綜合英語II-Unit-9-what-is-happiness課文分析課件

Unit

9What

IsHappiness?Global

Reading1.What’stheauthor’sanswertothequestion“Whatishappiness”?Accordingtotheauthor,happinessliesintheideaofbecoming,inthemeaningfulpursuitofwhatislife-engagingandlife-revealing.2.What’stheauthor’spurposeofwriting?Toattemptadefinitionofhappinessbysettingsomeextremestotheideaandthenworkingintowardthemiddle.StructuralAnalysisPartI(1-2)Theauthorpointsoutthatwhenwearenotsurewhathappinessis,we

tendtobemisledbytheideathatwecanbuyourwaytoit.PartII(3-7)Theauthoroffersanumberofexamplestoshowhowthismisconceptionofhappinessgivesrisetothe“happiness-market”inahighlycommercializedsociety(theUnitedStates).PartIII(8-9)TheauthorsuggestsstrikingabalancebetweenwhatThoreaucalledthelowlevelsandthehighlevels.PartIV(10)Theauthorgiveshisunderstandingofhappiness,inthelightoftheFoundingFathers’beliefthatitis“intheideaofbecoming”.1TherighttopursuehappinessisissuedtoAmericanswiththeirbirthcertificates,butnooneseemsquitesurewhichwayitruns.Itmaybeweareissuedahuntinglicensebutofferednogame.

JonathanSwiftseemedtothinksowhenheattackedtheideaofhappinessas“thepossessionofbeingwell-deceived,”thefelicityofbeing“afoolamongknaves.”ForSwiftsawsocietyasVanityFair,thelandoffalsegoals.WhatIsHappiness?DetailedreadingJohnCiardi(abridged)2Itis,ofcourse,un-Americantothinkintermsoffoolsandknaves.Wedo,however,seemtobededicatedtotheideaofbuyingourwaytohappiness.WeshallallhavemadeittoHeavenwhenwepossessenough.3AndatthesametimetheforcesofAmericancommercialismarehugelydedicatedtomakingusdeliberatelyunhappy.Advertisingisoneofourmajorindustries,andadvertisingexistsnottosatisfydesiresbuttocreatethem—andtocreatethemfasterthananyman’sbudgetcansatisfythem.Forthatmatter,ourwholeeconomyisbasedonadedicatedinsatiability.DetailedreadingWearetaughtthattopossessistobehappy,andthenwearemadetowant.Weareeventolditisourdutytowant.Itwasonlyafewyearsago,tociteasingleexample,thatcardealersacrossthecountrywereflyingbannersthatread“YouAutoBuyNow.”TheywerecallinguponAmericans,asanactapproachingpatriotism,tobuyatonce,withmoneytheydidnothave,automobilestheydidnotreallyneed,andwhichtheywouldberequiredtogrowtiredofbythetimethenextyear’smodelswerereleased.Detailedreading4Orlookatanyofthewomen’smagazines.There,asBernardDeVotooncepointedout,advertisingbeginsaspoetryinthefrontpagesandendsaspharmacopoeiaandtherapyinthebackpages.Thepoetryofthefrontmatteristhedreamofperfectbeauty.Thisisthebabyskinthatmustbehers.These,theflawlessteeth.This,theperfumedbreathshemustexhale.This,thesixteen-year-oldfigureshemustdisplayatforty,atfifty,atsixty,andforever.Detailedreading5Oncepastthevaguelyupliftingfictionandfeaturearticles,thereaderfindstheotherfaceofthedreaminthebackmatter.ThisistheharnessintowhichMothermuststrapherselfinordertodisplaythatperfectfigure.These,thechinstrapsshemustsleepin.Thisisthesalvethatrestoresall,thisisherlaxative,thesearethetabletsthatmeltawayfat,thesearethehormonesofperpetualyouth,thesearethestockingsthathidevaricoseveins.DetailedreadingDetailedreading6Obviouslynohalf-sanepersoncanbecompletelypersuadedeitherbysuchpoetryorbysuchpharmacopoeiaandorthopedics.Yetsomeoneisobviouslytryingtobuythedreamasofferedandspendingbillionseveryyearintheattempt.Clearlythehappiness-marketisnotrunningoutofcustomers,butwhataretheytryingtobuy?7Theidea“happiness,”tobesure,willnotsitstillforeasydefinitions:thebestonecandoistotrytosetsomeextremestotheideaandthenworkintowardthemiddle.

Tothinkofhappinessasacquisitiveandcompetitivewilldotosetthematerialisticextreme.Tothinkofitastheideaonesensesin,say,aholymanofIndiawilldotosetthespiritualextreme.Thatholyman’sidealofhappinessisinneedingnothingfromoutsidehimself.Inwantingnothing,helacksnothing.

Hesitsimmobile,raptincontemplation,freeevenofhisownbody.Ornearlyfreeofit.Ifdevoutadmirersbringhimfood,heeatsit;ifnot,hestarvesindifferently.Whybeconcerned?Whatisphysicalisanillusiontohim.Contemplationishisjoyandheachievesitthroughafantasticallydemandingdiscipline,theaccomplishmentofwhichisitselfajoywithinhim.Detailedreading8But,perhapsbecauseIamWestern,Idoubtsuchcatatonichappiness,asIdoubtthedreamsofthehappiness-market.WhatiscertainisthathiswayofhappinesswouldbetorturetoalmostanyWesternman.Yettheseextremeswillstillservetoframetheareawithinwhichallofusmustfindsomesortofbalance.Thoreau—acreatureofbothEasternandWesternthought—hadhisownfirmsenseofthatbalance.Hisaimwastosaveonthelowlevelsinordertospendonthehigh.Detailedreading9PossessionforitsownsakeorincompetitionwiththerestoftheneighborhoodwouldhavebeenThoreau’sideaofthelowlevels.Theactivedisciplineofheighteningone’sperceptionofwhatisenduringinnaturewouldhavebeenhisideaofthehigh.Whathesavedfromthelowwastimeandefforthecouldspendonthehigh.Thoreaucertainlydisapprovedofstarvation,buthewouldputintofeedinghimselfonlyasmucheffortaswouldkeephimfunctioningformoreimportantefforts.Detailedreading10Happinessisnevermorethanpartial.Therearenopurestatesofmankind.Whateverelsehappinessmaybe,

itisneitherinhavingnorinbeing,butinbecoming.WhattheFoundingFathersdeclaredforusasaninherentright,weshoulddowelltoremember,wasnothappinessbutthepursuitofhappiness.Whattheymighthaveunderlined,couldtheyhaveforeseenthehappiness-market,isthecardinalfactthathappinessisinthepursuititself,inthemeaningfulpursuitofwhatislife-engagingandlife-revealing,whichistosay,intheideaofbecoming.Anationisnotmeasuredbywhatitpossessesorwantstopossess,butbywhatitwantstobecome.Detailedreading1.Whatdoestheauthormeanwhenhesays“TherighttopursuehappinessisissuedtoAmericanswiththeirbirthcertificates”?Heretheauthoralludestothewell-knownstatementintheDeclarationofIndependenceoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica:“Weholdthesetruthstobeself-evident,thatallmenarecreatedequal,thattheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertainunalienableRights,thatamongtheseareLife,Liberty,andthepursuitofHappiness.”Thesentencemeansthateveryoneisbornwiththerighttopursuehappiness.DetailedreadingDetailedreading1--Quesion1.3Detailedreading2.WhatdothequotedexpressionsfromSwiftmean?Bothexpressions“thepossessionofbeingwelldeceived”and“afoolamongknaves”areusedbySwifttodescribeaconceptionofhappiness,i.e.,astateofbeingdeceived.Theword“possession”heremeans“astateofbeingcompletelyundertheinfluenceofanideaoremotion”andinthisparticularexpression“thestateofbeingdeceived.”“Afoolamongknaves”referstoapersonwhoiseasilydeceivedwithoutrealizingit.Detailedreading1--Quesion2.1DetailedreadingWhydoestheauthorsay,“Itis,ofcourse,un-Americantothinkintermsoffoolsandknaves”?BecausemostAmericanstakeitforgrantedthatpursuinghappiness,orbuyingtheirwaytoitisinaccordancewithAmericannationalcharacter.DetailedreadingHowisthecardealers’wordsonthebanner“YouAutoBuyNow”relatedwithpatriotisminParagraph3?Theword“auto”ishomophonousto“oughtto,”sotheadvertisementonthebannercanbereadas“YouOughttoBuyNow,”implyingthatyouractofpurchasingacarisanactofpatriotism.Whydoestheauthorusethewords“poetry”and“dream”todescribetheadvertisementsinwomen’smagazines?Theauthorintendstotellthereaderthattheseadvertisementspresentaperfectyetillusionaryimagewhichwouldultimatelycreatepeople’sdesires.Implicitly,theauthorsuggeststhatwhatmoneycanbuyispurelyadreamofhappiness.DetailedreadingWhydoestheauthorneedtosay“becauseIamWestern,”“torturetoalmostanyWesternman”?BecauseWesternpeoplearesupposedtobequiterationalandmatter-of-fact.ThecatatonichappinesstheholymaninIndiabelievesinistotallyincredibleandunacceptabletoaWesterner.DetailedreadingDetailedreadingHowdoestheauthordifferentiatetheFoundingFathers’notionofhappinessfromthemisconceptionaboutit?TheauthorexplainsthattheinherentrighttheFoundingFathersdeclaredforusisnothappiness,butthepursuitofhappiness,andhappinessisinthepursuititself.JohnCiardi1916-1986translator

commentatoreditorteacherJohnathan

Swift1667-1745satiristessayistGulliver’sTravelsATaleofaTubAModestProposalpursue

vt.

trytoachievesomethinge.g.Heurgesallsidesintheconflicttopursuepeace.Weareworkingtogethertopursueacommongoal.Collocation:inthepursuitofDetailedreadinge.g.Sheshowedsteadinessandcourageinthepursuitofheraims.Derivation:pursuitn.issue

vt.toprovidesb.withthethingstheyneedforaparticularactione.g.ThepoliceinBritainarenotusuallyissuedwithguns.Visitorsareissuedwithidentitycardstowearinsidethefactory.DetailedreadingDerivation:issuen.Collocation:issuesth.(tosb.)

將某物發(fā)給、供給或分配給某人使用e.g.TheofficewillbeissuingpermitsonTuesdayandThursdaymornings.DetailedreadingItmaybeweareissuedahuntinglicensebutofferednogame.Explanation:Itmaybewearegiventherightofpursuinghappinessbutwedon’tknowwhereitis,becausemaybethereisnohappinessassuchatall.Note“game”originallyreferstoawildanimalorbirdhuntedforsport.Hereitisametaphorforwhatisbeingpursued,i.e.happiness.Itisroughlyequivalentto“falsegoals”attheendofthisparagraph.Detailedreading它可能就像：授予了你打獵的許可證卻不給你提供狩獵的機會。Translation:DetailedreadingItis,ofcourse,un-Americantothinkintermsoffoolsandknaves.Explanation:AsSwiftwasnotanAmerican,hisideaofhappinesswithregardto“foolsandknaves”iscertainlydifferentfromitsAmericaninterpretation.ThefollowingtwosentencestelluswhattheauthorthinksisAmericans’ideaofhappiness.當然，要是你用斯威夫特的觀點來考慮傻瓜和騙子，你就不像是美國人了。Translation:DetailedreadingWeshallallhavemadeittoHeavenwhenwepossessenough.

Explanation:“Makeit”isaninformalexpressionthatmeans“succeedinmovingtoacertainplace.”當我們擁有的財產足夠多的時候，我們將到達天堂。Translation:Detailedreadingdeliberately

ad.

withadefiniteintention,notbychanceorbyaccidente.g.Hedeliberatelylefthisbookinherdormsothathecouldhaveanexcusetocomebackandseeheragain.Theanti-governmentgroupsdeliberatelystirreduptrouble,inducingtheirsupporterstoriot.Derivation:deliberatea.Synonym:intentionally,onpurpose,purposelyAntonym:accidentallyDetailedreadingpatriotismn.strongfeelingsoflove,respect,anddutytowardsyourcountrye.g.TheChinesepeopledemonstratedgreatpatriotismincombatingtheearthquakethatstruckSichuanProvinceinMay2008.Derivation:patriotica.patrioticallyad.

Detailedreadingreleasevt.1)toallowsomethingtobeshowninpublicortobeavailableforuse2)Ifacompanyreleasesafilmormusicalrecording,itallowsthefilmtobeshownincinemas,ormakesthemusicalrecordingavailableforthepublictobuye.g.Wehavetoreleasethenewsbefore5o’clocktomorrowmorning.TailorSwift’snewalbumwillbereleasedattheendofthemonth.DetailedreadingHerlatestreleaseisarock‘n’rollversionofMyWay.Derivation:releasen.e.g.Collocation:pressrelease

（政府機構、政黨等發(fā)布的）新聞稿therapyn.aformoftreatmentforanillnessormedicalconditione.g.Thetherapyinvolvesgettingthepatientstotellthedoctorabouttheirearlychildhood.Nowadays,occupationaltherapyisacceptedbymoreandmorepeople.DetailedreadingCollocation:undergotherapySynonym:treatmentDetailedreadingflawlessa.

withoutanymistakes,marksorbadfeaturee.g.Thebabywasplump,hisskinflawlessandhiseyesbrightblue.Theflawlesslaunchwaswatchedbymillionsofpeopleontelevision.Derivation:flawlesslyad.flawn.

Synonym:perfectAntonym:imperfectDetailedreadingexhale

vt./vi.

breatheairoutthroughyourmouthornosee.g.Holdyourbreathforfivesecondsandthenexhaleslowly.Derivation:exhalationn.Antonym:inhaleDetailedreadingdisplay

vt.

togiveacleardemonstrationof(aquality,emotion,orskill)e.g.Thenewmarketdisplayedagreatmanygoodsforsale.Derivation:displayn.Synonym:present,demonstratechinstrapssalvestockingsDetailedreadingperpetual

a.

continuingallthetimee.g.Herhusband’sperpetualjealousymadeherfeelanxious.Hesoongrewtiredofherperpetualdemandsformoney.Sheperpetuallyworeaworriedlookonherface.Derivation:perpetuallyad.e.g.Synonym:permanent,eternalDetailedreading1–ActivityDetailedreadingDiscussionNowadays,peopleareallbusypursuingtheirsetgoalssuchaswealth,honor,happiness,orexcitementetc.Whatdoyoupursueinyourlife?Discusswithyourpartnersandtrytousethefollowingwords.pursueissuedeliberatelypatriotismreleasetherapyflawlessexhaledisplayperpetualDetailedreadingrunoutof

nothavinganymoreofite.g.Ihopeweseeagasstationsoon—we’rerunningoutoffuel.Intheendsheranoutofpatienceandstartedhittinghim.Weair-freightedtheshipmentbecauseouragenthadrun

outofstock.我們空運了這批貨物，是因為我們的代理商已用完庫存了。Detailedreadingmaterialistica.believingthathavingmoneyandpossessionsisthemostimportantthinginlifee.g.Membersofthissecthaverejectedmodernmaterialisticvalues.Derivation:materialismn.

Synonym:money-oriented,acquisitiveAntonym:spiritualDetailedreadingdevout

a.

(usuallybeforeanoun)veryreligiouse.g.HisfatherisadevoutBuddhist.Derivation:devoutlyad.devoutnessn.Synonym:pious,dedicatedDetailedreadingdisciplinen.

theabilitytocontrolyourownbehaviorvt.trainsb./sth.tobeobedient,self-controlled,skillful,etc.e.g.Theirattentionwanderedandtheylackeddisciplinetolearn.e.g.Themilitaryschoolsusuallydisciplinestudentsstrictly.Derivation:disciplinarya.Detailedreadingtorturen.

greatpainthatisdeliberatelycausedtosb.esp.topunishtheme.g.Manyoftheprisonersdiedundertorture.Itwastorturetobeillinbedwhileeveryoneelsewascelebratingdownstairs.Hetorturedhimselfforyearswiththethoughtthathecouldhavestoppedtheboyfromrunningintotheroad.Derivation:torturev.e.g.Synonym:agony,sufferingChildrencanbeamazinglyperceptiveaboutadults’moods.Detailedreading1–perceptionDetailedreadingperception

n.

theabilitytorealizeornoticethingsthatarenotobvioustootherpeoplee.g.Thereisaperceptionthatmanagementonlywantstocutcosts.Sheshowedgreatperceptioninherassessmentofthefamilysituation.AlthoughJanethoughtherfatherseemedanxiousanduneasy,Susandidnotperceiveanychangesinhislooksandways.Derivation:perceivev.e.g.perceptivea.e.g.Detailedreadingdisapproveofnotapproveofsb./sth.e.g.Istronglydisapproveofanyonewhogoesoutatnightandleavestheirchildrenalone.Istronglydisapproveofunder-agedrinking.Hissistergavehimadisapprovingglanceandherealizedhehadsaidthewrongthing.Derivation:disapprovaln.disapprovinga.e.g.DetailedreadingIapproveofyourtryingtoearnsomemoney,butpleasedon’tneglectyourstudies.Antonym:approveofe.g.Detailedreadingputsth.in;putsth.intosth./doingsth.tospendalotoftimeoreffortdoingsomethinge.g.You’veobviouslyputalotofworkinyourgarden.IfIputinsomeextrahourstoday,Icanhavesometimeofftomorrow.We’veputalotoftimeandeffortintomakingthehouselooknice.我們花了很多時間和精力把房子裝飾漂亮。Atmyschooltheclassroomswerepurelyfunctional,withoutanydecorationatall.e.g.function

vi.

toworkoroperateinthecorrectwaye.g.Whenthecameraisfunctioningproperly,agreenlightcomeson.I’msotiredtoday,Icanbarelyfunction.我今天累極了，我不能工作了。Derivation:functionn.functionala.DetailedreadingDetailedreadingpartial

a.

notcomplete;biasede.g.Thisonlyprovidesapartialexplanationofwhathappened.Thechangesareduetothepartialdestructionofthemolecule’sstructure.Collocation:partialtowardssb./sth.

偏心，偏袒partialtosb./sth.

偏愛Derivation:partialityn.partiallyad.DetailedreadingSynonym:prejudiced,biasedAntonym:impartialDetailedreadingdeclare

vt.

announceofficiallythatsth.istrueorhappeninge.g.Thepresident’sbudgetmessagedeclaredthattheneweconomicprogramwasworkingwell.Collocation:declarewaron/againstsb.Derivation:declarationn.Detailedreadinginherent

a.

beinganaturalpartofanactivityorsituationandcan’tbeseparatedfromite.g.However,thistheorydoesnotreflectthecomplexitiesinherentinreallife.Recruitssoonlearntocopewiththeinherentdangerofpolicework.Derivation:inherentlyad.Synonym:intrinsicDetailedreadingunderlinevt.emphasizesth.orstatethatitisimportante.g.Inthemanager’sspeechheunderlinedseveralpoints.Synonym:highlight,emphasize,stressAntonym:ignoreDetailedreadingforesee

vt.

toknowthatsth.isgoingtohappenbeforeitactuallyhappense.g.NoonehadforeseentheGreatDepressionofthethirties.Itseemstomethatthiscrimewasforeseeableandthedeathwaspreventable.e.g.Derivation:foreseeablea.Synonym:anticipate,forecast,foretell,forebodeDetailedreadingcardinal

a.

veryimportante.g.Thecardinalspiritinthisbookistoleranceandlove.Synonym:fundamental,elementaryAntonym:secondaryDetailedreadingDebateMaterialismisahottopicinoursociety.Doyouapproveofordisapproveoftheviewthatweshouldkeepmaterialisticvalues?Haveadebateandgiveoutyourownreasons.Whendebating,trytousethefollowingwordsandphrases.runoutofmaterialisticdisciplinetortureperceptionputsth.incardinalfunctionpartialdeclareinherentunderlineforeseeDetailedreadingObviouslynohalf-sanepersoncanbecompletelypersuaded…Explanation:Itisclearthatsuchnonsensecanhardlypersuadeahalf-saneperson,letalonepeoplewithclearthinking…顯而易見，就算是個頭腦不清楚的人也不會信服……Translation:Detailedreading…thebestonecandoistotrytosetsomeextremestothei