面向電氣工程的C++課件第1章本課程的任務(wù)

面向電氣工程的C++

教師：許彥峰辦公室：森工樓121E-mail：xuyanfeng@本課程的任務(wù)本課程電氣專業(yè)的選修課。本課程開設(shè)的目的是要求學(xué)生理解面向電氣工程設(shè)計的基本思想、方法和技巧；進一步加強學(xué)生編寫和調(diào)試應(yīng)用程序的能力。本課程結(jié)合目前廣泛使用的C++語言來進行教學(xué)。

成績評定：筆試50%+實驗30%+課堂學(xué)習(xí)情況20%；期末考試采用開卷方式。ComputerCategoriesSupercomputersMainframecomputersWorkstationsPersonalcomputers(microcomputers)LaptopsMorepowerfulthanENIACPalmtopsSpeedandsize!Lesson1.1ArchitectureFourmainpartsCPU(centralprocessingunit)MainmemoryControllersPeripheraldevicesHardwareElectronicandmechanicaldevicesintegratedorconnectedtocomputerLesson1.2SchematicMainMemoryControllersPeripheralDevicesCPUArithmetic

LogicUnitRegisterRegisterRegisterControlUnitMotherboardLesson1.2MainMemoryStoresinformationtobeprocessorinstructionstobeexecutedInformationstoredinbits(binarydigits)Twostates:onoroffByteis8bits(characterofinformationlike‘b’)GroupedintopacketscalledcellsorwordsBitpatterniscodeLesson1.2MemorySizesRepresentedby2raisedtoapower23=8bits(byte)210=kilobyteThousand1,024220=megabyteMillion1,048,576230=gigabyteBillion1,073,741,824240=terabyteTrillion1,099,511,627,776Lesson1.2MemoryAccessRAMRandomaccessmemoryAllowsaccesstocellsinnoparticularorderVolatileROMReadonlymemoryCannotbemodifiedbyuserInformationispermanent(non-volatile)SerialaccessSequenceofcellfollowedtoextractinformationLesson1.2CentralProcessingUnit(CPU)ControlUnitControlsactivitiesofCPUDirectsflowofinstructionsCommunicateswithALURegistersRapidaccessmemorycellsArithmetic-LogicUnit(ALU)ArithmeticoperationsLogicoperations(compares,etc)Lesson1.2PeripheralDevicesTwocategoriesMassstorageDiskdrivesTapedrivesCDdrives,etc.Input-output(I/O)MonitorsKeyboardsPrintersSpeakers,etc.Lesson1.2MassStorageDevicesStoreinformationDevicesthatrotate,writetoorreadfromcalleddrivesOn/Off(binary)MagneticspotsondisksortapePitsor“l(fā)ands”onCDs(opticaldisks)Lesson1.2MajorDifferencesbetweenMainandMassStorageSloweraccessinmassstoragethanmainMassstorageportableMassstorageusuallyhavegreatercapacityandcanholdlargeamountsofinformationMainmemoryisvolatileanddisappearswhenpowerisoff,butmassstoragepermanent(unlessdeliberatelyerased)Lesson1.2Input-OutputDevicesInputConvertinformationcomingintocomputercompatibleformExamples:keyboards,scanners,microphonesOutputConvertcomputercodesintouserunderstandableformatExamples:monitors,printers,speakersLesson1.2ControllersCoordinateactionsofperipheraldeviceswithactionsofcomputerConstantflowbetweenperipheralequipmentandcontrollerNeedtoknowwhatperipheralequipmentisdoingLesson1.2NetworksGroupsofindividualcomputersandperipheraldeviceslinkedtogethertoshareinformationandresourcesTwocategoriesWideareanetwork(WAN)Localareanetwork(LAN)Topologyis“shape”ofconnectionLesson1.3NetworkTopologiesRingIrregularBusTreeLesson1.3DataRepresentationEachbitiseitheronoroff,1or0ASCIIcode–8bitsmakeabyteIntegersrepresentedbybase2,binarysystemEachplacepositionispowerof2(23+22+21+20)TwoothernumbersystemsusedOctal(powersof8)Hexadecimal(powersof16)Lesson1.4MemoryAddressesEverymemorycellneedstobeaddressedBinarycoderepresentaddressofcellOnecellcancontainaddressofanothermemorycellLesson1.4ProgrammingLanguagesAssemblylanguageOnelevelabovemachinelanguageHigh-levellanguageDesignedtosimplifywritingprogramsFourtypesProcedural(imperative)FunctionalDeclarativeObjectorientedLesson1.5SoftwareSetofinstructionsreadintocomputer’smemoryandlaterexecutedondemandTwotypesSystemOperatingsystemsUtilityprogramsLanguagetranslatorsApplicationLesson1.6OperatingSystemSoftwareSoftwarewrittenintomemoryuponstartupInterfacebetweenuser,computerandperipheralsTwocategoriesMultiple-usercomputersSingle-usercomputersLesson1.6UtilityProgramsPerformbasicoperationsnecessaryforperformanceofcomputersystemFileoperationscreating,copying,saving deleting,merging,sortingEncapsulatedwithoperatingsystemsLesson1.6LanguageTranslatorsConvertprogrammer-madeinstructions

(sourcecode)intomachine-languageinstructions(objectcode)ThreetypesAssemblers:ConvertassemblylanguageprogramstoobjectcodeInterpreters:ConvertsaninstructiontoobjectcodethenexecutesitCompilers:ConvertsentireprogramtoobjectcodeLesson1.6IntegratedDevelopmentEnvironment(IDE)FullpackageCompilerTexteditorDebuggingtoolsAllowscreation,repeatedexecutionandmodificationofaprogramHelpsfindviolationsoflanguagerulesLesson1.6ApplicationSoftwareManytypesexistExamplesofcommontypesGamesWordprocessingDatabasemanagementGraphicsProgramsolvespracticalproblemordoesspecifictasksLesson1.6SoftwareEngineeringDescribesprocessofsoftwaredevelopmentProcessinvolvesmanysteps(Figure1.10)DefinitionofproblemDesignscheme(breakingintomodules)CodingmodulesTestingAssemblemodulesTestuntilworkingcorrectlyProgramnever“done”Lesson1.7StructuredProgrammingTop-downdesignDefinesalltasksprogramistoperformTasksseparatedandfunctionsdevelopedCanbedesignedseparatelyTwotypesLibraryIncludedinC++developmentenvironmentProgrammer-definedCustommadebyuserLesson1.7DevelopmentofC++LanguageMiddle1980satBellLaboratoriesBjarneStroustrupImprovementuponClanguageStandardizedin1997AmericanNationalStandardsInstitute(ANSI)InternationalStandardsOrganization(ISO)Ob