電氣化鐵路發(fā)展史61張課件

2019鐵道部高級(jí)專業(yè)技術(shù)人員培訓(xùn)講座之一(1)電鐵發(fā)展1電力牽引的早期發(fā)展歷史2我國(guó)及世界電氣化鐵路概況3法國(guó)TGV與德國(guó)ICE北京交大電氣學(xué)院吳命利1電力牽引早期發(fā)展歷史EarlyDevelopmentHistoryofElectrictraction1.1Socialdemand1.2Earlyexperiments1.3Inventionofdcdynamoandmotor1.4Emergenceofelectricrailway1.5EarlydevelopmentsofelectricrailwayEditedbywumingli2019.101.1Socialdemand(1)Thescientificwonderoftodayisthecommonplaceoftomorrow.Thisiscertainlytrueofelectricitysapplicationtoourmodernneeds.Thelittleelectricmodelsconstructedbearlyinventorshavedevelopedintotheelectricexpresses(b4)andgiantelectricfreightengines,inusethroughouttheworldatthepresenttime(2)Theelectriclocomotiveandelectricmotorcoach(電動(dòng)客車mayberegardedasnaturaldevelopmentsthathavefollowedsteamtraction.Theiremergenceistheresultofsocialdemandontherapidtrainservicesforthenewbuilt-upsuburbanareasspreadinginalldirectionsroundlargecities1.2EarlyExperiments(1)ThefirstexperimentalelectricrailwayintheworldisattributedtoThomasDavenport,ablacksmithofVermontU.S.A.,whoexhibitedasmallrailwayoperatedbyaminiatureelectricmotorin1835.利用電磁鐵制作了往復(fù)式電動(dòng)機(jī),驅(qū)動(dòng)車輛在軌道上行使,供游人參觀。(2)AScotsman(蘇格蘭人)namedRobertDavidsonbuiltin1838anelectriclocomotivethatattainedaspeedoffourmilesanhour(3)InEnglandapatentwasgrantedin1840fortheuseofrailsasconductorsofelectriccurrentandsimilarAmericanpatentswereissuedtoLilleyandColtenin1847(4)In1847,also,ProfessorFarmeroperatedanelectriccarcarryingtwopassengersatDover,NewHampshireBetweenthatyearand1858numerousexperimentswerecarriedoutinvariouspartsoftheworld,inwhichsmallrail-androad-carswereoperatedbymeansofelectricstoragebatteries(5)1850年,美國(guó)的霍爾利用地面上的電池作電源驅(qū)動(dòng)車輛運(yùn)行(6)ItwasonApril29,1851,thatasmallroad-car,builtbyProfessorPageoftheSmithsonianInstitute,attainedaspeedofnineteenmilesanhournearwashington-totheutterdestructionofthebatteries1.3InventionofDCdynamoandmotor(1)In1858Pacinotteinventedthecontinuouscurrentdynamo.Thisinventionwasfollowedbythedevelopmentofself-energizinfieldmagnetsbythreeenglishmen-Wheatstone,Varley,andLadd,bytheGermanengineerSiemens,andalsobytheAmericaninventor,ProfessorFarmer.1861年Siemens制作了直流發(fā)電機(jī)(2)Thisgroupofmen,workingquiteindependently,achievedthesameresultalmostsimultaneouslyintheyears1866-7.ThreeyearslateraFrenchscientist,Gramme,producedthefirstpracticaldirectcurrentdynamo,withself-excitingfieldmagnetsandanarmaturewoundwithwireintheformofacontinuousringLatertheringtypeofarmaturegaveplacetothedrumarmaturesdesignedbyVanAlteneckandProfessorRowland(3)1866年Siemens制作了直流電動(dòng)機(jī)。1.4EmergenceofElectricRailway(1)Betweentheyears1867and1879thedevelopmentofthlynamoandmotorwentonapace(飛快地,butnoexperimentalattemptsappeartohavebeenmadetoapplyelectrictractiontorailways,exceptforasmallbatterylocomotiveintheU.S.A.in1875(2)AttheBerlinExhibitionof1879some600yardsoftrackwerelaid,onwhichalittlethree-horse-powerelectricenginedesignedbyWernervonSiemens,hauledaloadofsomethirtypassengersataspeedoffourmilesanhour.Currentwassuppliedbyathirdraillaidbetweenthetrackrail.軌距1m,電力機(jī)車重954kg,安裝由約2kW串激式2極直流電動(dòng)機(jī),由150V外部直流電源經(jīng)敷設(shè)在線路中間的第三軌供電,兩走行軌回流。它牽引了三輛敞開式“客車”,每輛可坐6人最大時(shí)速可達(dá)13km。4個(gè)月的展覽期間共運(yùn)送8萬(wàn)多乘客THESIEMENSELECTRICRAILWAYlaiddownattheberlinexhibitionof1879.Theshortlinewasabout600yardslong,andcurrentwasdrawnfromathirdrailbetweenthetrackwhichactedasthereturntothedynamo.Thelocomotivehauledamaximumofsomethirtypassengersataspeedofaboutfourmilesanhour.Thishistoricillustrationshowsoneoftheearliesttrainloadsofpassengers,seateduponthreecarriages.THETHREE-HORSEPOWERelectriclocomotivebuiltbyWernervonSiemensfortheberlinExhibitionof1879.Theengine,whichcreatedagreatsensation(轟動(dòng))initsday,wasmountedonatruck(轉(zhuǎn)向架)withthedrivetotheaxlethroughspurgearing(正齒輪(3)Siemens'demonstrationledtootherexhibitionsatBrussels,Dusseldorf.andFrankfurt.SiemensandHalskethenbuiltalinetoLichterfelde,nearBerlin,oneandahalfmileslong(fh林近郊的利希特菲爾德車站至軍事學(xué)院之間,長(zhǎng)2.45kmThisline,whichwasopenedfortrafficwithoneelectriccarin1881wasthefirstpublicelectricrailwayintheworld.Themotorwascarriedonaframebelowthebodyofthecarbetweentheaxles.Powerwastr