideslowly>.SuchremarksusedinAmericawouldsoundstrangeandindeedpointless. ix6iFA8xoXItcanbeseenthatAmericanstendtohavelessformalwaysandamorerelaxedattitudeingreetingandpartingfromothers.Theytendtoavoidcommentingonthepersonalaspectsofsomeone ’slife.Indoingthistheytendtorespecttheprivacyoftheindividual.....theirAmericancultureofindividualism.OntheotherhandhowevertheChinesetendtoshowmoreconcernforthemattersinpersonallifewhentheygreetsomeoneorleavesomeone...theyshowtheircultureofcollectivism.wt6qbkCyDE3.3ComplimentsandPraiseBothculturesusecomplimentstopeopleonmanyaspectssuchasintelligence,talents,andpersonalqualitiesandonmaterialpossessions.Howevercomplimentscanbeinterpretedindifferentwaysandreactedtoindifferentways.AnexampleisofaChinesestudentinAmericawhoiscomplimentedabouthernewdressbyanAmericanstudent.ShemayresultmayfeelhappybutalsoembarrassedandsorepliesinatypicalChinesefashion,ItsjustanordinarydressIboughtinChina.TheAmericanhowevermaythenfeelhoweverthathertasteinclothingisquestionableandsofeeluncomfortablethatshepraisedthedressinthefirstplace. Kp5zH46zRkAnotherexamplecanbeillustratedbytheAmericanwhoteachesinChinaandinvitestheChineseartteachertogivehimadviceonanewpaintingheiscreating.TheChineseteachermakessomesuggestionsandthensaysIreallydon ’tknowmuchaboutthesubject.TheAmericanmayinterpretthisasthea rtteacher “fishingforacompliment”,eventhoughtheteacher ’sremarksmaybeverysincere.ItwouldthennecessitatearesponsefromtheAmericansuchasOhcomeon,IknowyouanexpertonChineseart.Thisappearsasaforcedcomplimentandcanleadabadtasteinthemouth.Infact,Chinesepeoplevaluemodestyhighlyandthinkitbadtasteandimpolitetoacceptcomplimentswithoutshowingmodesty. Yl4HdOAA61InAmericanfamiliesitiscommonformemberstopraiseeachother.Thepersonpraisedfeelsgood.Mothersmaytalkabouttheirchildren9/14個人資料整理 僅限學習使用toothersandpraisetheirabilities,theirmarksandgradesatschoolandtheirskillsatsport.Sometimesthispraiseisnotjustified.Theculturepraisessuccess.Thispraiseisalsogiventothehusband,wifeorpartnerwhoshowssuccessatworkandwhoreceivespromotionorhonors.PraiseisaverypublicmatterinAmericatobeseenbyall.InChina,however,thiswouldbeconsideredbadtaste.Onesimplydoesnotpraisemembersofone’sownfamilyinfrofntotherseveniftheyhaveshowngreatsuccessinsomething.ch4PJx4BlIOnetabooinChinaisthecomplimentingofanotherman’swife.Sucharemarkasyouhavealovelywifecouldberegardedassomethingalmostindecentparticularlytoolderpeople.InAmericasuchacompliment,however,isacommonandacceptableremarktomake.ItshouldbenotedhoweverthatwithequalitybetweenmaleandfemaleinAmerica,suchremarksarenowlessmadeandindeedbecominglessacceptableespeciallybyfeminists.qd3YfhxCzoComplimentsinAmericaareusuallyacknowledgedwithathanksandinChinawithareplythatsuggestsnotbeingworthyofthepraise.Theimportantpointistoknowwhen,howandwheretousetheappropriateformofcomplimentorpraiseinordernottocausediscomfortoroffencetothepersonwhoisbeingpraised. E836L11DO53.4VisitingandEntertainingThemobilephoneandotherformsofcommunicationhavemadeiteasierforChinesetomakearrangementsorappointmentsbeforevisitingothers.Unannouncedvisitshoweverstilloccur.Butthisrarelyupsetsthehost.S42ehLvE3MInAmericahowever,whetheritistovisitthedoctor,afriendorrelative,anarrangementorappointmentisusuallymadeinadvance.Thesurprisevisitisnotcommonandindeedcanbeunwelcomeandunwanted.Itisanexpectedcourtesytomakeanappointment.Itispoliteandleavesroomfortheotherpartytoreuseifitisnotconvenient.FormalityisnotalwaysnecessaryaslongasthepersonmakesasimplerequestsuchashellocanIpayyouavisitonMonday?Ifsomebodywhowantstoentertheoffice,he/sheusuallyasks:mayIcomein?Andwaitsforanaffirmativeanswerbeforeenteringtheroom.ThisisbecauseAmerican ’sideaofpersonalprivacy.501nNvZFisInChina,whenentertainingguests,alotofpreparationisinvolvedinpreparingalotoffood,oftenmorethanisreallynecessary.Thismaybeatthecostofconsuminglessfoodinthedaysbefore.Indoingthis,10/14個人資料整理 僅限學習使用theywillavoidtheembarrassmentofnotprovidingsufficientorindeedasurplusoffoodtobeeatenbytheirguests.TheChinesehostusuallygoestoalotoftroubletomakesurethereissomethingleftafterthemeal.ThisistheChinesecustomanditisexpectedtohappen.jW1viftGw9TheAmericanstendtoseethisdifferently.ComparedtotheChinesemealtheirsissimpler.Cookingmorethantheyeatisusuallynotdone.CookingenoughforthemealisnormalandsowhattheChineseconsiderasnormal----foodleftover----canbeseenaswastefulbyAmericans. xS0DOYWHLPTraditionalChineseculturerequiresthehosttosayatthebeginningofthemealwhereisnotalotoffoodtoservetoyouandthefoodisnotthatdelicious,soweapologizebutIhopeyouenjoyit.Thisissaideventhoughitisnottruebutthemodestyofthehostplaysanimportantpartinmakinghimagoodhostandthemealmoreenjoyable.LOZMkIqI0wAmericanshoststendtostartthemealwithasimpleenjoythemealwithnoritualremarksinvolved.ThenumbersofdishesofferedarefarfewerthaninChinaandoftenpresentedtotheguestsonindividualplates.Ratherthanhelpingthemselvestofood,itisnormallythehostwhoservesthedishandwhooftenaddsmorefoodtotheplate...unliketheChinesewhohelpthemselves.OftentheAmericanwillacceptthehost ’sofferofmorefoodratherthantoappearrudebyrefusingit.Itispolitetoacceptandalsotomakesurethattheplateisemptyandnofoodleftonitattheendofthemeal.ZKZUQsUJedInChinaitisexpectedthatthehostwillagainandagainaskorhelptheguesttohavemorefood.Thisisconsideredpolite,butsuchactionsinAmericaareconsideredasratherirritatingorevenimpolite.dGY2mcoKtTEatinghabitsandtablemannersvaryconsiderablybetweenChinaandAmerica.Havinganunderstandingofthesedifferencescanmakeitaneasier,morerelaxedandmoreenjoyableexperiencewhenapersonfindshimorherselfsocializingintheothercountry.rCYbSWRLIA3.5MiscellaneouscommunicationconsiderationsBothChineseandAmericanshaveexpressionsforgratitude,apologies,remarksprecedingarequest----Thankyou,Sorry,Excuse11/14個人資料整理 僅限學習使用me.Onthewhole,thesearesimilarinbothlanguagesandpresentnoproblem.Howeversomedifferencesdooccur.FyXjoFlMWhChineseseldomsaythankyoutoothersespeciallyamongfriendsandfamily.Theymaysayleileba?(Areyoutired?>,xinkule(Thatwasahardjob>,kuaixiuxiba(Takeabreak,please!>toshowgratitudeandconcern.HoweverthetraditionalChineseconceptholdsthatitisthedutyoftheyoung/juniortodosomethingfortheelderlyandsenior,andsothankyouisnotused---thisisafactorofhierarchy!TuWrUpPObXInAmericahoweverthankyouisverycommon,evenbetweenparentsandchildren.Childrenaretaughttosaythisfromaveryearlyage.Itisalsocommonbetweenhusbandandwife.Youwillsaythankyoutothesalespersonwhohasassistedyouintheshop.Itisnormaltothankastudentwhohasansweredaquestion.Awifewillsaythankyoutothehusbandwhohasbroughtheracoffee—thisisthefactoroftheequality.7qWAq9jPqETotheChinese,thisseemsalikeoveruseofthankyouandoftenveryunnecessaryandtiresome.TotheAmericanshowevertheChineseattitudethatappreciationisunderstoodandneednotbeexpressedissometimestakenforrudenessorlackofconsideration.ForAmericans,thankyouisimportant.llVIWTNQFkInChina,ineverydayconversationorwhenmeetingsomeone,itisacceptableandindeedperfectlynormaltoaskwhatAmericansconsiderverypersonalquestions.Americansaresurprisedandoftenquiteirritatedwhenaskedpersonalquestionsregardingage,maritalstatus,children,family,incomeandwork.Itislookeduponasanintrusionintotheirprivacy.Thesekindsofquestionscanoftenbeconsideredrude,evenwhenaskedbypeopletheyhaveknownforsometime.TheyshouldbeavoidedatallcostsevenalthoughChinesemayconsiderthemperfectlynormalinordertoseekcommongroundwiththepersontheyaretalkingtoordealingwith.yhUQsDgRT1However,atthesametime,theChinesemayfeeluncomfortableatwhattheyseeastheoverfamiliarityofAmericansparticularlyearlyoninameetingorr