章振邦《新編英語語法》Lecture-21教學(xué)課件

Lecture21-ingParticipleLecture21Collocationof–ingparticiplewithverbsVerbsfollowedeitherbyinfinitiveorby–ingparticipleFormof–ingparticipleGrammaticalFunctionsof–ingparticipleCollocationof–ingparticiple-ing分詞的一般式表示和謂語動詞所表示的動作同時進行的動作;完成式表示在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前發(fā)生的動作。如：Beingastudent,hewasinterestedinbooks.Nothavingstudiedhislessonsveryhard,hefailedtheexaminations.-ing分詞的被動式表示它的邏輯主語是-ing分詞動作的承受者。根據(jù)-ing分詞動作發(fā)生的時間，-ing分詞的被動式有一般被動式(beingdone)和完成被動式(havingbeendone)。如：Thequestionbeingdiscussedisveryimportant.Havingbeencriticizedbytheteacher,hegaveupsmoking.-ing分詞的一般式表示和謂語動詞所表示的動作同時進Verb+-ingformVerb+object+preposition+-ingformCollocationof–ingparticiplewithverbsP241P242Verb+-ingformVerb+objectP246-248

Thereareverbsthatcanbefollowedeitherbyan–ingparticipleorbyaninfinitive.Withsomeoftheseverbs,thechoicebetweenthetwomakesnodifferenceinmeaning;withothers,however,differentchoicesresultindifferentinterpretations.P246-248Thereareve1)Eitherinfinitiveor–ingparticiplewithoutchangeofmeaning

a)Afterprocessverbssuchasbegin,cease,continue,start

andemotiveverbssuchascan’tbear,deserve,dread,hate,intend,likeloathe,love,need,neglect,omit,plan,prefer,require,theinfinitiveiscommonlyusedtorefertoaspecificactwhilethe–ingparticipleisusedtorefertoageneralact,e.g.:

Philprefersdoingithisway.Hepreferstogobytrainthisevening.1)Eitherinfinitiveor–ingpb)Afterneed,want,require,deserve,anactive–ingparticiplecanbeusedtodenoteapassivemeaningwhichcanalsobeexpressedbyapassiveinfinitive,e.g.:Thisletterneedssigningbythemanager. =Thisletterneedstobesignedbythemanager.Yourcarurgentlyrequiredseeingto. =Yourcarurgentlyrequiredtobeseento.b)Afterneed,want,require,c)Afterbegin,start,eitherinfinitiveor–ingparticipleispossible,butwhentheinfinitiveisastativeverb,itnormallygoeswithbegin,e.g.:Webegantoseewhathemeant.Shebegantobelievehisstory.Whenbegin/startisintheprogressive,itisalsoaninfinitive,notan–ingformthatisnormallyused,e.g.:It’sbeginningtorain.I’mstartingtoworkonmyessaynextweek.c)Afterbegin,start,eitherd)Afterattempt,intendandplan,theinfinitiveismorecommonlyusedthanthe–ingparticiple,butwhentheabove-mentionedverbsareintheprogressive,onlytheinfinitiveispossible,e.g.:

Iplannedtogo/goingmyself.WeareplanningtovisitFrancethissummer.d)Afterattempt,intendandp2)Eitherinfinitiveor–ingparticiplewithdifferentmeaningsTheverbsthatadmitofeitheraninfinitiveoran–ingformwithdifferentmeaningsfallinto5sub-classes:Afterremember

and

forget,theinfinitivereferstoasecondactthatfollowsthefirst,andthe–ingparticipletoapreviousevent,e.g.:Can’tyouremembertellingmethestorylastnight? =Youtoldmethestorylastnight.Can’tyourememberit?Youmustremembertotellhimallthat. =Youmusttellhimallthat.Don’tforgetit.2)Eitherinfinitiveor–ingpb)Afterstop,leaveoff,goon,the–ingparticiplefunctionsasobject,whiletheinfinitiveasadverbialofpurpose.Compare:TheystoppedwatchingTVat9:30. =At9:30theydidnotwatchTVanymore.TheystoppedtowatchTVat9:30. =Theypausedat9:30inordertowatchTV.b)Afterstop,leaveoff,gooc)Aftertry,mean,can’thelp,thechoicebetweenaninfinitiveandan–ingformdependsonthemeaningoftheprecedingverbitself.Compare:Yourplanwouldmeanspendinghours.Ididn’tmeantomakeyouangry.Ifyouwanttoimprovethetaste,tryaddingsomesugar.Philiptriedtoanswereachquestionbyhimself.c)Aftertry,mean,can’thelpd)Afteragree,decide,thereisachoicebetweentheinfinitiveand“preposition+-ing”.Compare:Theyagreedtosharetheremuneration.Theyagreedonsharingtheremuneration.e)Afterencourage,permit,allow,recommend,advise,authorise,eitherthe-ingparticipleortheinfinitivewithanexpressedlogicalsubjectcanbeused.Compare:TheyencouragedlearningEnglishbyradioandtelevision.TheyencouragedmetolearnEnglishbyradioandtelevision.d)Afteragree,decide,thereSupplement動詞allow,advise,forbid,permit等可直接跟-ing分詞作賓語，不可以接動詞不定式作賓語，但可接不定式作賓語補語。如：Pleasepermitmetosayafewwords.Wedon’tpermitsmokinghere.Supplement動詞allow,advise,注：下面幾種情況多用不定式作賓語：

當(dāng)start,begin本身用于進行時態(tài)時。

Whentheteachercameintotheroom,hewasstarting

towritetohisparents.b.當(dāng)start,begin后接表示心理活動的動詞時。

Hearingthenews,hestartedtothinkofagoodwaytosolvetheproblem.c.當(dāng)句子的主語是無生命的東西時。Wewereabouttoleavewhenitbegantorain.注：下面幾種情況多用不定式作賓語：-ing分詞的語法作用

-ing分詞一方面具有動詞的性質(zhì)，另一方面也相當(dāng)于一個名詞或形容詞、副詞，在句中可以作主語、表語、賓語、定語、狀語和補語等。1)作主語：Sayingiseasierthandoing.說比做容易。為了保持句子平衡，通常用作形式主語，而把真實主語放在句末。如：Itisnousecryingoverspiltmilk.It'sawasteoftimearguingaboutit.在Thereisno結(jié)構(gòu)中，通常用-ing分詞。如：

Thereisnojokingaboutsuchmatters.這種事開不得玩笑。Thereisnoholdingbackthewheelofhistory.歷史車輪不可阻擋。-ing分詞的語法作用-ing分詞一方面具有動詞的2)作表語：Hishobbyiscollectingstamps.3)作賓語：①–ing分詞作動詞賓語。如：Isuggestdoingitinadifferentway.②-ing分詞作賓語也可用在復(fù)合賓語中作真正的賓語，而用it作形式賓語。如：Idon’tthinkitpossiblelivinginsuchacoldplace.我認為住在這么寒冷的地方是不可能的。Doyouconsideritanygoodtryingagain?你覺得再試一次會有好處嗎？2)作表語：③-ing分詞作介詞賓語，經(jīng)常用在一些短語的后面。如：

I'magainstinvitinghimtodinner.Theydon’tfeellikewalkingthatmuch.注意：在有些句子中，介詞常可省去。如：Ihavenodifficulty(in)communicatingwithforeigners.Heusedtospendalotoftime(in)playinggames.Whatcanpreventus(from)gettingmarried?③-ing分詞作介詞賓語，經(jīng)常用在一些短語的后面。如：4)作定語：①單個的分詞作定語一般放在被修飾詞的前面。如：

readingroomswimmingpooldiningcarsleepingcarsingingcompetitionwaitingroom②-ing分詞短語作定語應(yīng)放在被修飾詞的后面，也相當(dāng)于一個定語從句。如：

Whoisthecomradestandingbythedoor?Theylivedinahousefacingsouth.③–ing分詞還可以作非限制性定語，相當(dāng)于一個非限制性定語從句，常用逗號和句子其它部分分開。如:Whensheappeared,John,wearingadirtyandworn-outovercoat,rantoherwithjoy.4)作定語：5)做狀語：

-ing分詞作狀語可以表示時間、原因、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、方式或伴隨情況等。①作時間狀語，相當(dāng)于一個時間狀語從句，有時可由連詞when,while引出。如：

Whilereadingthebook,henoddedfromtimetotime.②作原因狀語，相當(dāng)于一個原因狀語從句。如：Notknowinghisaddress,Ican’tsendthisbooktohim.Manyofus,beingsoexcited,

couldn’tgotosleepthatnight.③作結(jié)果狀語。如：

Hisfatherdied,leavinghimalotofmoney.Shewassoangrythatshethrewthetoyontheground,breakingitintopieces.5)做狀語：④作伴隨狀語，可以放在句子的前面、后面或中間，表示主語的另一個、較次要的動作。如：Th