章振邦《新編英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法》Lecture-21教學(xué)課件

Lecture21-ingParticipleLecture21Collocationof–ingparticiplewithverbsVerbsfollowedeitherbyinfinitiveorby–ingparticipleFormof–ingparticipleGrammaticalFunctionsof–ingparticipleCollocationof–ingparticiple-ing分詞的一般式表示和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作;完成式表示在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如：Beingastudent,hewasinterestedinbooks.Nothavingstudiedhislessonsveryhard,hefailedtheexaminations.-ing分詞的被動(dòng)式表示它的邏輯主語(yǔ)是-ing分詞動(dòng)作的承受者。根據(jù)-ing分詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間，-ing分詞的被動(dòng)式有一般被動(dòng)式(beingdone)和完成被動(dòng)式(havingbeendone)。如：Thequestionbeingdiscussedisveryimportant.Havingbeencriticizedbytheteacher,hegaveupsmoking.-ing分詞的一般式表示和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)Verb+-ingformVerb+object+preposition+-ingformCollocationof–ingparticiplewithverbsP241P242Verb+-ingformVerb+objectP246-248

Thereareverbsthatcanbefollowedeitherbyan–ingparticipleorbyaninfinitive.Withsomeoftheseverbs,thechoicebetweenthetwomakesnodifferenceinmeaning;withothers,however,differentchoicesresultindifferentinterpretations.P246-248Thereareve1)Eitherinfinitiveor–ingparticiplewithoutchangeofmeaning

a)Afterprocessverbssuchasbegin,cease,continue,start

andemotiveverbssuchascan’tbear,deserve,dread,hate,intend,likeloathe,love,need,neglect,omit,plan,prefer,require,theinfinitiveiscommonlyusedtorefertoaspecificactwhilethe–ingparticipleisusedtorefertoageneralact,e.g.:

Philprefersdoingithisway.Hepreferstogobytrainthisevening.1)Eitherinfinitiveor–ingpb)Afterneed,want,require,deserve,anactive–ingparticiplecanbeusedtodenoteapassivemeaningwhichcanalsobeexpressedbyapassiveinfinitive,e.g.:Thisletterneedssigningbythemanager. =Thisletterneedstobesignedbythemanager.Yourcarurgentlyrequiredseeingto. =Yourcarurgentlyrequiredtobeseento.b)Afterneed,want,require,c)Afterbegin,start,eitherinfinitiveor–ingparticipleispossible,butwhentheinfinitiveisastativeverb,itnormallygoeswithbegin,e.g.:Webegantoseewhathemeant.Shebegantobelievehisstory.Whenbegin/startisintheprogressive,itisalsoaninfinitive,notan–ingformthatisnormallyused,e.g.:It’sbeginningtorain.I’mstartingtoworkonmyessaynextweek.c)Afterbegin,start,eitherd)Afterattempt,intendandplan,theinfinitiveismorecommonlyusedthanthe–ingparticiple,butwhentheabove-mentionedverbsareintheprogressive,onlytheinfinitiveispossible,e.g.:

Iplannedtogo/goingmyself.WeareplanningtovisitFrancethissummer.d)Afterattempt,intendandp2)Eitherinfinitiveor–ingparticiplewithdifferentmeaningsTheverbsthatadmitofeitheraninfinitiveoran–ingformwithdifferentmeaningsfallinto5sub-classes:Afterremember

and

forget,theinfinitivereferstoasecondactthatfollowsthefirst,andthe–ingparticipletoapreviousevent,e.g.:Can’tyouremembertellingmethestorylastnight? =Youtoldmethestorylastnight.Can’tyourememberit?Youmustremembertotellhimallthat. =Youmusttellhimallthat.Don’tforgetit.2)Eitherinfinitiveor–ingpb)Afterstop,leaveoff,goon,the–ingparticiplefunctionsasobject,whiletheinfinitiveasadverbialofpurpose.Compare:TheystoppedwatchingTVat9:30. =At9:30theydidnotwatchTVanymore.TheystoppedtowatchTVat9:30. =Theypausedat9:30inordertowatchTV.b)Afterstop,leaveoff,gooc)Aftertry,mean,can’thelp,thechoicebetweenaninfinitiveandan–ingformdependsonthemeaningoftheprecedingverbitself.Compare:Yourplanwouldmeanspendinghours.Ididn’tmeantomakeyouangry.Ifyouwanttoimprovethetaste,tryaddingsomesugar.Philiptriedtoanswereachquestionbyhimself.c)Aftertry,mean,can’thelpd)Afteragree,decide,thereisachoicebetweentheinfinitiveand“preposition+-ing”.Compare:Theyagreedtosharetheremuneration.Theyagreedonsharingtheremuneration.e)Afterencourage,permit,allow,recommend,advise,authorise,eitherthe-ingparticipleortheinfinitivewithanexpressedlogicalsubjectcanbeused.Compare:TheyencouragedlearningEnglishbyradioandtelevision.TheyencouragedmetolearnEnglishbyradioandtelevision.d)Afteragree,decide,thereSupplement動(dòng)詞allow,advise,forbid,permit等可直接跟-ing分詞作賓語(yǔ)，不可以接動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)，但可接不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。如：Pleasepermitmetosayafewwords.Wedon’tpermitsmokinghere.Supplement動(dòng)詞allow,advise,注：下面幾種情況多用不定式作賓語(yǔ)：

當(dāng)start,begin本身用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)。

Whentheteachercameintotheroom,hewasstarting

towritetohisparents.b.當(dāng)start,begin后接表示心理活動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞時(shí)。

Hearingthenews,hestartedtothinkofagoodwaytosolvetheproblem.c.當(dāng)句子的主語(yǔ)是無(wú)生命的東西時(shí)。Wewereabouttoleavewhenitbegantorain.注：下面幾種情況多用不定式作賓語(yǔ)：-ing分詞的語(yǔ)法作用

-ing分詞一方面具有動(dòng)詞的性質(zhì)，另一方面也相當(dāng)于一個(gè)名詞或形容詞、副詞，在句中可以作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)語(yǔ)等。1)作主語(yǔ)：Sayingiseasierthandoing.說(shuō)比做容易。為了保持句子平衡，通常用作形式主語(yǔ)，而把真實(shí)主語(yǔ)放在句末。如：Itisnousecryingoverspiltmilk.It'sawasteoftimearguingaboutit.在Thereisno結(jié)構(gòu)中，通常用-ing分詞。如：

Thereisnojokingaboutsuchmatters.這種事開(kāi)不得玩笑。Thereisnoholdingbackthewheelofhistory.歷史車輪不可阻擋。-ing分詞的語(yǔ)法作用-ing分詞一方面具有動(dòng)詞的2)作表語(yǔ)：Hishobbyiscollectingstamps.3)作賓語(yǔ)：①–ing分詞作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)。如：Isuggestdoingitinadifferentway.②-ing分詞作賓語(yǔ)也可用在復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中作真正的賓語(yǔ)，而用it作形式賓語(yǔ)。如：Idon’tthinkitpossiblelivinginsuchacoldplace.我認(rèn)為住在這么寒冷的地方是不可能的。Doyouconsideritanygoodtryingagain?你覺(jué)得再試一次會(huì)有好處嗎？2)作表語(yǔ)：③-ing分詞作介詞賓語(yǔ)，經(jīng)常用在一些短語(yǔ)的后面。如：

I'magainstinvitinghimtodinner.Theydon’tfeellikewalkingthatmuch.注意：在有些句子中，介詞?？墒∪?。如：Ihavenodifficulty(in)communicatingwithforeigners.Heusedtospendalotoftime(in)playinggames.Whatcanpreventus(from)gettingmarried?③-ing分詞作介詞賓語(yǔ)，經(jīng)常用在一些短語(yǔ)的后面。如：4)作定語(yǔ)：①單個(gè)的分詞作定語(yǔ)一般放在被修飾詞的前面。如：

readingroomswimmingpooldiningcarsleepingcarsingingcompetitionwaitingroom②-ing分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)應(yīng)放在被修飾詞的后面，也相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。如：

Whoisthecomradestandingbythedoor?Theylivedinahousefacingsouth.③–ing分詞還可以作非限制性定語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，常用逗號(hào)和句子其它部分分開(kāi)。如:Whensheappeared,John,wearingadirtyandworn-outovercoat,rantoherwithjoy.4)作定語(yǔ)：5)做狀語(yǔ)：

-ing分詞作狀語(yǔ)可以表示時(shí)間、原因、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、方式或伴隨情況等。①作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，有時(shí)可由連詞when,while引出。如：

Whilereadingthebook,henoddedfromtimetotime.②作原因狀語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)從句。如：Notknowinghisaddress,Ican’tsendthisbooktohim.Manyofus,beingsoexcited,

couldn’tgotosleepthatnight.③作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。如：

Hisfatherdied,leavinghimalotofmoney.Shewassoangrythatshethrewthetoyontheground,breakingitintopieces.5)做狀語(yǔ)：④作伴隨狀語(yǔ)，可以放在句子的前面、后面或中間，表示主語(yǔ)的另一個(gè)、較次要的動(dòng)作。如：Th