醫(yī)學(xué)英文撰寫格式及方法

醫(yī)學(xué)英文撰寫格式及方法醫(yī)學(xué)英文論文撰寫格式及方法本文關(guān)鍵詞：英文，撰寫，醫(yī)學(xué)，格式，方法

醫(yī)學(xué)英文論文撰寫格式及方法本文簡介：醫(yī)學(xué)英語論文是醫(yī)學(xué)的常見的文體。根據(jù)英國TheLancet雜志和香港HongKongMedicalJournal上所登載的論文以及國外其它所登載的文章來分析,大體包括以下幾個方面內(nèi)容:標(biāo)題、摘要、引言、方法、結(jié)果、討論、致謝、參考文獻(xiàn)。關(guān)于英語標(biāo)題和摘要的寫作格式在本刊2022年第4期上已經(jīng)

醫(yī)學(xué)英文論文撰寫格式及方法本文內(nèi)容：

醫(yī)學(xué)英語論文是醫(yī)學(xué)的常見的文體。根據(jù)英國TheLancet雜志和香港HongKongMedicalJournal上所登載的論文以及國外其它所登載的文章來分析,大體包括以下幾個方面內(nèi)容:標(biāo)題、摘要、引言、方法、結(jié)果、討論、致謝、參考文獻(xiàn)。關(guān)于英語標(biāo)題和摘要的寫作格式在本刊2022年第4期上已經(jīng)闡述?，F(xiàn)就論文的引言、方法、結(jié)果、討論、致謝和參考文獻(xiàn)做一詳細(xì)闡述,以饗讀者。

1引言(Introduction)

引言即是論文的開場白。在論文的引言中,作者主要介紹研究的背景和理由,詳細(xì)說明研究的內(nèi)容、目的、特點(diǎn)和意義。論文的背景和理由主要指研究主題的歷史,現(xiàn)狀,進(jìn)展以及仍然存在的問題。引言可以對前人研究的結(jié)果,文獻(xiàn)摘用進(jìn)展評述,并且表達(dá)作者著手研究的原因及研究的新開展等。

該局部內(nèi)容在時態(tài)上常運(yùn)用一般過去時,一般如今時及如今完成時。舉例:

Introduction

Thefeasibilityofultrasonographyfordiagnosisoffetalcardiacabnormalitywasrecognisedintheearly1980s,andcardiacscanningisgraduallybeingincorporatedintofetalscreeningprotocols.Theeffectofthescreeningprocessontheincidenceandtypesofcongenitalheartdiseaseattermhasbeendifficulttoascertainbecausemanypregnantwomenandinfantstravelgreatdistancestospecialistcentreswhicharefarfromtheirhealthauthority.Forasinglecentre,thegeographicalareafromwhichitsfetalreferralsarriveisgenerallynotthesameastheareaattractingpostnatalreferrals,andthenumberofbirthsthateachservesisimpossibletodefine.TheBritishPaediatricCardiacAssociation(BPCA)undertookanationalcollaborativestudyoffetalcardiacscreening.Theaimwastoassesstheeffectoffetaldiagnosisofcongenitalheartdiseaseonthepatternofseriouscongenitalheartdiseaseatterm.

2方法(Methods)

該局部可根據(jù)所研究的對象或使用的材料和采用的方法,也可分別稱之為:對象與方法(SubjectsandmethodsorPatientsandmethods),材料與方法(Materialsandmethods)。方法局部實(shí)際上是論文的主體,它是對論文的內(nèi)容和采用的方法作出詳細(xì)的闡述。詳細(xì)的順序為:首先是所使用的材料或研究的對象,其次是程序安排,最后是結(jié)果計算或統(tǒng)計方法。方法局部一般為回憶性表達(dá),在時態(tài)上多采用一般過去時,偶爾也有用過去完成時。不過,假假設(shè)表達(dá)的是定義,理論,圖表內(nèi)容及數(shù)值,屬于客觀現(xiàn)象,故可采用一般如今時。舉例:

Patientsandmethods

TheInformationandStatisticsDepartmentoftheScottishHomeandHealthDepartmentcollecteddataonthedemographicsandlaboratoryresultsofallpossibleoutbreakcases.WecollectedclinicaldatabyreviewingthecasenotesofallcasesadmittedtohospitalintheLanarkshirearea.

AllconfirmedorprobablecasesofEscherilchiacoli(Ecoli)0157infection,identifiedintheLanarkshireareaduringtheoutbreakperiod,wereincludedintheassessmentandanalysis.ConfirmedcaseswerethoseinwhomtheoutbreakstrainofEcoliO157wasisolatedfromstoolsamples.Ifstoolcultureswerenegativeatthelocallaboratories,specimensweresenttoScotland'sEcolireferencelaboratoryinAberdeen,forthemoresensitiveisolationmethodofimmunomagneticseparation.Probablecaseswerethosewithbloodydiarrhoeaorhaemolyticuraemicsyndrome(HUS)/thromboticthrombocytopenicpurpura(TTP),anassociationwithfoodsourcesimplicatedintheoutbreak,noEcoliO157isolated,andnootherorganismisolated.Adultsweredefinedaspatients15yearsofageorolder.

Toallowstandardisationofdiagnosisinthefaceofahugeclinicalworkload,acasedefinitionforHUSandTTPwasdevelopedatthebeginningoftheoutbreak.HUSwasdefinedasevidenceofred-cellhaemolysis(red-cellfragmentationonbloodfilmandlactatedehydrogenase>1.5timestheupperlimitofnormal[ourlaboratory0～480IU/L])plusthrombocytopenia(plateletsHehadbloodydiarrhoea,anassociationwithanimplicatedfoodsource,acuterenalfailure,thecriteriaforred-cellhaemolysis,andafallingplateletcount.

Intheassessmentofpremorbidillness,medicalhistoriesincludedasrelevantwereischaemicheartdisease,cardiacfailure,hypertention,cerebrovasculardisease,renaldisease,diabetes,andimmunosuppression.Pulmonaryoedemawasdiagnosedonclinicalandradiologicalevidence.

TPEwasperformedatthreecentreswiththreeCobeSpectraApheresisSystems(CobeLaboratoriesLtd,Gloucester,UK)andaBaxterFenwalCS-3000PlusCellSeparator(BaxterHealthcare,Newberry,UK).Plasmawasexchangedwith2.0～2.4Lfreshfrozenplasmaorcryosupernatantinrefractorypatients.TheanticoagulantusedwasACD-A.Abinationofcentralandperipheralvenousaccesswasused.Intravenoushydrocortisonewasgivenwitheachexchange.IntravenousprostacyclinwasalsogiventocasesreceivingTPE,atdosesbetween40mg/hand200mg/h,wheretolerated.DatawereanalysedbymeansofSPSS(version7.5).

3結(jié)果(Results)。

結(jié)果局部是指作者在實(shí)驗過程中對實(shí)驗所獲得的結(jié)果進(jìn)展客觀的評述,也可以說是對實(shí)驗結(jié)果作出歸納。而且結(jié)果局部只是系統(tǒng)地介紹與主題研究嚴(yán)密相關(guān)的數(shù)據(jù),例如,顯著的差異性,P值等,其結(jié)果局部是對過去的實(shí)驗作出歸納概述,在時態(tài)上通常運(yùn)用一般過去時。舉例:

Results

Therewere262casesofEcoliO157infectionintheLanarkshirearea:200confirmedcasesand62probablecases.Themedianageofallaffectedwas53years,buttherewerehighernumbersattheextremesofage.47%(124/262)ofinfectedindividualswereover55yearsofage.13(5%)peopledied.In10casesdeathwasassociatedwiththesystemicplicationsofEcoliO157infection.

28(11%)oftheLanarkshirecasesofEcoliO157metthediagnosticcriteriaforHUS/TTP.CasesmetthecriteriaforHUS/TTPamedianof7days(range4～15)aftertheonsetofgastrointestinalsymptoms.AfurthereightcaseshadevidenceofthromboticmicroangiopathybutdidnotmeetthecriteriaforHUS/TTPandwerenoteligibleforTPE.22(79%)caseswithHUS/TTPwereadultsandsix(21%)werechildren.ThemedianageofadultswhodevelopedHUS/TTPwas71yearsandthemedianageofchildren6years.Thedemographics,clinicalfeatures,treatment,laboratoryresults,andouteoftheadultcaseswithHUS/TTPareshownintable1.BloodresultsaretakenfromthedaythatthediagnosticcriteriaforHUS/TTPweremet,beforeTPEincasessotreated.

ThemortalityrateinadultswithHUS/TTPwas45%(tenof22).Sevenof12casesagedover70yearsandthreeoftenaged70yearsorlessdied.Therewerenodeathsinchildren.Necropsiesweredoneforallcaseswhodied.CausesofdeathinpatientswithHUS/TTPwereacuterenalfailuresecondarytoHUS(twocases),cardiacarrest(twocases),intracerebralhaemorrhage,cerebralinfarction,acutemyocardialinfarction,multipleorganfailure,hepatorenalsyndromesecondarytomacronodularcirrhosisandsepticshock.

TPEwasusedin16ofthe22adultpatientswithHUS/TTP.ForpatientstreatedwithTPElaterreceivedhaemodialysis,becauseofdeterioratingrenalfunction.PatientswhodidnotreceiveTPEwereeithertoounwelltotoleratetheprocedureordiedbeforeTPEcouldbecarriedout.

Inall16casestreatedwithTPE,thefirstexchangewasfirstdonewithin24hofthecriteriaforHUS/TTPbeingmet.Theminimumnumberofchangeswasone,themaximum16,andthemediansix.Patientsunderwentatotalof107procedures,and1100unitsoffreshfrozenplasmawereused.Twopatientsprovedrefractorytotreatmentwithfreshfrozenplasma,afterfiveandsixexchanges,butweresuccessfullytreatedbyadditionalTPEwithcryosupernatantastheexchangefluid.Fiveofthe16(31%)TPE-treatedpatientsdied,fourofeightagedover70yearsandoneofeightaged70yearsorless.Premorbidillness,neurologicalfeatures,treatmentwithciprofloxacinorprostacyclin,andthelaboratoryseverityofHUS/TTPwerenotassociatedwithdeath,althoughthenumberofcaseswastoosmalltoallowstatisticalconclusion.

Themostfrequentplicationassociatedwithplasmaexchangewaspulmonaryoedema,whichwasdiagnosedonclinicalandradiologicalgroundsin11cases.PulmonaryoedemawasnotconfinedtopatientsundergoingTPE;threeofsixHUS/TTPcasesnottreatedwithTPEhadpulmonaryoedema.Hypocalcaemia(calciumAlthoughsevere(minimumserumcalcium1.32mmol/L)inmanycases,intravenousmagnesiumwasgivenwhenappropriateandnoclinicaleffectswereobserved.OtherplicationsassociatedwithTPEwerelineinfectionwithmeticillin-resistantStaphylococcusaureusandextravasationinfusion.

4討論(Discussion)

討論局部也稱之為結(jié)論(Conclusion),或者評論(ments)。作者在該局部中要采用歸納,分析,推理,比照的方法來對自己的實(shí)驗所涉及到問題進(jìn)展討論,從而得出自己的結(jié)論或者提出自己的建議,是作者闡述自己觀點(diǎn)的重要局部;也是閱讀論文應(yīng)注意的地方。并且作者要簡明扼要的引出論文所要討論的主題,接著把自己的實(shí)驗數(shù)據(jù)、結(jié)果與前人研究的實(shí)驗數(shù)據(jù)、結(jié)果進(jìn)展比照,并以推理、比擬等方法來分析其異同性;最后用一句或一段文字引出結(jié)論或提出建議等。時態(tài)運(yùn)用上多采用一般過去時和一般如今時。舉例:

Discussion

HUS/TTPusedtobeararediseaseinadults,withanestimatedfrequencyofonecasepermillionperyear.In50%ofcasesitwasassociatedwithpregnancy,malignanthypertension,HIVinfection,cancer,orchemotherapy,andtheremainderofcaseswerefamilialorofunknowncause.In1986thefirstassociationofHUS/TTPwithEcoliO157infectionwasmadeandtheincidenceofthedisorderhassincecontinuedtoriseinparallelwiththeglobalriseinEcoliO157infections.AfterexposuretoEcoliO157,between3%and7%ofallpatientsprogresstoovertHUS/TTP.TheincidenceofHUS/TTPishighestinchildrenandelderlypeople.

ThecourseandprognosisofHUS/TTPdiffersubstantiallybetweenadultsandchildren.ChildrenwithHUSdevelopacuterenalfailureprecipitatelyandthetreatmentofchoiceisdialysis,whichisinitiatedwhenthechildbeesoliguric.Mostchildrenrespondtodialysis,andmortalityratesoflessthan5%arenowreported.InthecentralScotlandoutbreaktherewerenodeathsinchildren.Adultsseemtodevelopneurologicalorcardiovascularplicationsbeforetheonsetofoliguria.Neurologicalfeaturesareassociatedwithincreasedmortality,andneurologicalandcardiovascularplicationsofHUS/TTPwerethemostfrequentcausesofdeathinthecentralScotlandoutbreak.

Plasmaexchangeisanexpensive(￡2500perpersontreatedinourhospital)andintensiveprocedure.ItseffectivenessinthetreatmentofHUS/TTPinducedbyEcoliO157needstobeshowndefinitivelyinamulticentre,randomisedcontrolledtrial.However,foradiseasewithveryhighmortalityandjustonepotentiallybeneficialtreatmentoption,atrialthatwithholdsthisoptionwouldbehardtojustify.ItwouldalsobeextremelydifficulttoorganisesincecasesofEcoliO157occursporadically.Therewillalwaysbeanunavoidableselectionbiaswithinsuchatrial,withpatientswhoareexcludedfromtreatmentbecausetheyhavecontraindicationstoTPEorwhodiebeforetreatmentcanbeinitiated.

If5%ofallcasesofEcoliO157developHUS/TTP,wewouldexpectabout40adultcasesofHUS/TTPperyearintheUK(datafromthemunicableDiseaseSurveillanceCentreandScottishCen